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Background The clinical characteristics of patients with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in colon polyps at baseline colonoscopy in relation to the risk of recurrent colonic adenomas have been unclear. We conducted this hospital- based cohort study recruiting patients who had undergone polypectomy at screening colonoscopy to assess the risk factors of recurrent colonic adenomas. Methods 11,565 subjects had undergone screening colonoscopic examinations between September 1998 and August 2007. The patients who had HGD in colon polyps and had undergone surveillance colonoscopy were eligible. Results A total of 211 patients were recruited. The rates of metachronous adenomas and advanced adenomas at surveillance colonoscopy were 58% and 20%, respectively, during the mean follow-up period of 5.5 ± 1.8 (3–12) years. On univariate logistic regression analysis, the number of adenomas ≥ 3 at baseline colonoscopy was strongly associated with the rates of overall recurrence, multiple recurrence, advanced recurrence, proximal recurrence, and distal adenoma recurrence with odds ratios of 4.32 (2.06–9.04 95%CI), 3.47 (1.67–7.22 95%CI), 2.55 (1.11–5.89 95%CI), 2.46 (1.16–5.22 95%CI), 2.89 (1.44–5.78 95%CI), respectively. On multivariate analysis, male gender [P = 0.010; OR 3.09(1.32–7.25 95% CI)] and number of adenomas ≥ 3 [P = 0.002; OR 3.08(1.52–6.24 95%CI)] at index colonoscopy were significantly associated with recurrent advanced adenomas. Conclusions Recurrence of colonic adenomas at surveillance colonoscopy is common in patients who had undergone polypectomy for colon adenomas with HGD at baseline colonoscopy. The risk of developing future advanced adenomas is associated with the number of colon adenomas and male gender.

Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are at a greater risk of developing insulin resistance (IR). However, little is known about when insulin sensitivity may improve during or after treatment for hepatitis C. In this study, we examined the effect of combination therapy with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin on IR in patients with chronic HCV infection. We also analyzed factors associated with changes in insulin sensitivity. IR was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). HOMA-IR was measured before therapy, during therapy (12 and 24 weeks), and at the end of therapy (EOT; 24 or 48 weeks). We analyzed 78 HCV patients receiving combination therapy. Twenty-two patients (28.2%) exhibited pretreatment IR (HOMA-IR >2.5). In all patients, HOMA-IR was not significantly different from baseline values at 12 weeks (P = 0.823), 24 weeks (P = 0.417), or at EOT (P = 0.158). In patients with pretreatment IR, a significant decrease in HOMA-IR was observed at 12 weeks (P = 0.023), 24 weeks (P = 0.008), and at EOT (P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model showed that baseline HOMA-IR is the only factor associated with the decline in HOMA-IR during and after therapy. The eradication of HCV infection was associated with improved insulin sensitivity among patients with pretreatment IR. This significant improvement in insulin sensitivity may occur as early as 12 weeks after the initiation of antiviral therapy.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common cause of acute and chronic hepatitis among the hemodialysis population. To prevent cross infection between hemodialysis patients during the hemodialysis procedure, routine screening of anti-HCV antibody is recommended. However, a reactive anti-HCV EIA test is not equal to active HCV infection. An expensive RT-PCR study is required to confirm HCV viremia. This will significantly increase the cost burden because payment for each hemodialysis treatment is very low in Taiwan. Thus, it is useful to identify parameters that could predict HCV viremia among anti-HCV-reactive patients. In this study, we examined the usefulness of signal-to-cut (S/CO) ratio of anti-HCV antibody in discriminating HCV viremia from non-viremia among the anti-HCV-reactive hemodialysis population. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional measurement of anti-HCV antibody among 369 chronic hemodialysis patients, 44 showed reactive and 9 grey zone reaction for anti-HCV. These 53 patients underwent further blood tests for the measurement of AST, ALT and HCV RNA (by RT-PCR). The results of RT-PCR were used as a dependent variable. Then, S/CO ratios of anti-HCV, serum AST, ALT levels, age and duration of hemodialysis were used as independent variables to undergo ROC curve and logistic regression analysis. Results: Thirty-six of the 53 reactive and grey zone patients were positive for HCV RNA in the RT-PCR study. Patients who were positive for HCV RNA had a higher S/CO ratio (p < 0.01), higher AST and ALT levels (p < 0.01), and longer duration on hemodialysis (p < 0.05) than those negative for HCV RNA. Logistic regression revealed that only S/CO ratio was a significant predictor for HCV viremia (p = 0.004). ROC curve analysis showed that S/CO ratio had a highest area under curve (0.967, p < 0.001), followed by ALT (0.826, p < 0.001), AST (0.778, p = 0.001), duration on hemodialysis (0.606, p = 0.215) and age (0.426, p = 0.386) in discriminating HCV viremia from non-viremia. Using a cutoff S/CO ratio of 65, we can confirm HCV viremia with a diagnostic specificity of 100%, sensitivity of 80.1% and positive predictive value of 100%. Conclusion: S/CO ratio is a useful indicator in predicting HCV viremia among anti-HCV-reactive hemodialysis patients. Patients with an S/CO ratio >65 can be regarded as those with active HCV infection. Alternatively, patients with reactive anti-HCV but with an S/CO ratio

Aim: This study examines potential differences in the mental health, pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who underwent antiviral treatment with peginterferon-alpha-2a (PegIFN-α-2a) and peginterferon-alpha-2b (PegIFN-α-2b). Methods: In a 24 week non-randomized longitudinal study, 22 patients with HCV were treated with PegIFN-α-2a plus ribavirin (Group A), and 12 patients were treated with PegIFN-α-2b plus ribavirin (Group B). All patients were assessed on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Short-form Health-related Quality of Life (SF-36) questionnaire, and their serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) and BDNF were compared at baseline and weeks 4, 12 and 24. Results: During the 24-week antiviral treatment, Group A and Group B exhibited similar rates of sustained virological response, increased depression levels, decreased scores of physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-36 and reduced serum BDNF levels. However, increased serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β were observed only in Group A at the 24th week. During the treatment period, the depression scores and PCS scores of the SF-36 were positively correlated with IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, and negatively correlated with BDNF levels. Anxiety scores of the HADS were positively correlated with TNF-α and IL-1β levels. Conclusion: This investigation provides insight into the differential effects of various peginterferon-alpha formulations on inflammatory parameters during antiviral treatment for HCV. During the treatment period, patients’ pro-inflammatory cytokines levels may be related to their symptoms of depression and anxiety, and BDNF levels may be linked to symptoms of depression. Future research with larger samples and a randomized control should be conducted to verify these findings.

This study investigates differences in depression and anxiety between patients with chronic hepatitis C who are treated with peginterferon alpha-2a (PegIFN-α-2a) plus ribavirin and those who are treated with peginterferon alpha-2b (PegIFN-α-2b) plus ribavirin. In this 24 week, non-randomized, observational, prospective study, 55 patients with chronic hepatitis C were treated with PegIFN-α-2a plus ribavirin (Group 1), and 26 patients were treated with PegIFN-α-2b plus ribavirin (Group 2). All patients underwent assessment using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at the baseline and at weeks 4, 12 and 24. Patients with depression scores (HADS-D) ≥ 8 and anxiety scores (HADS-A) ≥ 8 were defined as having depression and anxiety, respectively. The factors that were associated with depression and anxiety during the 24 week antiviral treatment were determined. During the 24 week antiviral treatment, the proportion of patients with depression significantly increased over time in both groups (Group 1: p = 0.048; Group 2: p = 0.044). The proportion of patients with anxiety did not significantly change during the follow-up period in either group. Incidences of depression or anxiety did not differ significantly between Group 1 and Group 2. A history of alcohol use disorder was an independent predictor of depression at week 12 (p

CO2 has been reported to be absorbed from the bowel more rapidly than air, resulting in a discomfort reduction after colonoscopy. Its role in deeply sedated patients is limited. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy in patients deeply sedated with propofol.A total of 125 continuous patients were randomly assigned to receive either CO2 (n = 63) or air (n = 62) insufflation during propofol-sedated colonoscopy. Postcolonoscopy abdominal pain, distention, and satisfaction were assessed at 1, 3, and 24 h after the procedure, and the proportions of pain-free and distention-free patients were compared. Residual bowel gas in the colon and small bowel was evaluated at 1 h after colonoscopy. End-tidal CO2 and O2 saturation was measured for safety analysis.There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the postcolonoscopy abdominal pain, distention, and subjective satisfaction at 1 h (P 0.001) and 3 h (P 0.01) after the procedure. Patients' pain and distention at 1 and 3 h after the procedure were significantly lower in the CO2 group (P 0.01). Residual bowel gas in the colon and small bowel was significantly less in the CO2 group (P 0.001). There was no significant difference in end-tidal CO2 levels between two groups before, during, and after the procedure.Compared with air, CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy reduced postcolonoscopy abdominal discomfort and improved patients' satisfaction. It was safe to use CO2 insufflation in deeply sedated colonoscopy.

We herein report a case of primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix, a very rare disease that is seldom diagnosed before surgical intervention. This case was first suspected for its unique colonoscopic presentation as a cecal submucosal tumor with an overlying mucin-coat at the appendiceal orifice. The diagnosis was later confirmed after the operation. The imaging features of this exceptional disease are presented in detail.

It has been shown that hepatitis C virus (HCV) superinfection may suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) leading to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance and that hepatitis may persist after HBsAg clearance in a few patients. The role of HCV in continuing hepatitis after termination of chronic HBsAg antigenemia remains to be explored in a series of patients.HCV markers were studied using second generation enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription and were compared between 41 patients with persistent alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation (hepatitis group) and 82 age/sex-matched patients with normal ALT (control group) after HBsAg clearance.Twenty-six (63%) of the 41 hepatitis group patients were seropositive for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) compared with only 4 (5%) of 82 controls (P0.0001). Six patients of the hepatitis group and 1 control had an episode of acute hepatitis C with seroconversion of anti-HCV 1-68 months before HBsAg clearance. Of those seropositive for anti-HCV, serum HBV DNA was not detectable, and serum HCV RNA was detected in 23 (88.5%) of the 26 hepatitis patients but none of the 4 controls (P0.001). Liver biopsy in 6 anti-HCV positive patients with continuing hepatitis showed features compatible with chronic hepatitis C. HCV RNA, but not HBV DNA, was detected in liver tissues of these 6 patients.The results suggest that HCV may usurp the role of HBV in chronic hepatitis and act as the major cause of continuing hepatitis or ALT elevation after HBV/HBsAg clearance.

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has often been used to evaluate gastric subepithelial masses (SEM) and their malignant potential. Information on the use of EUS to survey small gastric SEM is limited.A total of 125 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of a suspected gastric SEM were evaluated by EUS from February 2002 to February 2008. Periodic surveillance using EUS or upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was routinely advised. Surgical treatment was considered if a malignant tumor was suspected or symptomatic.In the 125 patients, EUS found 23 (18.4%) cases of extraluminal compression, 70 (56%) gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), 9 (7.2%) cases of ectopic pancreas, 5 (4.0%) mucosal tumors, 3 (2.4%) cases of varices, 2 (1.6%) cysts, 2 (1.6%) lipomas, 1 (0.8%) mucosal polyp, 1 (0.8%) submucosal tumor, 6 (4.8%) patients with no abnormality, and 3 (2.4%) unidentified lesions. Surgery was performed in 15 patients, revealing GISTs in 10 patients, and gastrointestinal autonomic nervous tumors (GANTs) in 2 patients as well as other malignant lesions in 3 patients. The pathological findings confirmed that 11 (73.3%) of 15 larger tumors (30 mm) were accurately diagnosed. Only 1 of 9 suspected GIST (mean initial tumor size 13.4 +/- 8.3 mm, mean follow-up period 23 months), in the EUS surveillance group significantly increased in size, and surgical pathology disclosed a GIST with intermediate malignant potential.For evaluating gastric SEM, EUS is able to accurately differentiate intramural from extramural lesions and aid in narrowing the differential diagnosis. In this limited case study, most small gastric SEM (30 mm) did not exhibit size changes during follow-up. If the tumor size increases or the ultrasonographic features of a tumor suggest malignant possibility during EUS surveillance, surgical resection should be considered.

Background and Aim: Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is defined by the detectable serum HBV–DNA in HBV surface antigen-negative patients. This retrospective study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effects of combined pegylated interferon (PEG–IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) in patients with concurrent occult HBV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) dual infection. Methods: In total, 126 consecutive chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients who received combined PEG–IFN and RBV therapy were included. Patients were divided into the occult HBV/HCV dual infection group or the HCV-monoinfected group according to whether or not they had the detectable serum HBV–DNA. The biochemical and virological responses to combined therapy were compared between these two groups. Serum HCV-RNA and HBV–DNA were checked before treatment, at the end of treatment as well as at 6- and 12-months' follow up in the occult HBV/HCV group. Result: Six patients were seropositive for HBV–DNA and were included in the occult HBV/HCV dual infection group. There were no statistical differences in the biochemical and virological responses to combined therapy between these two groups. Undetectable serum HBV–DNA was noted at the end of the treatment and the 6- and 12-months' follow up in patients with occult HBV/HCV dual infection. Conclusion: Occult HBV infection in CHC patients is rare. The biochemical and virological responses to combined PEG–IFN and RBV therapy might be similar in CHC patients with or without occult HBV infection. The serum HBV–DNA level was low in patients with occult HBV/HCV dual infection who responded to combined therapy.

This is a rare case of a patient with mental disorder, who ingested nineteen pieces of fragmented bamboo chopsticks. We managed the multiple gastric foreign bodies with a sclerotherapy overtube, and these multiple fragmented bamboo chopsticks were retrieved successfully using the endoscopic method. There were only multiple erosions with hemorrhage over the mucosa of fundus and body of stomach, no fragments adhered or perforated through the gastric wall. The mucosa of esophagus was intact. The patient tolerated the procedure well and without any major complications. Multiple sharp elongated gastric foreign bodies can be successfully and safely retrieved by using protective sheath of oropharynx without assistance with laparoscopy or surgical intervention. This renders an option for the endoscopists to manage multiple elongated gastric foreign bodies.