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Objective: Yangxue Qingnao granules (YXQNG), which translates to granules that tonify the blood and clear liver heat, are widely available in China for the treatment of Chronic Cerebral Circulation Insufficiency (CCCI). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of YXQNG in treating CCCI. Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and the Wanfang Database were searched from their inception to February 2019. Randomized controlled trials of YXQNG used alone or in combination with other drugs against a placebo, with no intervention or used with other drugs in CCCI patients were identified. The reviewers identified studies, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the evidence, independently and in duplicate. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used for quality assessment. Results: A total of 31 RCTs and 2,877 patients were selected. The meta‐analysis indicated that the ratio between the combined RR of the total effective rate and the 95% confidential interval (95% CI) was 1.21 (1.17, 1.26). The combined MD of transcranial Doppler (TCD) detecting carotid artery, vertebral artery, and basilar artery blood flows (95% CI), respectively, were 8.84 (5.83, 11.85), 4.72 (3.71, 5.73), and 3.89 (3.03, 4.76). The combined MD of plasma viscosity and fibrinogen, respectively, were −0.35 (−0.40, −0.30) and −0.81 (−1.12, −0.50). Serious adverse effects were not reported in all the included trials. Conclusion: This systematic review revealed that YXQNG could increase cerebral blood flow in patients with CCCI and improve their symptoms, with no serious adverse effects. Since the literature reviewed was affected by factors such as lower quality of the included studies, the systematic evaluation's conclusion is not very reliable. Thus, more rigorously designed trials are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: AMPA receptor (AMPAR) and CRMP5 antibodies are relatively uncommon in limbic encephalitis, and patients with both antibodies are rare. We recently treated such a patient, but the patient died after active treatment. To further understand this disease, we conducted a case report and literature review. Discussions: To date, five encephalitis patients, including our patient, have been found to be positive for AMPAR and CRMP5 antibodies. The male‐to‐female ratio of the reported cases is 4:1, and the age range is 26 and 62 years old. All five patients presented with various neuropsychiatric symptoms, including insomnia, abnormal behavior, seizures, extrapyramidal symptoms, and autonomic dysfunction. Four patients had tumors (three invasive thymomas and one suspected lymphoma), and three cases died within a short period of time. No tumor was detected in one of the patients during the follow‐up period; however, after active treatment, the outcome was poor, and the patient developed cachexia. One patient had good response to immunotherapy and tumor therapy and successfully returned to work. Conclusions: The prognosis of encephalitis associated with AMPAR and CRMP5 antibodies is worse than that of the encephalitis associated with AMPAR antibodies alone. The most likely cause is that this encephalitis is more likely to be accompanied by malignant tumors, leading to a poor prognosis. In addition, it may also be due to some synergistic mechanisms between the two antibodies. Further studies aimed at the prognosis of this type of encephalitis are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The leaching kinetics of niobium-bearing mineralisation in KOH hydrothermal system was investigated. Particle size analyzer, XRD and SEM were used for studying the influences of mechanical activation on particle size, surface area, crystal structure and surface morphology of niobium-bearing mineralisation. The results showed that mechanical activation decreased the mineral particle size, increased the surface area and the degree of lattice distortion or disorder. Kinetics of alkali leaching of niobium is modeled and explained. The activation energy of niobium leaching from unactivated niobium-bearing mineralisation was 45.6 kJ/mol. When the mineralisation was activated for 10 min and 30 min, the activation energy decreased to 32.2 kJ/mol and 21.9 kJ/mol respectively. Compared with the non-mechanical activation method, mechanical activation greatly improved the activity of niobium-bearing mineralisation and decreased the activation energy, so that the reaction speed was accelerated remarkably. Highlights • Mechanical activation of niobium-bearing mineralisation using planetary milling is carried out. • The nature of alkali dissolution of mechanically activated niobium-bearing mineralisation is elucidated. • Kinetics of alkali dissolution of niobium is modeled and explained. • Activation energy for alkali dissolution of niobium decreases with the increase of milling time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The float-sink test is a commonly used technology for the study of coal washability, which determines optimal separation density for coal washing based on the desired sulfur and ash yield of the cleaned coal. In this study, the float-sink test is adopted for a high-sulfur Late Permian coal from Hongfa coalmine (No.26), southwestern Guizhou, China, to investigate its washability, and to analyze the organic affinities and distribution behaviors of some toxic and valuable trace elements. Results show that the coal is difficult to separate in terms of desulfurization. A cleaned coal could theoretically be obtained with a yield of 75.50%, sulfur 2.50%, and ash yield 11.33% when the separation density is 1.57 g/cm3. Trace elements' distribution behaviors during the gravity separation were evaluated by correlation analysis and calculation. It was found that Cs, Ga, Ta, Th, Rb, Sb, Nb, Hf, Ba, Pb, In, Cu, and Zr are of significant inorganic affinity; while Sn, Co, Re, U, Mo, V, Cr, Ni, and Be are of relatively strong organic affinity. LREE (Light rare earth elements), however, seem to have weaker organic affinity than HREE (Heavy rare earth elements), which can probably be attributed to lanthanide contraction. When the separation density is 1.60 g/cm3, a large proportion of Sn, Be, Cr, U, V, Mo, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cu migrate to the cleaned coal, but most of Mn, Sb and Th stay in the gangue. Coal preparation provides alternativity for either toxic elements removal or valuable elements preconcentration in addition to desulfurization and deashing. The enrichment of trace elements in the cleaned coal depends on the predetermined separation density which will influence the yields and ash yields of the cleaned coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]