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Introduction: Several HIV risk scores have been developed to identify individuals for prioritized HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. We systematically reviewed HIV risk scores to: (1) identify factors that consistently predicted incident HIV infection, (2) review inclusion of community-levelHIV risk in predictive models and (3) examine predictive performance. Methods: We searched nine databases from inception until 15 February 2021 for studies developing and/or validating HIV risk scores among the heterosexualadult population in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies not prospectively observing seroconversion or recruiting only key populations were excluded. Record screening, data extraction and critical appraisal were conducted in duplicate. We used random-effects meta-analysis to summarize hazard ratios and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Results: From 1563 initialsearch records, we identified 14 risk scores in 13 studies. Seven studies were among sexually active women using contraceptives enrolled in randomized-controlled trials, three among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) and three among cohorts enrolling both men and women. Consistently identified HIV prognostic factors among women were younger age (pooled adjusted hazard ratio: 1.62 [95% confidence interval: 1.17, 2.23], compared to above 25), single/not cohabiting with primary partners (2.33 [1.73, 3.13]) and having sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at baseline (HSV-2: 1.67 [1.34, 2.09]; curable STIs: 1.45 [1.17; 1.79]). Among AGYW, only STIs were consistently associated with higher incidence, but studies were limited (n = 3). Community-levelHIV prevalence or unsuppressed viralload strongly predicted incidence but was only considered in 3 of 11 multi-site studies. The AUC-ROC ranged from 0.56 to 0.79 on the model development sets. Only the VOICE score was externally validated by multiple studies, with pooled AUC-ROC 0.626 [0.588, 0.663] ([I.sup.2]: 64.02%). Conclusions: Younger age, non-cohabiting and recent STIs were consistently identified as predicting future HIV infection. Both community HIV burden and individualfactors should be considered to quantify HIV risk. However, HIV risk scores had only low-to-moderate discriminatory ability and uncertain generalizability, limiting their programmatic utility. Further evidence on the relative value of specific risk factors, studies populations not restricted to 'at-risk' individuals and data outside South Africa will improve the evidence base for risk differentiation in HIV prevention programmes. PROSPERO Number: CRD42021236367 Keywords: risk scores; HIV incidence; sub-Saharan Africa; adolescent girls and young women; risk factors for HIV incidence, 1 | INTRODUCTION Efficiently identifying populations and individuals at high risk of HIV infection and linking them to effective HIV prevention is essential for continued progress towards ending HIV as [...]

Objective: To elucidate the effects of meteorological variations on the activity of influenza A and B in 11 sites across different climate regions.Methods: Daily numbers of laboratory-confirmed influenza A and B cases from 2011-2015 were collected from study sites where the corresponding daily mean temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and daily precipitation amount were used for boosted regression trees analysis on the marginal associations and the interaction effects.Results: Cold temperature was a major determinant that favored both influenza A and B in temperate and subtropical sites. Temperature-to-influenza A, but not influenza B, exhibited a U-shape association in subtropical and tropical sites. High relative humidity was also associated with influenza activities but was less consistent with influenza B activity. Compared with relative humidity, absolute humidity had a stronger association - it was negatively associated with influenza B activity in temperate zones, but was positively associated with both influenza A and B in subtropical and tropical zones.Conclusion: The association between meteorological factors and with influenza activity is virus type specific and climate dependent. The heavy influence of temperature on influenza activity across climate zones implies that global warming is likely to have an impact on the influenza burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]