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The photoproduction of large ${p}_{T}$ dileptons, photons, and light vector mesons in $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$, $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}$, and $\mathrm{Pb}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at LHC energies is studied, where the fragmentation processes and the ultra-incoherent photon channel are included. An exact treatment is developed for photoproduction processes in heavy ion collisions, which recovers the equivalent photon approximation (EPA) in the limit ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ and can avoid double counting effectively. The full kinematical relations are also achieved. We present the results as the distributions in ${Q}^{2}$, ${p}_{T}$, and ${y}_{r}$, and the total cross sections are also estimated. The numerical results indicate that the contribution of photoproduction processes is evident in the large ${p}_{T}$ and ${y}_{r}$ regions and starts to play a fundamental role in $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions. The ultra-incoherent photon emission is an important channel of photoproduction processes, which can provide the meaningful contributions. EPA is only applicable in small $y$ and ${Q}^{2}$ domains and is very sensitive to the values of ${y}_{\mathrm{max}}$ and ${Q}_{\mathrm{max}}^{2}$. The EPA errors appear when $yg0.29$ and ${Q}^{2}g0.1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ and are rather serious in $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $\mathrm{Pb}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions. When dealing with widely kinematical regions, the exact treatment needs to be adopted.

Xylose utilization of engineered yeast is vulnerable to inhibitors generated during pretreatment of lignocellulose. In this study, adaptive evolution was applied to enhance the tolerance of xylose-fermenting strain. Compared to the parental strain, the ethanol yield was increased by 60% and 80% for the adapted strain (E7-403) when xylose was used as the sole carbon resource with 20% and 50% inhibitor cocktails, respectively. E7-403 removed furfural more effectively than parental strain (E7) in the fermentation with 100% inhibitor cocktails. In the fermentation with mixed sugar and high inhibitor concentration, glucose was depleted within 36 h for E7-403 while 6.1 g/L glucose was still left after 120 h for E7. Consequently, ethanol yield of E7-403 was 22.9% higher than that of E7. It was demonstrated that E7-403 strain exhibited an enhanced ability for regulating cellular reactive oxygen species, which alleviated the harmful effects of inhibitors. Meanwhile, E7-403 strain was further applied in co-culture and pre-fermentation process to improve xylose utilization.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most prevalent kind of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumour . Gain-of-function mutations in KIT or plateletderived growth factor receptor (PDGFRA) cause the carcinogenesis of GISTs, resulting in constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase and its downstream signalling cascades. The KIT/PDGFRA inhibitor imatinib is the standard of therapy for patients with metastatic GISTs, and oncogenic KIT or PDGFRA mutations are attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of GISTs. However, clinical resistance to imatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors develops in the majority of GIST patients. Five mechanisms of resistance have been characterized: (1) acquisition of a secondary point mutation in KIT or PDGFRA; (2) genomic amplification of KIT; (3) activation of an alternative receptor tyrosine kinase; (4) loss of KIT oncoprotein expression; and (5) wild-type GIST. Sunitinib is being used as a second-line therapy for individuals who have failed imatinib, and regorafenib has been approved for patients who have failed both imatinib and sunitinib . Phase II/III trials are currently in progress to evaluate novel inhibitors and immunotherapies targeting KIT, its downstream effectors such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B and mammalian target of rapamycin, heat shock protein 90, and histone deacetylase inhibitor. ETV1, AXL, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, KRAS, FAS receptor, protein kinase c theta, ANO1 (DOG1), CDC37, and aurora kinase A have all been identified as potential targets. These candidates should be tested in the clinic as potential new GIST treatment targets.

This work investigated the effect of ethylenediamine pretreatment on reducing enzyme loading in high gravity fermentation. At optimal conditions of ethylenediamine pretreatment, 85.5% lignin was removed. Enzyme adsorption analysis using a fluorescent cellulose-binding protein showed 35.2% increase of productive adsorption of enzymes to ethylenediamine pretreated biomass, which was caused by high delignification and dramatically increased surface roughness and porosity. In SScF at 15% glucan loading, up to 82.2 g/L ethanol was achieved with a relatively low enzyme loading of 3.6 FPU/g dry matter. It suggested that the remarkably high digestibility of EDA pretreated corn stover could effectively reduce the enzyme loading in the high gravity fermentation of cellulosic ethanol.

It is a great challenge to efficiently utilize xylose in fermentation with high solid loadings for the economically feasible production of lignocellulosic ethanol. However, 20% solid loading of dry dilute acid pretreated corn stover (DDAPCS) decreased 66.3% of the xylose consumption compared to yeast extract peptone dextrose and xylose (YPDX) medium, which was significantly larger than 16% solid loading (9.4%). To overcome those problems, several two-step processes for simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) were developed by inoculating a water extract of 16% solid loading DDAPCS with microorganisms in the first fermentation step. During the first step, the relatively lower inhibitor concentrations (compared to 20% solid loading), decreased glucose concentration, and the absence of enzymatic hydrolysis residues (EHR) were beneficial for the use of xylose and enabled up to 75.6% of the xylose to be converted to ethanol. With an optimized fed-batch strategy of two-step process, the residual xylose concentration reduced by 55.6% with 20% solid loading, and the maximum ethanol concentration and yield increased by 30% and 16.6%, respectively.

Ethylenediamine (EDA) pretreatment is an effective pretreatment technology to improve enzymatic digestibility of corn stover for the production of fermentable sugars. In this study, key pretreatment parameters were identified and optimized to improve enzymatic digestibility of corn stover. We found that agitation and biomass stack height during pretreatment had significant impacts on enzymatic digestibility. Response surface experiment showed that optimal condition to achieve maximum total sugar enzymatic yield was 150 °C and 80 mL EDA/100 g corn stover. Under this condition, glucose yield was greater than 90% in enzymatic hydrolysis at 1% glucan loading. Optimized temperature to minimize residual EDA in pretreated corn stover was 200 °C. Two-stage pretreatment was carried out to maximize both sugar yields and EDA removal, in which glucose and xylose enzymatic yields reached 92% and 70% respectively at 1% glucan loading, and EDA residue reduced to 27 g/kg corn stover. With the optimal enzyme loadings (both enzymes of Ctec2 and Htec2 were loaded at 30 mg protein/g glucan), glucose and xylose yields at 6% glucan loading reached 81% and 58%, respectively.

We study the leading-twist quasi parton distribution function (quasi-PDF) and quasi generalize parton distribution (quasi-GPD) of the pion meson by using a spectator model. We consider the case the quasi functions are defined via inserting the matrix $\gamma^3$ in the spacial correlation functions. We obtain the analytical expressions for the quasi-PDF and quasi-GPD. The numerical results for them are calculated from the parameters obtained by fitting the model results to the known parametrization. Particularly, we investigate the hadron momentum dependence of the quasi functions as well as compare the quasi distributions to the standard functions at different hadron momentum. We find that in the region $x>0.2$, the quasi distribution are similar to the standard distributions in size and shape when the hadron momentum is larger than $2$ GeV. Our study thus supports the idea of using quasi distributions to obtain standard distributions., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

Co-culture of xylose-utilizing and inhibitor-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae was developed for bioethanol production from undetoxified pretreated biomass in simultaneously saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) process. Glucose accumulation during late fermentation phase in SSCF using xylose-utilizing strain can be eliminated by the introduction of inhibitor-tolerant strain. Effect of different ratios of two strains was investigated and xylose-utilizing strain to inhibitor-tolerant strain ratio of 10:1 (w/w) showed the best xylose consumption and the highest ethanol yield. Inoculating of xylose-utilizing strain at the later stage of SSCF (24-48h) exhibited lower ethanol yield than inoculating at early stage (the beginning 0-12h), probably due to the reduced enzymatic efficiency caused by the unconsumed xylose and oligomeric sugars. Co-culture SSCF increased ethanol concentration by 21.2% and 41.0% comparing to SSCF using individual inhibitor-tolerant and xylose-utilizing strain (increased from 48.5 and 41.7g/L to 58.8g/L), respectively, which suggest this co-culture system was very promising.

The comprehensive utilization of lignocellulose is great importance for improving the economic feasibility of biomass refining industry. Here, we established a two-step pretreatment process for fractionation and production of multiple products (furfural, ethanol, and lignin) from corn stover (CS). In the first step, H2SO4 pretreatment was used to remove hemicellulose and the effect of solid/liquid ratio (SLR) was investigated. The hemicellulose containing washing liquor was treated for furfural production without any additional catalyst and the maximum furfural yield (46.5%) was obtained at 210 °C for 20 min. It was found that the physical barrier of lignin was its mainly inhibition mechanism that limited the enzymatic digestibility of H2SO4 pretreated solid. The following NaOH pretreatment removed 90.8% of lignin and resulted in excellent glucan enzymatic conversion (98.6%). A large amount of acid insoluble lignin (AIL, 17.0 g/100 g CS), p-coumaric acid (1416.9 mg/100 g CS) and ferulic acid (249.4 mg/100 g CS) were observed in NaOH pretreatment liquor. The two-step pretreated CS produced up to 115.3 g/L of ethanol during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) at 25% (w/w) solid loading. These results demonstrated that the successive H2SO4 and NaOH pretreatment was an efficient method for fractionation and integrative utilization of CS.

The production of large $p_{T}$ dileptons and photons originating from photoproduction processes in p-p collisions at Large Hadron Collider energies is calculated. The comparisons between the exact treatment results and the ones of the equivalent photon approximation approach are expressed as the $Q^{2}$ (the virtuality of photon) and $p_{T}$ distributions. The method developed by Martin and Ryskin is used for avoiding double counting when the coherent and incoherent contributions are considered simultaneously. The numerical results indicate that, the equivalent photon approximation is only effective in small $Q^{2}$ region and can be used for coherent photoproduction processes with proper choice of $Q^{2}_{\textrm{max}}$ ( the choices $Q^{2}_{\textrm{max}}\sim \hat{s}$ or $\infty$ will cause obvious errors), but can not be used for incoherent photoproduction processes. The exact treatment is needed to deal accurately with the photoproduction of large $p_{T}$ dileptons and photons.

The Higgs boson production through electromagnetic process in the exclusive p–p and Pb–Pb ultra-peripheral collisions is calculated. According to the condition of conference, the equivalent photon approximation formulation is used, and the limitations of the variables in the calculations are obtained. Three kinds of the equivalent photon spectrums are considered: the plane wave form, the approximate plane wave forms of Dress et al., and the semi-classical form. For comparison, the gluon–gluon fusion and intrinsic heavy flavors contributions are presented. The numerical results show that, the plane wave photon spectrum with correct limitations of the variables provides more reasonable results for the exclusive p + p → p + p + H and Pb + Pb → Pb + Pb + H processes, and the electromagnetic process provides meaningful contributions for the exclusive Higgs production in ultra-peripheral collisions.

The calculations of thermal single-gluon exchange potential for heavy quarkonium in Feynman and Coulomb gauges are presented, and the comparisons between them and the hard thermal loop approximation ones which were first calculated by Laine et al. are illustrated. The numerical results show that the hard thermal loop thermal single-gluon exchange potential (especially its imaginary part) which used in many researches make some errors in the practical calculations at the temperature range accessible in the present experiment, and the problem of gauge dependent cannot be avoided when the complete self energy is used in the derivation of potential.

The transverse gluon contributions to the thermal static potentials of heavy quarkonia in isotropic medium are studied. Using the resummation of the damping rates method developed by Hou and Li, the infrared divergence that appeared in the effective potential calculations of transverse gluon is avoided. The comparisons between the transverse and the longitudinal contributions for heavy quarkonia are discussed. The results show that the dissociation scales of quarkonia in thermal medium are decreased by the transverse gluon contributions.

Although some engineered S. cerevisiae strains exhibit good xylose utilization ability, the lack of tolerance to inhibitors generated in biomass pretreatment limits the application of such strains in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. By applying a sexual mating method, inhibitor tolerance was developed in xylose-utilizing strains. The final ethanol concentrations in simultaneous scarification and co-fermentation (SScF) process at 38 °C with hybrid strains were 50% higher than the SScF process with the xylose-fermenting parent strain. The strain viability of the hybrid strain E7-12 at 24 h was 282 times higher than the parent strain in the SScF process at 25% solid loading. Due to the improved sugar utilization, the final ethanol concentration reached 69.7 g/L (E7-11) and 70.0 g/L (E7-12), which were 25.3 g/L and 25.6 g/L higher than that of SScF with the xylose-fermenting strain, respectively.

INTRODUCTION The Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.0 project (Sc2.0) aims to modify the yeast genome with a series of densely spaced designer changes. Both a synthetic yeast chromosome arm (synIXR) and the entirely synthetic chromosome (synIII) function with high fitness in yeast. For designer genome synthesis projects, precise engineering of the physical sequence to match the specified design is important for the systematic evaluation of underlying design principles. Yeast can maintain nuclear chromosomes as rings, occurring by chance at repeated sequences, although the cyclized format is unfavorable in meiosis given the possibility of dicentric chromosome formation from meiotic recombination. Here, we describe the de novo synthesis of synthetic yeast chromosome V (synV) in the “Build-A-Genome China” course, perfectly matching the designer sequence and bearing loxPsym sites, distinguishable watermarks, and all the other features of the synthetic genome. We generated a ring synV derivative with user-specified cyclization coordinates and characterized its performance in mitosis and meiosis. RATIONALE Systematic evaluation of underlying Sc2.0 design principles requires that the final assembled synthetic genome perfectly match the designed sequence. Given the size of yeast chromosomes, synthetic chromosome construction is performed iteratively, and new mutations and unpredictable events may occur during synthesis; even a very small number of unintentional nucleotide changes across the genome could have substantial effects on phenotype. Therefore, precisely matching the physical sequence to the designed sequence is crucial for verification of the design principles in genome synthesis. Ring chromosomes can extend those design principles to provide a model for genomic rearrangement, ring chromosome evolution, and human ring chromosome disorders. RESULTS We chemically synthesized, assembled, and incorporated designer chromosome synV (536,024 base pairs) of S. cerevisiae according to Sc2.0 principles, based on the complete nucleotide sequence of native yeast chromosome V (576,874 base pairs). This work was performed as part of the “Build-A-Genome China” course in Tianjin University. We corrected all mutations found—including duplications, substitutions, and indels—in the initial synV strain by using integrative cotransformation of the precise desired changes and by means of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)–based method. Altogether, 3331 corrected base pairs were required to match to the designed sequence. We generated a strain that exactly matches all designer sequence changes that displays high fitness under a variety of culture conditions. All corrections were verified with whole-genome sequencing; RNA sequencing revealed only minor changes in gene expression—most notably, decreases in expression of genes relocated near synthetic telomeres as a result of design. We constructed a functional circular synV (ring_synV) derivative in yeast by precisely joining both chromosome ends (telomeres) at specified coordinates. The ring chromosome showed restoration of subtelomeric gene expression levels. The ring_synV strain exhibited fitness comparable with that of the linear synV strain, revealed no change in sporulation frequency, but notably reduced spore viability. In meiosis, heterozygous or homozygous diploid ring_wtV and ring_synV chromosomes behaved similarly, exhibiting substantially higher frequency of the formation of zero-spore tetrads, a type that was not seen in the rod chromosome diploids. Rod synV chromosomes went through meiosis with high spore viability, despite no effort having been made to preserve meiotic competency in the design of synV. CONCLUSION The perfect designer-matched synthetic chromosome V provides strategies to edit sequence variants and correct unpredictable events, such as off-target integration of extra copies of synthetic DNA elsewhere in the genome. We also constructed a ring synthetic chromosome derivative and evaluated its fitness and stability in yeast. Both synV and synVI can be circularized and can power yeast cell growth without affecting fitness when gene content is maintained. These fitness and stability phenotypes of the ring synthetic chromosome in yeast provide a model system with which to probe the mechanism of human ring chromosome disorders. Synthesis, cyclization, and characterization of synV . ( A ) Synthetic chromosome V (synV, 536,024 base pairs) was designed in silico from native chromosome V (wtV, 576,874 base pairs), with extensive genotype modification designed to be phenotypically neutral. ( B ) CRISPR/Cas9 strategy for multiplex repair. ( C ) Colonies of wtV, synV, and ring_synV strains.

Trade-off temperature used in traditional SScF process always resulted in inhibition on enzymatic hydrolysis (low temperature inhibition, LTI). Thus, effect of temperature and solid loading on LTI was investigated in this study. Results showed that LTI was more severe at lower temperature and higher solid loading. Accordingly, a novel temperature profiled SScF process was designed. Two specific yeast strains, high temperature resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae and xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae were co-cultured in the novel SScF process. Through eliminating sugars accumulation and alleviating ethanol repression by process optimization, 59.8 g/L ethanol was achieved in temperature profiled SScF at 12% glucan loading. Cell viability of yeast in co-culture SScF was ten times, sometimes even thousands of times, of that in mono-culture SScF during the late phase of the fermentation (48–108 h). It suggested that high temperature resistant strain helped the xylose utilizing strain maintain cell viability in SScF at high temperature (42 ℃). Based on the results, the designed novel temperature profiled SScF process showed appealing potential for bioethanol production at high solid loading and high temperature.

Lignocellulosic biomass is a widely available resource that can be used to produce renewable chemicals. Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into sugars is one of the major challenges in producing biofuels and chemicals, because inherent biomass recalcitrance hinders the efficient conversion. The most available method in industry is to combine thermochemical pretreatment with enzymatic hydrolysis treatment. In this chapter, a brief introduction into the characterization of lignocellulosic biomass is presented. Some developing and promising pretreatment methods are introduced. Process description, reaction mechanisms and developments in each pretreatment method are reviewed. Enzyme systems for lignocellulose hydrolysis and the influencing factors to enzymatic hydrolysis are presented and promising hydrolysis strategies are outlined.

In this study, the effect of ethylenediamine (EDA) on enzymatic hydrolysis with different cellulosic substrates and the approaches to reduce sugar loss in enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated. During enzymatic hydrolysis, xylose yield reduced 21.2%, 18.1% and 13.0% with 7.5mL/L EDA for AFEX pretreated corn stover (CS), washed EDA pretreated CS and CS cellulose. FTIR and GPC analysis demonstrated EDA reacted with sugar and produced high molecular weight (MW) compounds. EDA was prone to react with xylose other than glucose. H2O2 and Na2SO3 cannot prevent sugar loss in glucose/xylose-EDA mixture, although they inhibited the browning and high MW compounds formation. By decreasing temperature to 30°C, the loss of xylose yield reduced to only 3.8%, 3.6% and 4.2% with 7.5mL/L EDA in the enzymatic hydrolysis of AFEX pretreated CS, washed EDA pretreated CS and CS cellulose.

In this study, wash liquors isolated from ethylenediamine and dry dilute acid pretreated corn stover were used to evaluate the effect of soluble materials in pretreated biomass on simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) for ethanol production, respectively. Both of the wash liquors had different impacts on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Enzymatic conversions of glucan and xylan monotonically decreased as wash liquor concentration increased. Whereas, with low wash liquor concentrations, xylose consumption rate, cell viability and ethanol yield were maximally stimulated in fermentation without nutrient supplementary. Soluble lignins were found as the key composition which promoted sugars utilization and cell viability without nutrient supplementary. The dual effects of soluble materials on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation resulted in the reduction of ethanol yield as soluble materials increased in SSCF.

Background Lignin-derived phenolic compounds are universal in the hydrolysate of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. The phenolics reduce the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis and increase the cost of ethanol production. We investigated inhibition of phenolics on cellulase during enzymatic hydrolysis using vanillin as one of the typical lignin-derived phenolics and Avicel as cellulose substrate. Results As vanillin concentration increased from 0 to 10 mg/mL, cellulose conversion after 72-h enzymatic hydrolysis decreased from 53 to 26 %. Enzyme deactivation and precipitation were detected with the vanillin addition. The enzyme concentration and activity consecutively decreased during hydrolysis, but the inhibition degree, expressed as the ratio of the cellulose conversion without vanillin to the conversion with vanillin (A0/A), was almost independent on hydrolysis time. Inhibition can be mitigated by increasing cellulose loading or cellulase concentration. The inhibition degree showed linear relationship with the vanillin concentration and exponential relationship with the cellulose loading and the cellulase concentration. The addition of calcium chloride, BSA, and Tween 80 did not release the inhibition of vanillin significantly. pH and temperature for hydrolysis also showed no significant impact on inhibition degree. The presence of hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, and methoxy group in phenolics affected the inhibition degree. Conclusion Besides phenolics concentration, other factors such as cellulose loading, enzyme concentration, and phenolic structure also affect the inhibition of cellulose conversion. Lignin-blocking agents have little effect on the inhibition effect of soluble phenolics, indicating that the inhibition mechanism of phenolics to enzyme is likely different from insoluble lignin. The inhibition of soluble phenolics can hardly be entirely removed by increasing enzyme concentration or adding blocking proteins due to the dispersity and multiple binding sites of phenolics than insoluble lignin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-016-0485-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The influence of a thin spreading solvent film (ethanol, diethyl ether, and three fractions of petroleum ether boiling at 30–60 °C, 60–90 °C, and 90–120 °C) on the properties of hexadecan-1-ol (C16H33OH) monolayers at the air—water interface was studied. The specific evaporation resistance and the surface pressure were determined to describe the spreading behavior of the C16H33OH monolayers. The physical properties of the solvents and the images obtained in an atomic force microscope were examined. The time of establishing the equilibrium spreading surface pressure of monolayers can be reduced using a more volatile solvent with a lower boiling point and a lower relative density. The influence of the monolayer nature on water evaporation corresponds to the order of changing the solvent spreading rate: petroleum ether (30–60 °C) > diethyl ether > ethanol > petroleum ether (60–90 °C) > petroleum ether (90–120 °C). The monolayers formed upon petroleum ether (30–60 °C) spreading form a film with a less deficient and relatively planar surface. When ethanol is used as a spreading solvent, water evaporation is accelerated rather than retarded, while petroleum ether (30–60 °C) is more appropriate for this purpose.

Using a laser monitoring observation technique, the solubilities of benzoic acid, p-methylbenzoic acid, m-methylbenzoic acid, o-methylbenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and o-nitrobenzoic acid in...

This study is aimed to examine the inhibition of soluble fraction (SF) and enzymatic residual fraction (ERF) in dry dilute acid (DDA), ethylenediamine (EDA) and steam explosion (SE) pretreated corn stover (CS) on the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. SF of DDA, EDA and SE pretreated CS has high xylose, soluble lignin and xylo-oligomer content, respectively. SF of EDA pretreated CS leads to the highest inhibition, followed by SE and DDA pretreated CS. Inhibition of ERF of DDA and SE pretreated CS is higher than that of EDA pretreated CS. The inhibition degree (A0/A) of SF is 1.76 and 1.21 times to that of ERF for EDA and SE pretreated CS, respectively. The inhibition degree of ERF is 1.05 times to that of SF in DDA pretreated CS. The quantitative analysis shows that SF of EDA pretreated CS, SF and ERF of SE pretreated CS cause significant inhibition during enzymatic hydrolysis.

The inelastic heavy quark and quarkonium photoproduction through the ultra-incoherent photon channel in ultra-peripheral collisions is studied. Considering the ultra-relativistic hadrons as a beam of freely moving elementary constituents, the inclusive photoproduction cross sections for charm quark, bottom quark, $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$, and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(1S)$ are calculated by using the incoherent photon spectrum from the individual quarks in the nucleus. Comparing with the predictions of the coherent photon channel in the literatures, it is shown that the ultra-incoherent photon channel provides non-negligible contributions to the heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia photoproduction in ultra-peripheral collisions.

Background Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is essential to increase the cellulase accessibility for bioconversion of lignocelluloses by breaking down the biomass recalcitrance. In this work, a novel pretreatment method using ethylenediamine (EDA) was presented as a simple process to achieve high enzymatic digestibility of corn stover (CS) by heating the biomass–EDA mixture with high solid-to-liquid ratio at ambient pressure. The effect of EDA pretreatment on lignocellulose was further studied. Results High enzymatic digestibility of CS was achieved at broad pretreatment temperature range (40–180 °C) during EDA pretreatment. Herein, X-ray diffractogram analysis indicated that cellulose I changed to cellulose III and amorphous cellulose after EDA pretreatment, and cellulose III content increased along with the decrease of drying temperature and the increase of EDA loading. Lignin degradation was also affected by drying temperature and EDA loading. Images from scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope indicated that lignin coalesced and deposited on the biomass surface during EDA pretreatment, which led to the delamination of cell wall. HSQC NMR analysis showed that ester bonds of p-coumarate and ferulate units in lignin were partially ammonolyzed and ether bonds linking the phenolic monomers were broken during pretreatment. In addition, EDA-pretreated CS exhibited good fermentability for simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation process. Conclusions EDA pretreatment improves the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass significantly, and the improvement was caused by the transformation of cellulose allomorph, lignin degradation and relocalization in EDA pretreatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-015-0359-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In this paper, menstruation prescriptions were selected from "Fu Qingzhu's Obstetrics and Gynecology" and analyzed by using GRI algorithm, correlation analysis, hierarchical clustering method through SPSS, Clementine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) inheritance auxiliary systems, in order to screen out 15 menopathy prescriptions, which involve 45 traditional Chinese medicine herbs. In the study, blood-tonifying and qi-tonifying herbs were found to be frequent in the prescriptions. The most frequent single herb was white paeony root, accounting for 9.6% in the total number of prescriptions; The most frequent herb pairs were white paeony root-radix rehmanniae preparata and paeony root-angelica sinensis. Among Fu Shan's menopathy prescriptions, 61 herbal pairs showed a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.05, which evolved into 16 pairs of core combinations. The analysis showed that menopathy prescriptions in volume 1 of "Fu Qingzhu's Obstetrics and Gynecology" focused on tonic traditional Chinese medicines involving liver, spleen and kidney and were adjusted according to changes in qi, blood, cold, hot and wet, which could provide a specific reference for further studies on Fu Shan's academic thoughts and traditional Chinese medicine clinical treatment of menopathy.

Dry dilute acid pretreatment (DDAP) is a promising method for lignocellulose bioconversion, although inhibitors generated during the pretreatment impede the fermentation severely. We developed the simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SScF) of DDAP pretreated biomass at high solid loading using xylose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SyBE005. Effect of temperature on SScF showed that ethanol yield at 34°C was 10.2% higher than that at 38°C. Ethanol concentration reached 29.5 g/L at 15% (w/w) dry matter loading, while SScF almost ceased at the beginning at 25% (w/w) dry matter loading of DDAP pretreated corn stover. According to the effect of the diluted hydrolysate on the fermentation of strain SyBE005, a fed-batch mode was developed for the SScF of DDAP pretreated corn stover with 25% dry matter loading without detoxification, and 40.0 g/L ethanol was achieved. In addition, high yeast inoculation improved xylose utilization and the final ethanol concentration reached 47.2 g/L.

Using a laser monitoring observation technique, solubilities of o-nitro-benzoic acid, p-hydro-benzoic acid, p-methyl-benzoic acid and m-methyl-benzoic acid in water have been measured in the temperature range 290.15–323.15 K. The experimental data are regressed with the Wilson equation and the λH equation. The experimental results show that solubilities of these compounds in the range of 10−4–10−5 mole fraction in water, increase significantly with temperature. Except for o-nitro-benzoic acid, the solubility data are described adequately with the Wilson equation. The λH equation gives good agreement with all experimental data. The results indicate that the molecular structure and interactions affect the solubilities significantly.

Background Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is a promising process for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. High glucan loading for hydrolysis and fermentation is an efficient approach to reduce the capital costs for bio-based products production. The SSF of steam-exploded corn stover (SECS) for ethanol production at high glucan loading and high temperature was investigated in this study. Results Glucan conversion of corn stover biomass pretreated by steam explosion was maintained at approximately 71 to 79% at an enzyme loading of 30 filter paper units (FPU)/g glucan, and 74 to 82% at an enzyme loading of 60 FPU/g glucan, with glucan loading varying from 3 to 12%. Glucan conversion decreased obviously with glucan loading beyond 15%. The results indicated that the mixture was most efficient in enzymatic hydrolysis of SECS at 3 to 12% glucan loading. The optimal SSF conditions of SECS using a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculation optical density (OD)600 = 4.0, initial pH 4.8, 50% nutrients added, 36 hours pre-hydrolysis time, 39°C, and 12% glucan loading (20% solid loading). With the addition of 2% Tween 20, glucan conversion, ethanol yield, final ethanol concentration reached 78.6%, 77.2%, and 59.8 g/L, respectively, under the optimal conditions. The results suggested that the solid and degradation products’ inhibitory effect on the hydrolysis and fermentation of SECS were also not obvious at high glucan loading. Additionally, glucan conversion and final ethanol concentration in SSF of SECS increased by 13.6% and 18.7%, respectively, compared with separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Conclusions Our research suggested that high glucan loading (6 to 12% glucan loading) and high temperature (39°C) significantly improved the SSF performance of SECS using a thermal- and ethanol-tolerant strain of S. cerevisiae due to the removal of degradation products, sugar feedback, and solid’s inhibitory effects. Furthermore, the surfactant addition obviously increased ethanol yield in SSF process of SECS.

In order to investigate abilities of anti-environmental interference of water evaporation retardants, a new kind of water evaporation retardants composed of 1-hexadecanol and nonionic surfactants was prepared in this paper, and effects of environmental factors on retardation of water evaporation of mixed monolayers were studied. The results showed that in comparison with monolayers of single component, mixed monolayers not only had a considerably better effect on retardation of water evaporation, but also had anti-environmental interference abilities, better automatic restoration capacities and fewer defects. During the temperature range of (25~40)°C, the percentage resistance(X) of mixed monolayers could still remain about 90% after 30 days using the tap water as subphase. Furthermore, mixed insoluble monolayers did not hinder the exchange of oxygen between the air and water interface.

In order to investigate the retardation of water evaporation by single and mixed monolayers at air/water surface, surface pressure (π)-time (t) isotherms, specific evaporation resistance (r)-temperature (T) curves had been used to describe the properties of monolayers made from single monolayers of 1-hexadecanol (C16OH) and mixed monolayers of C16OH and nonionic surfactants. The results showed that mixed monolayers exhibited considerably larger effective resitance to water evaporation and better anti-interference ability, in comparison with single monolayers. Also, microstructures of monolayers were investigated by an atomic force microscopy (AFM). From AFM images, it could been found that mixed monolayers gave a film with a less-defective and relatively flat surface.

A novel kind of the hydrochloric acid fume retardant was prepared with the long chain fatty alcohols and the nonionic surfactants in this work. The results showed that the film-forming materials could spread as monolayers quickly and spontaneously at the hydrochloric acid surface. The mixed monolayers exhibited considerably larger effective resistance to hydrochloric acid fume when the concentration of the retardant was 7.5 g/m2, and it could retard hydrochloric acid fume almost completely even lasting for 10h. Moreover, the environmental factors, such as the temperature, the wind force and the dust, were also discussed in detail, and the results showed that the retardant had a good anti-interference ability. Also, microstructures of the mixed monolayers were obtained by an atomic force microscopy (AFM). From AFM images, it could be found that the mixed monolayers gave a film with a less-defective and relatively flat surface.

The thermal widths for heavy quarkonia are calculated for both Coulomb gauge (CG) and Feynman gauge (FG), and the comparisons between these results with the hard thermal loop (HTL) approximation ones are illustrated. The dissociation temperatures of heavy quarkonia in thermal medium are also discussed for CG, FG and HTL cases. It is shown that the thermal widths, derived from the HTL approximation and used in many research studies, cause some errors in the practical calculations at the temperature range accessible in the present experiment, and the problem of gauge dependence cannot be avoided when the complete self energy is used in the derivation of potential.

The contribution of the quark loop to the gluon damping rate at zero momentum is calculated using the effective perturbative expansion technique developed by Braaten and Pisarski. It is shown that in the temperature range accessible in the present heavy-ion experiments, the contribution of the quark loop can not be ignored. The numerical results show that the quark loop provides an apparent contribution to the gluon damping rate at temperatures of experimental interest.

Platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ia/IIa complex is the major collagen receptor on platelets. Platelet activation by GP Ia/ IIa dependent adhesion leads to cellular events that catalyze prothrombin conversion and fibrin clot formation. Correlation between the polymorphism of platelet membrane GP Ia gene and myocardial infarction (MI) was explored.A total of 137 patient s with myocardial infarction and 175 controls with no history of coronary heart disease, thrombogenic and hemorrhagenic diseases were studied by case-control. Platelet GP I a gene 807 C/T polymorphisms were checked by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers.There were significant differences in the distribution of T and C alleles between MI and control groups (T:42.70% vs 32.00%, C:57.30% vs 68.00%, P0.001). No matter among all subjects or among subjects agedor= 60 years, the prevalence of genotypes (TT+TC) in MI group was significantly higher than that in control group [in all subjects; 69.34% vs 51.43%, P0.005, odds ratio(OR)=2.14, 95% CI: 1.34-3.41; in subjects agedor= 60 years; 75.90% vs 51. 52%, P0.005, OR=2.96,95% CI 1.58-5.55]. Platelet GP Ia T allele was significantly associated with MI by multiple logistic regression (OR=4.96, 95% CI:2.55-10.90).The above data suggest that there is a strong association between the presence of GP Ia T allele and MI. T allele ca n be a marker of genetic susceptibility to MI. These need to be substantiated by a large scale and prospective study.