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Spin–orbit coupling forms the physical basis for quantum materials with non-trivial topology and potential spintronics applications. The Rashba interaction is a textbook model of spin–orbit interactions, with charge carriers undergoing linear, isotropic spin-splitting in momentum space. Recently, non-centrosymmetric semiconductors in the family BiTeX (X = Cl, Br, I) have been identified as exemplary Rashba materials due to the strong splitting of their bulk bands, yet a detailed investigation of their spin textures, and their relationships to local crystal symmetry, is currently lacking. We perform high-efficiency spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to directly image the spin texture of surface states of BiTeCl, and we find dramatic deviations from idealized behavior, including a reversal of the spin-polarization near the Fermi level. We show that this behavior can be described by higher-order contributions to the canonical Rashba model with the surface states localized to individual trilayers of the crystal. Due to the prominence of these effects near the Fermi level, they should have a strong impact on the spin-dependent transport of carriers.

The search continues for nickel oxide-based materials with electronic properties similar to cuprate high-temperature superconductors1-10. The recent discovery of superconductivity in the doped infinite-layer nickelate NdNiO2 (refs. 11,12) has strengthened these efforts. Here, we use X-ray spectroscopy and density functional theory to show that the electronic structure of LaNiO2 and NdNiO2, while similar to the cuprates, includes significant distinctions. Unlike cuprates, the rare-earth spacer layer in the infinite-layer nickelate supports a weakly interacting three-dimensional 5d metallic state, which hybridizes with a quasi-two-dimensional, strongly correlated state with [Formula: see text] symmetry in the NiO2 layers. Thus, the infinite-layer nickelate can be regarded as a sibling of the rare-earth intermetallics13-15, which are well known for heavy fermion behaviour, where the NiO2 correlated layers play an analogous role to the 4f states in rare-earth heavy fermion compounds. This Kondo- or Anderson-lattice-like 'oxide-intermetallic' replaces the Mott insulator as the reference state from which superconductivity emerges upon doping.

To shed light on how electronic correlations vary across the phase diagram of the cuprate superconductors, we examine the doping evolution of spin and charge excitations in the single-band Hubbard model using determinant quantum Monte Carlo (DQMC). In the single-particle response, we observe that the effects of correlations weaken rapidly with doping, such that one may expect the random phase approximation (RPA) to provide an adequate description of the two-particle response. In contrast, when compared to RPA, we find that significant residual correlations in the two-particle excitations persist up to 40% hole and 15% electron doping (the range of dopings achieved in the cuprates). These fundamental differences between the doping evolution of single- and multiparticle renormalizations show that conclusions drawn from single-particle processes cannot necessarily be applied to multiparticle excitations. Eventually, the system smoothly transitions via a momentum-dependent crossover into a weakly correlated metallic state where the spin and charge excitation spectra exhibit similar behavior and where RPA provides an adequate description.

Background: Brachial plexu root avulsion (BPRA) commonly causes extensive motoneuron death, motor axon degeneration and denervation of biceps, leading to devastating motor dysfunction in the upper limb. Edaravone (Eda) has been proven to exert anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects on various neurological disorders. Herein, we aimed to investigate the efficacy profile and potential mechanisms of Eda on BPRA in vitro and in vivo models., Methods: Rats following BPRA and reimplantation surgery were intraperitoneally injected with Eda once daily. The motor function recovery of the affected forelimb was assessed by Terzis grooming test. Histological staining and transmission electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the morphological appearance of the spinal cord, musculocutaneous nerve, and biceps. Further in-depth studies to explore the underlying mechanisms of Eda were conducted using Western blotting, biochemical assays, and immunofluorescence in H 2 O 2 -induced NSC-34 cells., Results: Eda significantly accelerated motor function recovery, enhanced motoneuron survival, prevented motor axon descent, preserved myelin sheath integrity and attenuated muscle atrophy. Additionally, Eda treatment markedly suppressed oxidative stress-related indicators, downregulated apoptosis-related proteins, mitigated glial reactivity, and activated SIRT1 and TFEB. Notably, the neuroprotective effect of Eda was diminished by the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 in H 2 O 2 -treated NSC-34 cells, suggesting that Eda regulated oxidative stress and apoptosis through SIRT1/TFEB-induced autophagy flux., Conclusions: Eda enhanced motoneuron survival and axonal regeneration that promotes motor functional restoration by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via the SIRT1/TFEB-autophagy pathway. Thus, it may serve as a promising strategy in reimplantation surgery for the treatment of BPRA., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The landmark discovery of gold catalysts has aroused substantial interest in heterogeneous catalysis, yet the catalytic mechanism remains elusive. For carbon monoxide oxidation on gold nanoparticles (NPs) supported on ceria surfaces, it is widely believed that carbon monoxide adsorbs on the gold particles, while the reaction occurs at the gold/ceria interface. Here, we have investigated the dynamic changes of supported gold NPs with various sizes in a carbon monoxide oxidation atmosphere using deep potential molecular dynamics simulations. Our results reveal that the structure of tiny gold particles in carbon monoxide atmospheres becomes highly disordered and undergoes phase transition. Such a liquid-like structure provides massive reactive sites, enabling facile carbon monoxide oxidation on the solid-state gold NP rather than just at the gold/ceria interface. This result is further corroborated by catalytic experiments. This work sheds light on both the size effects and activity in noble metal catalysis and provides insights for the design of more effective nanocatalysts.

Recent experiments suggest a new paradigm toward novel colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) in a family of materials EuM[Formula: see text]X[Formula: see text] (M [Formula: see text] Cd, In, Zn; X [Formula: see text] P, As), distinct from the traditional avenues involving Kondo-Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida crossovers, magnetic phase transitions with structural distortions, or topological phase transitions. Here, we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to explore their origin, particularly focusing on EuCd[Formula: see text]P[Formula: see text]. While the low-energy spectral weight royally tracks that of the resistivity anomaly near the temperature with maximum magnetoresistance ([Formula: see text]) as expected from transport-spectroscopy correspondence, the spectra are completely incoherent and strongly suppressed with no hint of a Landau quasiparticle. Using systematic material and temperature dependence investigation complemented by theory, we attribute this nonquasiparticle caricature to the strong presence of entangled magnetic and lattice interactions, a characteristic enabled by the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] mixing. Given the known presence of ferromagnetic clusters, this naturally points to the origin of CMR being the scattering of spin-polarized polarons at the boundaries of ferromagnetic clusters. These results are not only illuminating to investigate the strong correlations and topology in EuCd[Formula: see text]X[Formula: see text] family, but, in a broader view, exemplify how multiple cooperative interactions can give rise to extraordinary behaviors in condensed matter systems., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

The surface chemistry of CeO 2 is dictated by the well-defined facets, which exert great influence on the supported metal species and the catalytic performance. Here we report Pt 1 /CeO 2 catalysts exhibiting specific structures of Pt-O coordination on different facets by using adequate preparation methods. The simple impregnation method results in Pt-O 3 coordination on the predominantly exposed {111} facets, while the photo-deposition method achieves oriented atomic deposition for Pt-O 4 coordination into the "nano-pocket" structure of {100} facets at the top. Compared to the impregnated Pt 1 /CeO 2 catalyst showing normal redox properties and low-temperature activity for CO oxidation, the photo-deposited Pt 1 /CeO 2 exhibits uncustomary strong metal-support interaction and extraordinary high-temperature stability. The preparation methods dictate the facet-dependent diversity of Pt-O coordination, resulting in the further activity-selectivity trade-off. By applying specific preparation routes, our work provides an example of disentangling the effects of support facets and coordination environments for nano-catalysts., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In the realm of perovskite materials, organic molecules situated at the A site play a critical role in stabilizing the structure through specific orientations and weak interactions with the inorganic framework. These polar interactions significantly influence the optoelectronic properties of perovskites, and the introduction of polar molecules can disrupt the inherent polarization, thereby altering the material performance. The research primarily focuses on the relationship between the length and width of these organic cations and their polar inductive effects. Overall, the interplay between the chain length, molecular width, and dipole moments was shown to significantly affect the lifetime of MAPbI 3 materials. Key findings indicate that non-radiative recombination, which is a major energy loss mechanism in solar cells, is intrinsically linked to the variations of hydrogen bonds and PbI 6 octahedral distortion. The analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between octahedral angles, highlighting the complex relationship between these variables and their collective effects on charge carrier dynamics.

The goal of this study is to explore the role of the LMNB1 gene in glioma. A cohort of 160 patients who underwent glioma surgery were randomly selected of this study. The LMNB1 expression was assessed employing immunohistochemical and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Initially, RNA interference technology was applied to suppress gene expression, followed by the evaluation of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle dynamics, and migration. The underlying molecular mechanisms of LMNB1 function were examined by a human phospho-kinase array and immunoblotting. And we established the xenograft models to determine the effect of tumor growth as well as the degree of invasion in shLMNB1 mice. Elevated LMNB1 expression correlated with unfavorable overall survival and disease-free survival. A substantial inhibition in cell growth was observed subsequent to LMNB1 knockdown in SHG-44 and U251 glioma cells. SHG-44-shLMNB1 cells exhibited a reduction in the S phase population, along with an increase in cells in G1 and G2 phases. Similarly, shLMNB1 U251 cells showed fewer cells in the S phase and an elevation in cells in G1 phase. Notably, increased apoptosis was observed in U251-shLMNB1 cells and SHG-44-shLMNB1 cells. Wound healing and Transwell migration assays demonstrated a significant decrease in the migration rate of both SHG-44-shLMNB1 and U251-shLMNB1 cells. The phosphorylation levels of Akt1/2/3, as well as the expressions of PI3K, AKT, and p-AKT proteins, were reduced in the shLMNB1 group. Downregulation of LMNB1 repressed tumor progress in vivo. The silencing of LMNB1 was found to significantly reduce the proliferation of human glioma cells, induce apoptosis in tumor cells, impede the progression of the cell cycle, and inhibit the migration of tumor cells. Consequently, we hypothesize that LMNB1 promotes glioma cell proliferation through mechanisms involving the inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis, acceleration of the cell cycle, and enhancement of tumor cell migration. We found that LMNB1 exert critical roles in glioma progression may via regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These observations suggest that LMNB1 holds clinical potential for diagnostic and prognostic applications in glioma, presenting novel targets for drug development., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: Approval for this study was given by the medical ethics committee of Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (approval number 2022–163). This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Consent for Publication: Not applicable. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Water-gas shift (WGS) reaction is a crucial step for the industrial production of hydrogen or upgrading the hydrogen generated from fossil or biomass sources by removing the residual CO. However, current industrial catalysts for this process, comprising Cu/ZnO and Fe 2 O 3 -Cr 2 O 3 , suffer from safety or environmental issues. In the past decades, ceria-based materials have attracted wide attention as WGS catalysts due to their abundant oxygen vacancies and tunable metal-support interaction. Strategies through engineering the shape or crystal facet, size of both metal and ceria, interfacial-structure, etc. , to alter the performances of ceria-based catalysts have been extensively studied. Additionally, the developments in the in situ techniques and DFT calculations are favorable for deepening the understanding of the reaction mechanism and structure-function relationship at the molecular level, comprising active sites, reaction path/intermediates, and inducements for deactivation. This article critically reviews the literature on ceria-based catalysts toward the WGS reaction, covering the fundamental insight of the reaction path and development in precisely designing catalysts.

As a well-established topic, single-atom catalyst has drawn growing interest for its high utilization of metal. However, researchers prefer to develop various active metals with single-atom form, the intrinsic roles of single-atom promoters are usually underrated, which are significant in boosting reaction activity. In this work, Ba single atoms were in situ prepared in the Co-Ba/Y 2 O 3 catalyst with crystallized BaCO 3 as the precursor under the ammonia decomposition reaction condition. The optimized Co-Ba/Y 2 O 3 catalyst achieves extremely high H 2 production rate of 138.3 mmolH 2  ⋅ g cat -1  ⋅ min -1 at very low temperature (500 °C, GHSV=840,000 mL ⋅ g -1  ⋅ h -1 ) and Co-Ba/Y 2 O 3 exhibits excellent durability during the 350 h test, which realizes the highest activity among all non-noble catalysts, and reaches or even exceeds numerous reported Ru-based catalysts. Both Y 2 O 3 and Co demonstrate positive interactions with Ba, which significantly facilitates the dispersion of Ba species at high temperatures (≥600 °C). Ba single atoms significantly enhance the charge density of Co and form additionally active Co-O-Ba-Y 2 O 3 interfacial sites, which alleviates hydrogen poisoning and decreases the reaction barrier of the N-H bond activation of *NH. The exploration of atomically dispersed promoters is groundbreaking in heterogeneous catalysis, which opens up a whole new domain of catalytic material., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The unknown effect of sesame lignans on aroma formation in sesame oil via the Maillard reaction (MR) and lipid oxidation was investigated. Sesamin, sesamolin, or sesamol was added to 3 models: lysine+glucose (MR), cold-pressed sesame oil (SO), and MR + SO, and were heated at 120 °C for 60 min. All three lignans suppressed SO oxidation while increasing DPPH scavenging ability (p < 0.05). Lignans increased depletions of lysine and glucose and MR browning (p < 0.05). Lignans reduced most aroma-active pyrazines, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and esters (p < 0.05). Sesamol and sesamolin increased perceptions of the preferable aromas of nutty, roasted sesame, and popcorn while reducing the undesirable green and rancid aromas (p < 0.05). Sesamol demonstrated a stronger effect on lipid oxidation, MR browning, aroma formation, and sensory perception than sesamin and sesamolin. This study suggests that sesame lignans can modulate aroma formation and sensory perception of sesame oil by interacting with the MR and lipid oxidation pathways., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Compared to H 2 -assisted activation mode, the direct dissociation of CO 2 into carbonyl (*CO) with a simplified reaction route is advantageous for CO 2 -related synthetic processes and catalyst upgrading, while the stable C = O double bond makes it very challenging. Herein, we construct a subnano MoO 3 layer on the surface of Mo 2 N, which provides a dynamically changing surface of MoO 3 ↔MoO x (x < 3) for catalyzing CO 2 hydrogenation. Rich oxygen vacancies on the subnano MoO x surface with a high electron donating capacity served as a scissor to directly shear the C = O double bond of CO 2 to form CO at a high rate. The O atoms leached in CO 2 dissociation are removed timely by H 2 to regenerate active oxygen vacancies. Owing to the greatly enhanced dissociative activation of CO 2 , this MoO x /Mo 2 N catalyst without any supported active metals shows excellent performance for catalyzing CO 2 hydrogenation to CO. The construction of highly disordered defective surface on heterostructures paves a new pathway for molecule activation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a useful tool to evaluate brain inefficiencies secondary to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); nevertheless, limited fMRI studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of CVDs on brain functional changes and cognitive function. This systematic review aims to explore, synthesise, and report fMRI outcomes (resting state and task-based) and cognitive performance in patients with CVDs., Methods: Two reviewers independently searched published literature until April 2024 on ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov adhering to the PRISMA protocol. A total of 26 eligible studies were considered for full-text screening, of which 10 were included in this review. The methodological quality was assessed by mixed methods appraisal tool and was reported as empirically fair., Results: Among 336 subjects with CVDs, aged between 49.90 ± 6.10 to 72.20 ± 5.70 years, the majority had coronary artery diseases (n = 177, 52.68%) and hypertension (n = 200, 59.52%), and approximately half of them were females (n = 169, 50.30%). Based on the qualitative synthesis, subjects with CVDs demonstrated an increased cognitive decline (reduced Mini-Mental State Examination/Montreal Cognitive Assessment mean values) and attenuated task performance (lower mean 2-back task scores and slower reaction time). Results also indicated impaired brain activity at the supplementary motor area associated with poor ejection fraction; reduced default mode network suppression linked to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; lower regional homogeneity and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation values; and reduced functional connectivity. In summary, alterations in brain networks connectivity may have contributed to an impaired cognitive performance in patients with cardiovascular diseases., Conclusion: It can be extrapolated that CVDs tend to alter the brain network connectivity and result in cognitive impairment and poorer task performance. However, for future imaging studies, more stringent and homogenous demographic data are highly recommended., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Humayra, Yahya, Ning, Mir, Mohamed and Manan.)

Hypertension is the most prevalent non-communicable disease, affecting billions of people worldwide. Discovery and development of natural antihypertensive lead compounds or drugs are important to resolve the limitations of existing antihypertensive drug safety and resistance. This investigation verified that carnosic acid (CA), an important active ingredient of rosemary, an edible spice plant, indicates a significant anti-hypertensive activity in spontaneous hypertension rats by targeting AT1R. Moreover, our research indicated that CA shared a comparable antagonistic mechanism with established synthetic angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), as it occupies the binding sites of Angiotensin II (AngII) at His6 and Pro7 within the AT1R's ligand-binding pocket. Notably, CA exerted better anti-hypertensive activity since it could not break the Asn111 3.35 -Asn295 7.46 hydrogen bond to stabilize the AT1R inactive state. As the first potent AT1R antagonist identified in a natural food source, CA is poised to become a novel anti-hypertensive lead compound, distinguished by its unique skeleton structure different from conventional ARBs. This research lays a valuable theoretical groundwork for the future exploration of CA and rosemary extract in both fundamental studies and clinical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The reverse water gas shift reaction can be considered as a promising route to mitigate global warming by converting CO 2 into syngas in a large scale, while it is still challenging for non-Cu-based catalysts to break the trade-off between activity and selectivity. Here, the relatively high loading of Ni species is highly dispersed on hydroxylated TiO 2 through the strong Ni and -OH interactions, thereby inducing the formation of rich and stable Ni clusters (~1 nm) on anatase TiO 2 during the reverse water gas shift reaction. This Ni cluster/TiO 2 catalyst shows a simultaneous high CO 2 conversion and high CO selectivity. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate Ni cluster/TiO 2 interfacial sites with strong CO 2 activation capacity and weak CO adsorption are responsible for its unique catalytic performances. This work disentangles the activity-selectivity trade-off of the reverse water gas shift reaction, and emphasizes the importance of metal-OH interactions on surface., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Ligand engineering of aromatic heterocyclic cations in two-dimensional (2D) Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskites has been widely explored in recent years. In this study, how the positional isomers of aromatic heterocyclic cations tune the lattice of 2D perovskites, thereby influencing the transport and recombination dynamics of charge carriers, has been investigated through nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate that the meta -substituted 3-(aminomethyl)pyridinium (3AMPY) cations greatly reduce the strength of electron-vibration coupling since the strong hydrogen-bonding network introduced by the changes in the arrangement of spacer cations significantly suppresses the structural thermal fluctuations. Compared to the para -substituted 4-(aminomethyl)pyridinium (4AMPY) cation, using the asymmetric 3AMPY as a spacer cation can achieve improved in-plane transport performance, enhanced thermal stability, and suppressed charge carrier recombination through weakening electron-vibration interactions. Our results explain the observed lifetime difference between the two types of DJ-phase perovskites in experiments and provide new guidance for optimizing the performance of perovskite devices.

The F11 receptor (F11R) gene encoding junctional adhesion molecule A has been associated with gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC), in which its role and regulation remain to be further elucidated. Recently F11R was also identified as a potential target of adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) mediated by the adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Herein, using RNA-Seq and experimental validation, our current study revealed an F11R RNA trinucleotide over-edited by ADAR, with its regulation of gene expression and clinical significance in four GC and three CRC cohorts. Our results found an over-edited AAA trinucleotide in an AluSg located in the F11R 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), which showed editing levels correlated with elevated ADAR expression across all GC and CRC cohorts in our study. Overexpression and knockdown of ADAR in GC and CRC cells, followed by RNA-Seq and Sanger sequencing, confirmed the ADAR-mediated F11R 3'-UTR trinucleotide editing, which potentially disrupted an RBM45 binding site identified by crosslinking immunoprecipitation sequencing (CLIP-seq) and regulated F11R expression in luciferase reporter assays. Moreover, the F11R trinucleotide editing showed promising predictive performance for diagnosing GC and CRC across GC and CRC cohorts. Our findings thus highlight both the potential biological and clinical significance of an ADAR-edited F11R trinucleotide in GC and CRC, providing new insights into its application as a novel diagnostic biomarker for both cancers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We present phalloidin-based points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (phalloidin-PAINT), enabling quantitative superresolution imaging of filamentous actin (F-actin) in the cell body and delicate membrane protrusions. We demonstrate that the intrinsic phalloidin dissociation enables PAINT superresolution microscopy in an imaging buffer containing low concentrations of dye-conjugated phalloidin. We further show enhanced single-molecule labeling by chemically promoting phalloidin dissociation. Two benefits of phalloidin-PAINT are its ability to consistently quantify F-actin at the nanoscale throughout the entire cell and its enhanced preservation of fragile cellular structures. In a proof-of-concept study, we employed phalloidin-PAINT to superresolve F-actin structures in U2OS and dendritic cells (DCs). We demonstrate more consistent F-actin quantification in the cell body and structurally delicate membrane protrusions of DCs compared with direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Using DC2.4 mouse DCs as the model system, we show F-actin redistribution from podosomes to actin filaments and altered prevalence of F-actin-associated membrane protrusions on the culture glass surface after lipopolysaccharide exposure. The concept of our work opens new possibilities for quantitative protein-specific PAINT using commercially available reagents., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Antimonene, a promising conductor for next-generation 2D-based devices, has its contact resistance significantly influenced by the van der Waals (vdW) interaction within its heterostructure. In this study, we report the quantification of the vdW coupling between multilayer antimonene and bilayer MoS2 by ultrafast coherent vibration spectroscopy. By utilizing a femtosecond laser, we excited coherent acoustic vibrations in the multilayer-antimonene on substrate-supported bilayer MoS2, and the relative displacement at the vdW heterojunction was detected with the aid of bilayer MoS2. The photoexcited strain pulse generated in the multilayer-antimonene was observed as it transported to the bilayer MoS2, explaining the distortion at the beginning of the oscillation. By analyzing the thickness-dependent oscillation frequencies, we determine the effective vdW elastic constant between multilayer-antimonene and MoS2 to be (1.9 ± 0.2) × 1018 N/m3. This non-destructive optical technique offers a significant advance in the evaluation of vdW interactions at 2D metal-semiconductor interfaces., (© 2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)

Aim: We aimed to explore whether the combination of CLP290 and bumetanide maximally improves neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) and its possible molecular mechanism., Methods: Rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham, SCI + vehicle, SCI + CLP290, SCI + bumetanide, and SCI + combination (CLP290 + bumetanide). Drug administration commenced on the 7th day post-injury (7 dpi) and continued for 14 days. All rats underwent behavioral assessments for 56 days to comprehensively evaluate the effects of interventions on mechanical pain, thermal pain, cold pain, motor function, and other relevant parameters. Electrophysiological assessments, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence detection were performed at different timepoints post-injury, with a specific focus on the expression and changes of KCC2 and NKCC1 proteins in the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord., Results: CLP290 and bumetanide alleviated SCI-associated hypersensitivity and locomotor function, with the combination providing enhanced recovery. The combined treatment group exhibited the most significant improvement in restoring Rate-Dependent Depression (RDD) levels. In the combined treatment group and the two individual drug administration groups, the upregulation of potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (K + -Cl - cotransporter 2, KCC2) expression and downregulation of sodium potassium chloride cotransporter 1 (Na + -K + -Cl - cotransporter 1, NKCC1) expression in the lumbar enlargement area resulted in a significant increase in the KCC2/NKCC1 ratio compared to the SCI + vehicle group, with the most pronounced improvement seen in the combined treatment group. Compared to the SCI + vehicle group, the SCI + bumetanide group showed no significant paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) improvement at 21 and 35 dpi, but a notable enhancement at 56 dpi. In contrast, the SCI + CLP290 group significantly improved PWTL at 21 days, with non-significant changes at 35 and 56 days. At 21 dpi, KCC2 expression was marginally higher in monotherapy groups versus SCI + vehicle, but not significantly. At 56 dpi, only the SCI + bumetanide group showed a significant difference in KCC2 expression compared to the control group., Conclusion: Combined application of CLP290 and bumetanide effectively increases the ratio of KCC2/NKCC1, restores RDD levels, enhances GABA A receptor-mediated inhibitory function in the spinal cord, and relieves neuropathic pain in SCI; Bumetanide significantly improves neuropathic pain in the long term, whereas CLP290 demonstrates a notable short-term effect., (© 2024 The Author(s). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Polymer materials with multiple stimuli-responsive properties have demonstrated many potential and practical applications. By covalently introducing spiropyran (SP1) and spirothiopyran (STP) into the polyurethane backbone, photochromic, mechanochromic, and thermally discolored polymer materials have been prepared. In this work, we report for the first time that white light (violet, blue, and green light) above a certain intensity can activate STP to green color. Based on the above discovery, the polyurethane with SP1 and STP can exhibit reversible three-color changes (brown, green, and purple) in response to four stimuli: ultraviolet irradiation, white light irradiation, mechanical stress, and heat. The color-changing polymer materials have high color contrast and excellent reversibility, and can be used for reversible writing, anticounterfeiting and information encryption, etc .

Phenytoin, an antiepileptic drug, induces neurotoxicity and abnormal embryonic development and reduces spontaneous locomotor activity in fish. However, its effects on other endpoints remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of phenytoin on the swimming behavior and reproductive ability of Japanese medaka. Abnormalities in swimming behavior, such as imbalance, rotation, rollover, and vertical swimming, were observed. However, when phenytoin exposure was discontinued, the behavioral abnormality rates decreased. Phenytoin exposure also significantly reduced reproductive ability. By investigating reproduction-related gene expression of gnrh1, gnrh2, fshb, and lhb remained unchanged in males and females. In contrast, kiss1 expression was significantly suppressed due to phenytoin exposure in males and females. kiss2 expression was also significantly suppressed in females but not in males. We filmed videos to examine phenytoin exposure effects on sexual behavior. Females showed no interest in the male's courtship. As the kisspeptin 1 system controls sexual behavior in Japanese medaka, phenytoin exposure may have decreased kiss1 expression, which decreased female reproductive motivation; hence, they did not spawn eggs. This is the first study to show that phenytoin exposure induces behavioral abnormalities, and suppresses kiss1 expression and reproductive performance in Japanese medaka., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oxygen vacancy (O v ) is an anionic defect widely existed in metal oxide lattice, as exemplified by CeO 2 , TiO 2 , and ZnO. As O v can modify the band structure of solid, it improves the physicochemical properties such as the semiconducting performance and catalytic behaviours. We report here a new type of O v as an intrinsic part of a perfect crystalline surface. Such non-defect O v stems from the irregular hexagonal sawtooth-shaped structure in the (111) plane of trivalent rare earth oxides (RE 2 O 3 ). The materials with such intrinsic O v structure exhibit excellent performance in ammonia decomposition reaction with surface Ru active sites. Extremely high H 2 formation rate has been achieved at ~1 wt% of Ru loading over Sm 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 and Gd 2 O 3 surface, which is 1.5-20 times higher than reported values in the literature. The discovery of intrinsic O v suggests great potentials of applying RE oxides in heterogeneous catalysis and surface chemistry., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Sugarcane, a vital cash crop, contributes significantly to the world's sugar supply and raw materials for biofuel production, playing a significant role in the global sugar industry. However, sustainable productivity is severely hampered by biotic and abiotic stressors. Genetic engineering has been used to transfer useful genes into sugarcane plants to improve desirable traits and has emerged as a basic and applied research method to maintain growth and productivity under different adverse environmental conditions. However, the use of transgenic approaches remains contentious and requires rigorous experimental methods to address biosafety challenges. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) mediated genome editing technology is growing rapidly and may revolutionize sugarcane production. This review aims to explore innovative genetic engineering techniques and their successful application in developing sugarcane cultivars with enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses to produce superior sugarcane cultivars.

Introduction: Literature suggests a common pathophysiological ground between carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) and white matter alterations in the brain. However, the association between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) has not been conclusively reported. The current systematic review explores and reports the relationship between CIMT and WMH among asymptomatic/non-stroke adults., Methods: A recent literature search on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases was conducted in compliance with the PRISMA protocol. The pre-defined Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome-Study (PICOS) criteria included observational studies investigating the CIMT-WMH association among non-stroke adults undergoing magnetic resonance imaging and carotid ultrasound., Results: Out of 255 potential results, 32 studies were critically assessed for selection, and finally, 10 articles were included, comprising 5,116 patients (females = 60.2%; males = 39.8%) aged between 36-71 years. The included studies earned high quality ratings (6-9) based on the Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale criteria. Qualitative synthesis showed a significantly parallel relationship between increased CIMT and greater WMH burden in 50% of the studies. In addition, significant risk factors related to the CIMT-WMH association included older age, hypertension, depression, migraine, Hispanic ethnicity, and apolipoprotein E (ɛ4) in postmenopausal women., Conclusion: Overall, the cumulative evidence showed a consistent CIMT-WMH association in asymptomatic middle-aged and older non-stroke adults, indicating that CAS may contribute to the progression of pathologically hyperintense white matter in the brain. However, further research is warranted to infer the plausible relationship between CIMT and WMH in the absence of stroke., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Humayra, Yahya, Ning, Raffali, Mir, Mohamed and Manan.)

Verifying the quality of a random number generator involves performing computationally intensive statistical tests on large data sets commonly in the range of gigabytes. Limitations on computing power can restrict an end-user's ability to perform such verification. There are also random number-based applications where an honest user needs to publicly demonstrate that the random bits they are using pass the statistical tests without the bits being revealed. Here, we report the implementation of an entanglement-based protocol that allows a third party to publicly perform statistical tests without compromising the privacy of the random bits., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) represents a significant global health concern, being the leading cause of mortality from a single infectious agent worldwide. The investigation of TB incidence and epidemiological trends is critical for evaluating the effectiveness of control strategies and identifying ongoing challenges., Objectives: This study presents the trend in TB incidence across 204 countries and regions over a 30-year period., Methods: The study utilises data sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. The age cohort model and gender subgroup analysis were employed to estimate the net drift (overall annual percentage change), local drift (age annual percentage change), longitudinal age curve (expected age ratio), and cycle and cohort effect (relative risk of cycle and birth cohort) of TB incidence from 1990 to 2019. This approach facilitates the examination and differentiation of age, period, and cohort effects in TB incidence trends, potentially identifying disparities in TB prevention across different countries., Results: Over the past three decades, a general downward trend in TB incidence has been observed in most countries. However, in 15 of the 204 countries, the overall incidence rate is still on the rise (net drift ≥0.0 %) or stagnant decline (≥-0.5 %). From 1990 to 2019, the net drift of tuberculosis mortality ranged from -2.2 % [95 % confidence interval (CI): -2.33, -2.05] in high Socio-demographic Index (SDI) countries to -1.7 % [95 % CI: -1.81, -1.62] in low SDI countries. In some below-average SDI countries,men in the birth cohort are at a disadvantage and at risk of deterioration, necessitating comprehensive TB prevention and treatment., Conclusions: While the global incidence of TB has declined, adverse period and cohort effects have been identified in numerous countries, raising questions about the adequacy of TB healthcare provision across all age groups. Furthermore, this study reveals gender disparities in TB incidence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest I appreciate your contribution to our paper (HL-D-23-01062). This article has not been published in whole or in part elsewhere. All authors have read and approved their content and agree to submit it for publication in your journal. This article does not involve any moral conflict, (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Artificial intelligence (AI) edge devices prefer employing high-capacity nonvolatile compute-in-memory (CIM) to achieve high energy efficiency and rapid wakeup-to-response with sufficient accuracy. Most previous works are based on either memristor-based CIMs, which suffer from accuracy loss and do not support training as a result of limited endurance, or digital static random-access memory (SRAM)-based CIMs, which suffer from large area requirements and volatile storage. We report an AI edge processor that uses a memristor-SRAM CIM-fusion scheme to simultaneously exploit the high accuracy of the digital SRAM CIM and the high energy-efficiency and storage density of the resistive random-access memory memristor CIM. This also enables adaptive local training to accommodate personalized characterization and user environment. The fusion processor achieved high CIM capacity, short wakeup-to-response latency (392 microseconds), high peak energy efficiency (77.64 teraoperations per second per watt), and robust accuracy (<0.5% accuracy loss). This work demonstrates that memristor technology has moved beyond in-lab development stages and now has manufacturability for AI edge processors.

Although it is generally acknowledged that transition metals at high oxidation states represent superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity, the preparation and stability of such a high-valence state are still a challenge, which requires relatively harsh reaction conditions and is unstable under ambient conditions. Herein, we report the formation of trivalent nickel (Ni 3+ ) in laser-fabricated nickel oxides induced by polyaniline (PANI) under electrochemical activation via a significant charge transfer between Ni and N, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Thereafter, the presence of Ni 3+ and the improved conductivity by PANI effectively increase the electrochemical OER activity of the samples together with excellent long-term stability. This work provides new insights for the rational manufacture of high-valence metal for electrochemical reactions.

Background: Current imaging advancements quantify the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) derived T1 and T2 tissue characterization as robust indicators for cardiomyopathies, but limited literature exists on its clinical application in Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). This systematic review evaluated the T1 and T2 parametric mapping to delineate the current diagnostic and prognostic CMR imaging outcomes in TTS., Methods: A comprehensive literature search until October 2023 was performed on ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library by two independent reviewers adhering to the PRISMA framework. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of studies., Results: Out of 198 results, 8 studies were included in this qualitative synthesis, accounting for a total population of 399 subjects (TTS = 201, controls = 175, acute myocarditis = 14, and acute regional myocardial oedema without infarction = 9). Approximately 50.4 % were TTS patients aged between 61 and 73 years, whereof, females (n = 181, 90.0 %) and apical variants (n = 180, 89.6 %) were significantly higher, and emotional stressor (n = 42; 20.9 %) was more prevalent than physical (n = 27; 13.4 %). The NOS identified 62.5 % of studies as moderate and 37.5 % as high quality. Parametric tissue mapping revealed significantly prolonged T1 and T2 relaxation times at 1.5T and 3T respectively in TTS (1053-1164 msec, 1292-1438 msec; and 56-67 msec, 60-90 msec) with higher extracellular volume (ECV) fraction (29-36 %), compared to healthy subjects (944-1211 msec, 1189-1251 msec; and 46-54 msec, 32-68 msec; 23-29 %) and myocarditis (1058 msec, 60 msec). Other significant myocardial abnormalities included increased left ventricular (LV) end-systolic and diastolic volume and reduced global longitudinal strain. Overall, myocardial oedema, altered LV mass and strain, and worse LV systolic function, with higher native T1, T2, and ECV values were consistent., Conclusions: Future research with substantially larger clinical trials is vital to explore the CMR imaging findings in diverse TTS patient cohorts and correlate the T1 and T2 mapping outcomes with demographic/clinical covariates. CMR is a valuable imaging tool for TTS diagnosis and prognostication. T1 and T2 parametric mapping facilitates the quantification of oedema, inflammation, and myocardial injury in Takotsubo., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Aims: Pre-emptive prediction to avoid myelosuppression and harmful sequelae is difficult given the complex interplay among patients, drugs and treatment protocols. This study aimed to model plasma and bone marrow concentrations and the likelihood of myelotoxicity following administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by diverse intravenous (IV) bolus or continuous infusion (cIF) regimens., Methods: Using physicochemical, in vitro and clinical data obtained from the literature consisting of various regimens and patient cohorts, a 5-FU physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed. The predicted and observed PK values were compared to assess model performance prior to examining myelotoxicity potential of IV bolus vs. cIF and DPYD wild type vs. genetic variant., Results: The established model was verified by utilizing 5-FU concentration-time profiles of adequate heterogeneity contributed by 36 regimens from 15 studies. The study provided corroborative evidence to explain why cIF (vs. IV bolus) had lower myelotoxicity risk despite much higher total doses. The PBPK model was used to estimate the optimal dosage in patients heterozygous for the DPYD c.1905 + 1G > A allele and suggested that a dose reduction of at least 25% was needed (compared to the dose in wild-type subjects)., Conclusion: A verified PBPK model was used to explain the lower myelotoxicity risk of cIF vs. IV bolus administration of 5-FU and to estimate the dose reduction needed in carriers of a DPYD variant. With appropriate data, expertise and resources, PBPK models have many potential uses in precision medicine application of oncology drugs., (© 2024 British Pharmacological Society.)

Oxidative stress is a frequently occurring pathophysiological feature of spinal cord injury (SCI) and can result in secondary injury to the spinal cord and skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have reported that glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) have anti-aging and anti-oxidative stress properties; however, to date, no study has assessed the effect of GlyNAC in the treatment of SCI. In the present work, we established a rat model of SCI and then administered GlyNAC to the animals by gavage at a dose of 200 mg/kg for four consecutive weeks. The BBB scores of the rats were significantly elevated from the first to the eighth week after GlyNAC intervention, suggesting that GlyNAC promoted the recovery of motor function; it also promoted the significant recovery of body weight of the rats. Meanwhile, the 4-week heat pain results also suggested that GlyNAC intervention could promote the recovery of sensory function in rats to some extent. Additionally, after 4 weeks, the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in spinal cord tissues were significantly elevated, whereas that of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased in GlyNAC-treated animals. The gastrocnemius wet weight ratio and total antioxidant capacity were also significantly increased. After 8 weeks, the malondialdehyde level had decreased significantly in spinal cord tissue, while reactive oxygen species accumulation in skeletal muscle had decreased. These findings suggested that GlyNAC can protect spinal cord tissue, delay skeletal muscle atrophy, and promote functional recovery in rats after SCI., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Rapid diagnosis is crucial for pediatric patients with midgut volvulus and malrotation to prevent serious complications. While the upper gastrointestinal study (UGIS) is the traditional method, the use of ultrasound (US) is gaining prominence., Objectives: To assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of US compared to UGIS for malrotation and midgut volvulus., Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 68 pediatric patients who underwent US and/or UGIS before surgery for suspected midgut volvulus or malrotation in Kuala Lumpur (PPUKM and HTA), referencing surgical outcomes as the gold standard., Results: US demonstrated a higher specificity (100%) than UGIS (83%) for diagnosing malrotation, with a slightly lower sensitivity (97% vs. 100%). For midgut volvulus, US surpassed UGIS in sensitivity (92.9% vs. 66.7%) while maintaining comparable specificity. The SMA/SMV criteria showed better sensitivity (91.1%) than the D3 assessment (78.9%) on US, though both had high specificity., Conclusion: US is equivalent to UGIS for identifying malrotation and is more sensitive for detecting midgut volvulus, supporting its use as a primary diagnostic tool. The study advocates for combined US and UGIS when either yields inconclusive results, optimizing diagnostic precision for these conditions., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER).)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a large amount of tissue cell debris in the lesion site, which interacts with various cytokines, including inflammatory factors, and the intrinsic glial environment of the central nervous system (CNS) to form an inhibitory microenvironment that impedes nerve regeneration. The efficient clearance of tissue debris is crucial for the resolution of the inhibitory microenvironment after SCI. Macrophages are the main cells responsible for tissue debris removal after SCI. However, the high lipid content in tissue debris and the dysregulation of lipid metabolism within macrophages lead to their transformation into foamy macrophages during the phagocytic process. This phenotypic shift is associated with a further pro-inflammatory polarization that may aggravate neurological deterioration and hamper nerve repair. In this review, we summarize the phenotype and metabolism of macrophages under inflammatory conditions, as well as the mechanisms and consequences of foam cell formation after SCI. Moreover, we discuss two strategies for foam cell modulation and several potential therapeutic targets that may enhance the treatment of SCI., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Li, Du, Liu, Zhang, Xu, Ke, Peng, Yang, Li and Gao.)

We present single-molecule labeling and localization microscopy (SMLLM) using dye-conjugated phalloidin to achieve enhanced superresolution imaging of filamentous actin (F-actin). We demonstrate that the intrinsic phalloidin dissociation enables SMLLM in an imaging buffer containing low concentrations of dye-conjugated phalloidin. We further show enhanced single-molecule labeling by chemically promoting phalloidin dissociation. Two benefits of phalloidin-based SMLLM are better preservation of cellular structures sensitive to mechanical and shear forces during standard sample preparation and more consistent F-actin quantification at the nanoscale. In a proof-of-concept study, we employed SMLLM to super-resolve F-actin structures in U2OS and dendritic cells (DCs) and demonstrate more consistent F-actin quantification in the cell body and structurally delicate cytoskeletal proportions, which we termed membrane fibers, of DCs compared to direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy ( d STORM). Using DC2.4 mouse dendritic cells as the model system, we show F-actin redistribution from podosomes to actin filaments and altered prevalence of F-actin-associated membrane fibers on the culture glass surface after lipopolysaccharide exposure. While our work demonstrates SMLLM for F-actin, the concept opens new possibilities for protein-specific single-molecule labeling and localization in the same step using commercially available reagents., Competing Interests: Competing Interests The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Neonicotinoid insecticides, which target insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), have been widely and intensively used to control the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a highly damaging, globally distributed, crop pest. This has inevitably led to the emergence of populations with resistance to neonicotinoids. However, to date, there have been no reports of target-site resistance involving mutation of B. tabaci nAChR genes. Here we characterize the nAChR subunit gene family of B. tabaci and identify dual mutations (A58T&R79E) in one of these genes (BTβ1) that confer resistance to multiple neonicotinoids. Transgenic D. melanogaster, where the native nAChR Dβ1 was replaced with BTβ1A58T&R79E, were significantly more resistant to neonicotinoids than flies where Dβ1 were replaced with the wildtype BTβ1 sequence, demonstrating the causal role of the mutations in resistance. The two mutations identified in this study replace two amino acids that are highly conserved in >200 insect species. Three-dimensional modelling suggests a molecular mechanism for this resistance, whereby A58T forms a hydrogen bond with the R79E side chain, which positions its negatively-charged carboxylate group to electrostatically repulse a neonicotinoid at the orthosteric site. Together these findings describe the first case of target-site resistance to neonicotinoids in B. tabaci and provide insight into the molecular determinants of neonicotinoid binding and selectivity., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists., (Copyright: © 2024 Yin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Recent studies have revealed that tumor immunotherapy resistance is influenced by ADAR-mediated RNA editing, but its targets remain unelucidated. Our current study identified the poliovirus receptor (PVR) oncogene, which encodes an immune checkpoint in colorectal cancer (CRC), as a potential target for RNA editing. We performed transcriptome sequencing analysis and experimental validation in two Chinese CRC cohorts. PVR and ADAR expressions significantly increased in CRC tumors and showed positive correlations in both cohorts, coupled with upregulated PVR RNA editing in CRC tumors. Manipulation of ADAR expression by over-expression or knockdown substantially changed PVR expression and RNA editing in HTC116 CRC cells. Luciferase reporter and actinomycin D assays further revealed that RNA editing in PVR 3'-UTR could upregulate PVR RNA expression, probably by increasing the RNA stability. By increasing PVR expression, ADAR-mediate RNA editing might contribute to tumor- and immune-related gene functions and pathways in CRC. Moreover, a signature combining PVR RNA editing and expression showed promising predictive performance in CRC diagnosis in both Chinese CRC cohorts. Our findings thus highlight the importance of ADAR-mediated RNA editing in PVR up-regulation in CRC tumors and provide new insight into the application of PVR RNA editing as a novel diagnostic biomarker for CRC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The F 1 F O -ATP synthase engine is essential for viability and growth of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) by providing the biological energy ATP and keeping ATP homeostasis under hypoxic stress conditions. Here, we report the discovery of the diarylquinoline TBAJ-5307 as a broad spectrum anti-NTM inhibitor, targeting the F O domain of the engine and preventing rotation and proton translocation. TBAJ-5307 is active at low nanomolar concentrations against fast- and slow-growing NTM as well as clinical isolates by depleting intrabacterial ATP. As demonstrated for the fast grower Mycobacterium abscessus, the compound is potent in vitro and in vivo, without inducing toxicity. Combining TBAJ-5307 with anti-NTM antibiotics or the oral tebipenem-avibactam pair showed attractive potentiation. Furthermore, the TBAJ-5307-tebipenem-avibactam cocktail kills the pathogen, suggesting a novel oral combination for the treatment of NTM lung infections., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest G. G., R. W. B., P. R., P. S.-L., and L. K. are inventors on the patent 23306555.6, which is related to the inhibitor described in this article. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fufang Xiling Jiedu capsule (FXJC), a traditional Chinese medicine that evolved from "Yinqiao Powder", is widely used for the treatment of cold and influenza. However, due to a lack of in vivo metabolism research, the chemical components responsible for the therapeutic effects still remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to describe the metabolic profiles of the FXJC in rat plasma, urine, and feces. A combined data mining strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was employed and 201 xenobiotics, including 117 prototype components and 84 metabolites were detected. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, and lignans were prominent ingredients absorbed in vivo, and the major metabolic pathways of the detected metabolites were glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, and oxidation. This is the first systematic study on the metabolism of the FXJC in vivo, providing valuable information for future studies on the efficacy, toxicity, and mechanism of the FXJC., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The unclear effects of microwaves, as a greener alternative to hot air, on sensory perception, aroma, and hazardous components of sesame oil were investigated. Microwaves (900 W, 6-10 min) created more seed porosity and cell destruction and facilitated more γ-tocopherol release in sesame oil (349.30-408.50 mg/kg) than 200 °C, 20 min hot air (304.90 mg/kg). Microwaves (6-10 min) generated more aromatic heterocyclics (42.40-125.12 mg/kg) and aldehydes (5.15-2.08 mg/kg) in sesame oil than hot air (25.59 mg/kg and 1.34 mg/kg). Microwaves (6 min) produced sesame oil with a stronger roasted sesame flavour, and weaker bitter and burnt flavour than hot air. Microwaves reduced harman (≤775.19 ng/g), norharman (≤1,069.99 ng/g), and benzo(a)pyrene (≤1.59 μg/kg) in sesame oil than hot air (1,319.85 ng/g, 1,168.40 ng/g, and 1.83 μg/kg). Appropriate microwave is a promising alternative to hot air in producing sesame oil with a better sensory profile, more bioactive, and less carcinogenic components., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Ischemic brain injury is a severe medical condition with high incidences in elderly people without effective treatment for the resulting neural damages. Using a unilateral mouse stroke model, we analyze single-cell transcriptomes of ipsilateral and contralateral cortical penumbra regions to objectively reveal molecular events with single-cell resolution at 4 h and 1, 3, and 7 days post-injury. Here, we report that neurons are among the first cells that sense the lack of blood supplies by elevated expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). To our surprise, the canonical inflammatory cytokine gene targets for C/EBPβ, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), are subsequently induced also in neuronal cells. Neuronal-specific silencing of C/EBPβ or IL-1β and TNF-α substantially alleviates downstream inflammatory injury responses and is profoundly neural protective. Taken together, our findings reveal a neuronal inflammatory mechanism underlying early pathological triggers of ischemic brain injury., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To study the risk factors affecting amputation and survival in patients with diabetic foot (DF) and to construct a predictive model using the machine learning technique for DF foot amputation and survival and evaluate its effectiveness., Materials and Methods: A total of 200 patients with DF hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College in China were selected via cluster analysis screening, Kaplan-Meier survival calculation, amputation rate and Cox proportional hazards model investigation of risk factors associated with amputation and death. In addition, we constructed various models, including Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the deep learning method convolution neural network (CNN) model, backpropagation (BP) neural network model, and backpropagation neural network prediction model after optimizing the genetic algorithm. The accuracy of the 4 prediction models for survival and amputation was assessed, and we evaluated the reliability of these computational models based on the size of the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity., Results: We found that the 1-year survival rate in patients with DF was 88.5%, and the 1-year amputation rate was 12.5%. Wagner's Classification of Diabetic Foot Ulcers grade, ankle-brachial index (ABI), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and percutaneous oxygen partial pressure (TcPO2) were independent risk factors for amputation in patients with DF, while cerebrovascular disease, Sudoscan sweat gland function score, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) were independent risk factors for death in patients with DF. In addition, our results showed that in the case of amputation, the COX regression predictive model revealed an AUC of 0.788, sensitivity of 74.1% and specificity of 83.6%. The BP neural network predictive model identified an AUC of 0.874, sensitivity of 87.0% and specificity of 87.7%. An AUC of 0.909, sensitivity of 90.7% and specificity of 91.1% were found after optimizing the BP neural network prediction model via genetic algorithm. In the deep learning CNN model, the AUC, sensitivity and specificity were 0.939, 92.6%, and 95.2%, respectively. In the analysis of risk factors for death, the COX regression predictive model identified the AUC, sensitivity and specificity as 0.800, 74.1% and 85.9%, respectively. The BP neural network predictive model revealed an AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 0.937, 93.1% and 94.4%, respectively. Genetic algorithm-based optimization of the BP neural network predictive model identified an AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 0.932, 91.4% and 95.1%, respectively. The deep learning CNN model found the AUC, sensitivity and specificity to be 0.861, 82.8% and 89.4%, respectively., Conclusion: To identify risk factors for death, the BP neural network predictive model and genetic algorithm-based optimizing BP neural network predictive model have higher sensitivity and specificity than the deep learning method CNN predictive model and COX regression analysis.

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, comes up high metabolic resistance to most neonicotinoids in long-term evolution, which is the key problem of pest control. UGT glycosyltransferase, as a secondary detoxification enzyme, plays an indispensable role in detoxification metabolism. In this study, UGT inhibitors, 5-nitrouracil and sulfinpyrazone, dramatically augmented the toxic damage of neonicotinoids to B. tabaci. A UGT named UGT353G2 was identified in whitefly, which was notably up-regulated in resistant strain (3.92 folds), and could be induced by most neonicotinoids. Additionally, the using of RNA interference (RNAi) suppresses UGT353G2 substantially increased sensitivity to neonicotinoids in resistant strain. Our results support that UGT353G2 may be involved in the neonicotinoids resistance of whitefly. These findings will help further verify the functional role of UGTs in neonicotinoid resistance., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a frequent complication after spinal cord injury (SCI) and can influence the recovery of motor function and metabolism in affected patients. Delaying skeletal muscle atrophy can promote functional recovery in SCI rats. In the present study, we investigated whether a combination of body weight support treadmill training (BWSTT) and glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) could exert neuroprotective effects, promote motor function recovery, and delay skeletal muscle atrophy in rats with SCI, and we assessed the therapeutic effects of the double intervention from both a structural and functional viewpoint. We found that, after SCI, rats given GlyNAC alone showed an improvement in Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, gait symmetry, and results in the open field test, indicative of improved motor function, while GlyNAC combined with BWSTT was more effective than either treatment alone at ameliorating voluntary motor function in injured rats. Meanwhile, the results of the skeletal muscle myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), hindlimb grip strength, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immunostaining analysis demonstrated that GlyNAC improved the structure and function of the skeletal muscle in rats with SCI and delayed the atrophication of skeletal muscle.

Dual-interfacial structure within catalysts is capable of mitigating the detrimentally completive adsorption during the catalysis process, but its construction strategy and mechanism understanding remain vastly lacking. Here, a highly active dual-interfaces of CeO 2-x /CoO 1-x /Co is constructed using the pronounced interfacial interaction from surrounding small CeO 2-x islets, which shows high activity in catalyzing the water-gas shift reaction. Kinetic evidence and in-situ characterization results revealed that CeO 2-x modulates the oxidized state of Co species and consequently generates the dual active CeO 2-x /CoO 1-x /Co interface during the WGS reaction. A synergistic redox mechanism comprised of independent contribution from dual functional interfaces, including CeO 2-x /CoO 1-x and CoO 1-x /Co, is authenticated by experimental and theoretical results, where the CeO 2-x /CoO 1-x interface alleviates the CO poison effect, and the CoO 1-x /Co interface promotes the H 2 formation. The results may provide guidance for fabricating dual-interfacial structures within catalysts and shed light on the mechanism over multi-component catalyst systems., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The selective catalytic oxidation of NH 3 (NH 3 -SCO) to N 2 is an important reaction for the treatment of diesel engine exhaust. Co 3 O 4 has the highest activity among non-noble metals but suffers from N 2 O release. Such N 2 O emissions have recently been regulated due to having a 300× higher greenhouse gas effect than CO 2 . Here, we design CuO-supported Co 3 O 4 as a cascade catalyst for the selective oxidation of NH 3 to N 2 . The NH 3 -SCO reaction on CuO-Co 3 O 4 follows a de-N 2 O pathway. Co 3 O 4 activates gaseous oxygen to form N 2 O. The high redox property of the CuO-Co 3 O 4 interface promotes the breaking of the N-O bond in N 2 O to form N 2 . The addition of CuO-Co 3 O 4 to the Pt-Al 2 O 3 catalyst reduces the full NH 3 conversion temperature by 50 K and improves the N 2 selectivity by 20%. These findings provide a promising strategy for reducing N 2 O emissions and will contribute to the rational design and development of non-noble metal catalysts., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of death and disability in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis associated with lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation leads to plaques formation in arterial walls and luminal stenosis in carotid arteries. Current approaches such as surgery or treatment with statins encounter big challenges in curing atherosclerosis plaque. The infiltration of proinflammatory M1 macrophages plays an essential role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis plaque. A recent study shows that TRIM24, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of a Trim family protein, acts as a valve to inhibit the polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, and elimination of TRIM24 opens an avenue to achieve the M2 polarization. Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has emerged as a novel tool for the selective degradation of targeting proteins. But the low bioavailability and cell specificity of PROTAC reagents hinder their applications in treating atherosclerosis plaque. In this study we constructed a type of bioinspired PROTAC by coating the PROTAC degrader (dTRIM24)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles with M2 macrophage membrane (MELT) for atherosclerosis treatment. MELT was characterized by morphology, size, and stability. MELT displayed enhanced specificity to M1 macrophages as well as acidic-responsive release of dTRIM24. After intravenous administration, MELT showed significantly improved accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque of high fat and high cholesterol diet-fed atherosclerotic (ApoE -/- ) mice through binding to M1 macrophages and inducing effective and precise TRIM24 degradation, thus resulting in the polarization of M2 macrophages, which led to great reduction of plaque formation. These results suggest that MELT can be considered a potential therapeutic agent for targeting atherosclerotic plaque and alleviating atherosclerosis progression, providing an effective strategy for targeted atherosclerosis therapy., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Pharmacological Society.)

Objective: To explore the patterns and correlates of insight among patients with schizophrenia in a large Chinese population., Method: A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong province, China. Patients with schizophrenia were included. Basic socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected in this study. Univariate analyses, multivariate logistic regression, and network analysis were conducted., Results: A total of 6090 participants (58.8% were male, and 41.2% were female) met the study criteria and completed all the assessments. 63.5% (n = 3869) patients with schizophrenia had impaired insight. Fewer drug sides effect, higher psychological and environment domains scores in quality of life have a positive significant impact on insight in patients with schizophrenia. Younger age, higher BPRS scores have a negative significant impact on insight in patients with schizophrenia. The node ITAQ 8 (strength=1.17) was the most central node within the ITAQ network, while node ITAQ 3 was the least central node (strength=0.69). The edge ITAQ 1-ITAQ 2 was the thickest and most saturated edge in network model., Conclusions: Considering patterns and correlation of insight, it is necessary to ensure adherence to medications and engagement with mental health services for patients with schizophrenia, which could also improve their quality of life. Taking medication actively is more central to identify ITAQ and might be the potential targets for future interventions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors had no conflicts of interest in conducting this study or preparing the manuscript., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: : Asian children with cystic fibrosis (CF) managed in Malaysia have significant morbidity with limited access to life-sustaining treatments. We determined the morbidity and treatment cost of CF in a resource-limited country., Methods: This cross-sectional study included all children diagnosed with CF in our centre. Data on clinical presentation, genetic mutation, serial spirometry results and complications were collected. Out-of-pocket (OOP) and healthcare costs over 1 year were retrieved for patients who were alive. Cohen's d and odds ratio (OR) were used to determine the effect size., Results: Twenty-four patients were diagnosed with CF. Five patients died at a median (range) age of 18 (0.3-22) years. F508deletion (c. 1521&#95;1523delCTT) was found in 20% of the alleles, while 89% of the variants were detected in nine patients. Body mass index (BMI) Z score was >-1.96 in 70.6% of patients. Two thirds (68%) were colonised with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and this was associated with lower weight (P = 0.009) and BMI (P = 0.02) Z scores. Only 18% had FEV 1 Z scores >-1.96. Early symptom onset (d = 0.74), delayed diagnosis (d = 2.07), a low FEF 25-75 Z score (d = 0.82) and a high sweat conductance (d = 1.19) were associated with death. Inpatient cost was mainly from diagnostic tests, while medications contributed to half of the outpatient cost., Healthcare utilisation cost was catastrophic, amounting to 20% of the total income., Conclusion: Asian children with CF suffer significant complications such as low weight, low lung function and shortened lifespan. P. aeruginosa colonisation was frequent and associated with poor growth. Healthcare cost to parents was catastrophic., Competing Interests: None