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Anti-oviposition induced by Cordyceps fumosorosea FG340 to Spodoptera exigua and its persistence had been assessed on the Chinese cabbage seedlings sprayed with 0, 106, 107 and 108 conidia per mL in greenhouse and laboratory. In a randomized complete block, four couples (males and females) of moths were released in each cage. In the laboratory, the percentage of egg laid varied significantly between treatments with 59.8, 14.8, 11.9, and 13.5% on 0, 106, 107 and 108 conidia per mL; respectively. Similarly, in the greenhouse, the percentage of eggs laid differed significantly between suspensions with 88.18, 8.7, 0, and 3.13% on 0, 106, 107, and 108 conidia per mL; respectively. Repellence study showed that there is a major difference between suspensions with average 34.55, 35.21 and 40.02% for 106, 107 and 108 conidia per mL; respectively. Endophytic C. fumosorosea and its culture fluid affect the behavior of armyworm larvae. The concentration of 108 conidia per mL can affect the oviposition of the armyworm.

There have been no reports on mortality in patients with markedly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels from non-hepatic causes to date. This study aimed to determine the etiologies of markedly elevated AST levels > 400 U/L due to non-hepatic causes and to investigate the factors associated with mortality in these cases. This retrospective study included 430 patients with AST levels > 400 U/L unrelated to liver disease at two centers between January 2010 and December 2021. Patients were classified into three groups according to etiology: skeletal muscle damage, cardiac muscle damage, and hematologic disorder. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with 30-day mortality. The most common etiology for markedly elevated AST levels was skeletal muscle damage (54.2%), followed by cardiac muscle damage (39.1%) and hematologic disorder (6.7%). The 30-day mortality rates for the skeletal muscle damage, cardiac muscle damage, and hematologic disorder groups were 14.2%, 19.5%, and 65.5%, respectively. The magnitude of the peak AST level significantly correlated with 30-day mortality, with rates of 12.8%, 26.7%, and 50.0% for peak AST levels < 1000 U/L

Gom-chwi (Ligularia fischeri) is severely infected with Phytophthora drechsleri, the causal organism of Phytophthora root rot, an economically important crop disease that needs management throughout the cultivation period. In the present study, Phytophthora root rot was controlled by using bacterial isolates from rhizosphere soils collected from various plants and screened for antagonistic activity against P. drechsleri. A total of 172 bacterial strains were isolated, of which, 49 strains showed antagonistic activities by dual culture assay. In the seedling assay, six out of the 49 strains showed a predominant effect on suppressing P. drechsleri. Among the six strains, the ObRS-5 strain showed remarkable against P. drechsleri when treated with seed dipping or soil drenching. The ObRS-5 strain was identified as Enterobacter asburiae based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences analysis. The bacterial cells of E. asburiae ObRS-5 significantly suppressed sporangium formation and zoospore germination in P. drechsleri by 87.4% and 66.7%, respectively. In addition, culture filtrate of E. asburiae ObRS-5 also significantly inhibited sporangium formation and zoospore germination by 97.0% and 67.6%, respectively. Soil drenched bacterial cells, filtrate, and culture solution of E. asburiae ObRS-5 effectively suppressed Phytophthora root rot by 63.2%, 57.9%, and 81.1%, respectively. Thus, E. asburiae ObRS-5 could be used as a potential agent for the biological control of Phytophthora root rot infecting gom-chwi.

This study endeavored to sustainably control aphids and anthracnose after spraying endophytic Isaria javanica pf185 under field conditions. Under two different tents, one batch of seedlings was sprayed with a 107 conidia/mL I. javanica pf185 suspension, while another was sprayed with 0.05% Tween 80® in distilled water. Six leaf discs from the top, middle, and bottom part of the plant canopy were weekly collected and placed on moistened filter paper in a Petri dish for insecticidal and antifungal bioassays against Myzus persicae and Colletotrichum acutatum. Differences were noticed from the 18th day after spraying with mortality (86.67 ± 0.57% versus 36.67 ± 0.64%) and leaf damage (13.45 ± 0.03% versus 41.18 ± 0.06%) on fungus-treated and controlled, respectively. The corrected insecticidal efficacy was 20.43, 39.82, 72.32, 66.43 and 70.04%, while the corrected fungicidal efficacy was 26.07, 38.01, 53.35, 29.08 and 41.81% during five successive weeks. A positive correlation was evident between insecticidal efficacy and relative humidity (r2 = 0.620) and temperature (r2 = 0.424), respectively. No correlation was found between antifungal activity and relative humidity (r2 = 0.061) and temperature (r2 = 0), respectively. The entomopathogenic fungus survived on leaf surface area and in tissues after spraying.

Modern electronic devices have been designed to allow many types of human–machine interfaces with flexibility. One of the user-friendly navigations is interfacing a human hand, but the implementation using conventional devices, such as additional controllers or image sensors, requires a larger size or a higher power. In this paper, a small-size and low-power 3D touchless hand navigation sensor (HNS) is presented. The proposed HNS based on a proximity sensor consists of an LED and integrated photosensors. The $x$ - and $y$ -directions can be controlled by tilting a hand in the x-axis and the y-axis without the need of swiping. The distance between the hand and HNS in the z-axis is calculated by the photosensor dedicated to the z-axis. The experimental results show that the proposed HNS is superior to other types of navigation sensors in terms of size and power.

Dual biocontrol of both insects and plant pathogens has been reported for certain fungal entomopathogens, including Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillum spp. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, the dual biocontrol potential of two fungal isolates identified by morphological and phylogenetic analyses as Isaria javanica. Both these isolates caused mortality in the greater wax moth, and hence can be considered entomopathogens. Spores of the isolates were also pathogenic to nymphs of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), with an LC50 value of 107 spores/mL 4 days after inoculation and an LT50 of 4.2 days with a dose of 108 spores/mL. In vitro antifungal assays also demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of two fungi that are pathogenic to peppers, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora capsici. These results indicate that I. javanica isolates could be used as novel biocontrol agents for the simultaneous control of aphids and fungal diseases, such as anthracnose and Phytophthora blight, in an integrated pest management framework for red pepper.

Entomopathogenic fungi have great potential to control agricultural and horticultural insect pests, however optimizing conidial production systems to demonstrate high productivity and stability still needs additional efforts for successful field application and industrialization. Although many virulent entomopathogenic fungal isolates have been viewed as potential candidates in a laboratory environment, very few of the isolates are being used in practice for application in agricultural fields as commercial products. I. javanicus is an entomopathogenic fungus that is parasitic to various diverse coleopteran and lepidopteran insects and thought good candidate as biopesticdes. In this work, the basic characteristics of two entomopathogenic fungi, I. javanica FG340 and Pf04, were investigated in morphological examinations, genetic identification, and virulence against Thrips palmi, and then the feasibility of various grains substrates for conidial production was assessed, particularly focusing on conidial productivity and thermotolerance. Isaria javanica FG340 and Pf04 conidia were solid-cultured on 12 grains for 14 days in a Petri dish. Of the tested Italian millet, perilla seed, millet and barley-based cultures showed high conidial production. The four-grain media yielded >1 × 109 conidia/g of I. javanica FG340 and Pf04. Pf04 strain had enhanced thermotolerance up to 45 °C when cultured on Italian millet. In application, it was easy to make a conidial suspension using the cultured grains, and several surfactants were tested to release the conidia. This work suggests several possible inexpensive grain substrates by which to promote conidial production combined with enhanced stability against exposure to high temperature.

Background An entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria javanica pf185, causes mortality in nymphs of the green peach aphid and inhibits the growth of fungal plant pathogens. However, the metabolites of pf185 involved in these antifungal and aphicidal activities are unknown. This study was performed to identify the metabolites with these activities. Results An antifungal metabolite was purified by repetitive column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on data from mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, the active metabolite was identified as dibutyl succinate. The minimum concentration of dibutyl succinate to inhibit germination of conidia of the cause of anthracnose, Colletotrichum acutatum, was 4 mg mL-1 . Dibutyl succinate at 2 µg mL-1 inhibited mycelial growth. It also had strong aphicidal activity against the nymphs of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, median lethal concentration (LC50) of 306 mg L-1 at 24 h exposure, and median lethal time (LT50) of 14.5 h at 388 mg L-1 exposure. Conclusion This is the first report indicating that a single metabolite, dibutyl succinate, from the beneficial fungus I. javanica, has potential for use in integrated pest management to inhibit both insect and fungal plant pathogens. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Gom-chwi (Ligularia fischeri) is severely infected with Phytophthora drechsleri, the causal organism of Phytophthora root rot, an economically important crop disease that needs management throughout the cultivation period. In the present study, Phytophthora root rot was controlled by using bacterial isolates from rhizosphere soils collected from various plants and screened for antagonistic activity against P. drechsleri. A total of 172 bacterial strains were isolated, of which, 49 strains showed antagonistic activities by dual culture assay. In the seedling assay, six out of the 49 strains showed a predominant effect on suppressing P. drechsleri. Among the six strains, the ObRS-5 strain showed remarkable against P. drechsleri when treated with seed dipping or soil drenching. The ObRS-5 strain was identified as Enterobacter asburiae based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences analysis. The bacterial cells of E. asburiae ObRS-5 significantly suppressed sporangium formation and zoospore germination in P. drechsleri by 87.4% and 66.7%, respectively. In addition, culture filtrate of E. asburiae ObRS-5 also significantly inhibited sporangium formation and zoospore germination by 97.0% and 67.6%, respectively. Soil drenched bacterial cells, filtrate, and culture solution of E. asburiae ObRS-5 effectively suppressed Phytophthora root rot by 63.2%, 57.9%, and 81.1%, respectively. Thus, E. asburiae ObRS-5 could be used as a potential agent for the biological control of Phytophthora root rot infecting gom-chwi.

This study investigated the protective effects of diallyl disulfide (DADS) against acetaminophen (AAP)-induced acute renal injury in male rats. We also investigated the effects of DADS on kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NCAL), which are novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in renal tissues, in response to AAP treatment. The following four experimental groups were evaluated: (1) vehicle control, (2) AAP (1,000 mg/kg), (3) AAP&DADS, and (4) DADS (50 mg/kg/day). AAP treatment caused acute kidney injury evidenced by increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and histopathological alterations. Additionally, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed increased expression of KIM-1 and NCAL proteins in renal tissues of AAP-treated rats. In contrast, DADS pretreatment significantly attenuated the AAP-induced nephrotoxic effects, including serum BUN level and expression of KIM-1 and NCAL proteins. Histopathological studies confirmed the renoprotective effect of DADS. The results suggest that DADS prevents AAP-induced acute nephrotoxicity, and that KIM-1 and NCAL may be useful biomarkers for the detection and monitoring of acute kidney injury associated with AAP exposure.

Photosynthesis in the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum is achieved using a consortium of cryptophyte algal organelles enclosed in its specialized vacuole. A time-series microarray analysis was conducted on the photosynthetic ciliate using an oligochip containing 15,654 primers designed from EST data of the cryptophyte prey, Teleaulax amphioxeia. The cryptophycean nuclei were transcriptionally active over 13 weeks and approximately 13.5% of transcripts in the ciliate came from the sequestered nuclei. The cryptophyte nuclei and chloroplasts could divide in the ciliate, which were loosely synchronized with host cell division. A large epigenetic modification occurred after the cryptophyte nuclei were sequestered into the ciliate. Most cryptophyte genes involved in the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, chlorophyll assimilation, as well as in DNA methylation, were consistently up-regulated in the ciliate. The imbalance of division rate between the sequestered cryptophyte nuclei and host nuclei may be the reason for the eventual cessation of the kleptoplastidy.

Sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype Q has been recognized as one of the most destructive insect pests worldwide because of increased resistance to some insecticide groups. To develop an alternative control agent, the effects of different culture conditions such as fermentation methods, culture temperatures, initial inoculum concentrations, substrates and medium supplements on the conidial production of the isolate Isaria javanica Pf04 were assessed. The results demonstrated that conidia of the isolate could be economically produced by single-phase solid state fermentation on barley substrate at 25 °C with 10 8 conidia/g of initial substrate concentrations. Using optimal conditions, the maximum conidial production obtained was 3.5 × 10 9 conidia/g dry substrate after 15 d of cultivation. The conidia, which were produced on barley alone and barley with 5% additives of silkworm powder and moth larvae, were virulent against second instar nymphs of whitefly, providing ≥90% mortality.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES With the advances in technologies, self-service kiosks at foodservice operations are becoming a new way of service provision. This study examined the relationships among the menu information quality, nutrition information quality, technology acceptance characteristics, and customer behavioral intention toward the kiosks in fast food restaurants. SUBJECTS/METHODS A survey with a self-administered method was distributed online and offline. The sample consisted of customers who had used the kiosks at fast food restaurants in the last six months prior to the survey. The study hypotheses were tested by applying structural equation modeling. RESULTS Structural equation modeling revealed the positive impacts of menu information quality and nutrition information quality, technology acceptance characteristics, and behavioral intention toward kiosks at fast food restaurants. On the other hand, one hypothesis (Hypothesis 4) on the impact of nutrition information quality on the perceived usefulness was rejected. CONCLUSION The study is the first to investigate nutrition and menu information at foodservice kiosks and relate them to technology acceptance. The study is very timely and adequate in the time of the 4th industrial revolution. The critical importance of the presentation of nutrition information and menu information at the kiosks at fast food restaurants was verified. The academic and industrial implications of the study findings were discussed.

An entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria javanica pf185, causes mortality in nymphs of the green peach aphid and inhibits the growth of fungal plant pathogens. However, the metabolites of pf185 involved in these antifungal and aphicidal activities are unknown. This study was performed to identify the metabolites with these activities.An antifungal metabolite was purified by repetitive column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on data from mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, the active metabolite was identified as dibutyl succinate. The minimum concentration of dibutyl succinate to inhibit germination of conidia of the cause of anthracnose, Colletotrichum acutatum, was 4 mg mLThis is the first report indicating that a single metabolite, dibutyl succinate, from the beneficial fungus I. javanica, has potential for use in integrated pest management to inhibit both insect and fungal plant pathogens. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

This study is conduced to investigate control efficacy of mixture of plant extracts which has beenreported to control pest and Bacillus thuringiensis or alone. Control efficacy of 0.025% matrine or mixture of0.016% matrine and BT (5× 10 4 cfu) against 3 rd instar larvae of beet armyworm were best as 98.7% and93.3%. Treatment of mixture of 0.01% matrine and BT (5× 10 4 cfu) showed the mortality of 69.3%. In thecase of neem, when the mixture of 0.1% neem and BT was applied to larvae of S. exigua, their mortalitywas 50.0% and weight of larvae were significantly different compare with control and only neem treatment.Therefore For effective control reducing population of beet armyworm and possibility to develop resistanceagainst BT and eco-friendly agents, mixture of 0.016% Matrine and BT (5× 10 4 cfu) could be used. Key words Matrine, Neem, Insecticidal activity, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua 서론 파를 가해하는 대표적인 난방제 해충인 파밤나방(Spodop-tera exigua)은 채소, 화훼, 과수 뿐 아니라 전작물, 특작물등 거의 모든 농업작물을 가해하여 많은 경제적 손실을 유발하는 광식성 해충이다(Goh et al., 1991). 고온성 해충인파밤나방은 열대 및 아열대, 온대지역에 주로 분포하며 우리나라에서는 1년에 4-5회 발생한다. 남부지방의 경우 6월초에서 11월말까지 발생하는데 9월 중순이 발생 최성기로시설재배지가 늘어난 2000년 이후에는 시기와 지역을 불문하고 연중 발생하여 피해를 주고 있다(Kang et al., 2008). 파밤나방 방제를 위해 주로 유기인계, 카바메이트계, 피레스로이드계 등의 화학 살충제가 사용되고 있지만 파밤나방유충 3령기 이후에는 유기합성 살충제에 대한 약제 저항성획득으로 방제에어려움이 있다(Meinke and Ware, 1978).파밤나방을 친환경적으로 방제하기 위하여 곤충병원성 세균,바이러스, 선충, 합성 성페로몬 등을 이용한 방제법이 시도되고 있다(Kim et al., 1995; Choi et al., 1996a; Bae et al.,2007). 그 중 곤충병원 세균인 Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)가가장 많이 이용되고 있는데 국내에는 8종의 BT를 이용한미생물제가 등록, 이용되고 있다. 그러나 BT제의 우수한 살충효과에도 불구하고 BT의 반복적인 살포로 인한 저항성획득으로 살충효율이 떨어져 방제에 어려움을 겪고 있는 실정이다(McGaughey, 1985). BT에 대한 저항성 발현을 지연시킬 수 있는 방법으로 다른 기작으로 작용하는 살충제를교호처리하거나 윤작과 동시에 혼합 살충제를 사용함으로서저항성을 지연시키는 방법이 있다(Singh et al., 2007). 또한BT와 함께 사용할 수 있는 친환경살충제로 국내에 유기농작물 병, 해충관리용 자재로 등록된 천연식물추출물을 고려

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua is pest which is difficult to control. For eco-friendly beetarmyworm managements, we isolated entomopathogenic fungi from soil samples by insect-bait method usingTenebrio molitor and conducted bioassay to larvae of beet armyworm. The result of bioassay, a selected strainMetarhizium anisopliae FT83 caused 100% mortality against first ~ third instar larva of S. exigua at 1× 10 8 conidia/ml and medial lethal time (LT 50 ) were 0.5 days, 2.6 days and 2.5 days respectively. Mortality againstfourth and fifth larvae were 83.3± 6.2% and 86.0± 5.7% and medial lethal time (LT 50 ) were 4.2 days and 3.6days respectively. Mortality against pupae and eggs of S. exigua were 100%. M. anisopliae FT83 showedhigh virulence at all developmental stages of S. exigua.Key words Entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae, beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua 서론 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)은 채소, 화훼, 과수, 전작물,특작물, 잡초 등 200여종의 식물을 가해하는 광식성 해충으로 전 세계의 주요 경제 작물에 큰 피해를 주고 있다. 한국에서는 1926년 황해도 사리원 지역의 사탕무우를 가해하는해충으로 최초로 기록되었으며 1986년 전남 진도에서 피해가 확인된 이후 1988년부터는 전국적으로 피해가 확산되었다(Park et al., 1991). 고온성 해충인 파밤나방은 열대 및 아열대, 온대 지역에 주로 분포하며 우리나라에서는 1년에 4-5회 발생한다. 남부지방의 경우 6월 초에서 11월 말까지 발생하는데 최성기는 9월 중순으로 알려져 있고(Jin et al.,2009) 시설재배지가 늘어난 2000년 이후에는 온실하우스에서 지역과시기를 불문하고 연중 발생하고 있다(Kang etal., 2008). 파밤나방 방제를 위해 주로 유기인계, 카바메이트계, 피레스로이드계 등의 화학살충제가 사용되고 있지만 살충제에감수성이 높은 어린 유충시기에 줄기 속으로 들어가 가해하는 습성 때문에 약제에 노출될 기회가 적어 효과적인 방제가 이루어지기 힘든 실정이다. 더욱이 파밤나방은 스피노신계인 스피노사드, 유기염소계, 카바메이트계, 피레스로이드계, 벤조일페닐우레아계 등의 화학 살충제에 저항성을 나타내는 것으로 보고되고 있다(Moulton, 1999). 현재까지 파밤나방의 친환경 방제 방법으로 곤충병원성바이러스와 세균, 곰팡이를 이용한 미생물 살충제가 개발되어 활용되고 있지만 바이러스(Spoeoptera exigua nucleopoly-hedro virus : SeNPV)는 대량배양에 어려움이 있고 Bacillusthuringiensis에 대한 저항성 출현(Tabashnik and Carriere,2004)이 보고되고 있어서 또 다른 방제수단인 곤충병원성곰팡이에 대한 연구가 필요한 실정이다.

For mass production of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana 149, isolated from moth larva, by two-phase fermentation, we performed selection of carbon and nitrogen sources for liquid culture and examined solid fermentation on carrier, ingredient, temperature, and water content. Spore production with rice powder, corn powder, and starch from sweet potato was higher than that of sucrose and dissolvable starch for liquid fermentation as first-phase fermentation. As a nitrogen source, addition of peptone and yeast powder showed higher spore production than , fish powder, and soybean powder. The isolate produced more conidia in sawdust + wheat bran + corn powder, sawdust + wheat bran and rice shell + wheat bran as carrier and ingredient than vermiculite as carrier. Conidia production of B. bassiana 149 in solid-phase fermentation was twice higher at 30 than 20. Conidia yield was higher at 60% and 70% water content ( and ) than 40% and 50% (and ), respectively.

Recently, the Q biotype of tobacco whitefly has been recognized as the most hazardous strain of Bemisia tabaci worldwide, because of its increased resistance to some insecticide groups. As an alternative control agent, we selected an Isaria javanica isolate as a candidate for the development of a mycopesticide against the Q biotype of sweet potato whitefly. To select optimal mass production media for solid-state fermentation, we compared the production yield and virulence of conidia between 2 substrates (barley and brown rice), and we also compared the effects of various additives on conidia production and virulence. Barley was a better substrate for conidia production, producing 3.43 × 10(10) conidia/g, compared with 3.05 × 10(10) conidia/g for brown rice. The addition of 2% CaCO3 + 2% CaSO4 to barley significantly increased conidia production. Addition of yeast extract, casein, or gluten also improved conidia production on barley. Gluten addition (3% and 1.32%) to brown rice improved conidia production by 14 and 6 times, respectively, relative to brown rice without additives. Conidia cultivated on barley produced a mortality rate of 62% in the sweet potato whitefly after 4-day treatment, compared with 53% for conidia cultivated on brown rice. The amendment of solid substrate cultivation with additives changed the virulence of the conidia produced; the median lethal time (LT50) was shorter for conidia produced on barley and brown rice with added yeast extract (1.32% and 3%, respectively), KNO3 (0.6% and 1%), or gluten (1.32% and 3%) compared with conidia produced on substrates without additives.

The beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is difficult to control using chemical insecticides because of the development of insecticide resistance. Several pest control agents are used to control the beet armyworm. Entomopathogenic fungi are one of the candidates for eco-friendly pest control instead of chemical control agents. In this study, among various entomopathogenic fungal strains isolated from soil two isolates were selected as high virulence pathogens against larva of beet armyworm. Control efficacy of fungal conidia was influenced by conidia concentration, temperature, and relative humidity (RH). The isolates Metarhizium anisopliae FT83 showed 100% cumulative mortality against second instar larvae of S. exigua 3 days after treatment at 1 × 10(7) conidia/mL and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus FG340 caused 100% mortality 6 days after treatment at 1 × 10(4) conidia/mL. Both M. anisopliae FT83 and P. fumosoroseus FG340 effectively controlled the moth at 20~30℃. M. anisopliae FT83 was significantly affected mortality by RH: mortality was 86.7% at 85% RH and 13.4% at 45% RH. P. fumosoroseus FG340 showed high mortality as 90% at 45% RH and 100% at 75% RH 6 days after conidia treatments. These results suggest that P. fumosoroseus FG340 and M. anisopliae FT83 have high potential to develop as a biocontrol agent against the beet armyworm.

Leslie M. Silko and Maxine Hong Kingston, through each ethnic American character Tayo and a no-named narrator, explore what it takes for a...

Study on effluent organic matter (EfOM) characteristic and removal efficiency is required, because EfOM is impor­tant in regard to the stability of effluents reuse, quality issues of artificial recharge and water conservation of aqueous system. UV technology is widely used in wastewater treatment. Many reports have been conducted on microbial disinfection and micro pollutant reduction with UV treatment. However, the study on EfOM with UV has limited because low/medium pressure UV lamp is not sufficient to affect refractory organics. The high intensity of pulsed UV would mineralize EfOM itself as well as change the characteristics of EfOM. Chlorine demand and DBPs formation is affected on the changed amounts and properties of EfOM. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect on EfOM, chlorine residual, and chlorinated DBPs formation with low pressure and pulsed UV treatment. The removal of organic matter through low pressure UV treatment is insignificant effect. Pulsed UV treatment effectively removes/transforms EfOM. As a result, the chlorine consumption is changed and chlorine DBPs formation is decreased. However, excessive UV treatment caused problems of increasing chlorine consumption and generating unknown by-products.

An isolate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CC110 was selected as an effectiveantagonist for biological control of cucumber downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis.Temperature range for growth of CC110 isolate was 7.5~55.0 o C, and its optimal temperature at 36.6 o C. pHrange for growth of CC110 isolate was 4.5~9.5, and its optimal pH at 7.0. In this study, the most effectivesources of carbon and nitrogen for growth of CC110 isolate were fructose and yeast extract, respectively. Thevolatile of CC110 isolate was found to be effective to control downy mildew on cucumber showing nodiseased area whereas that of control was 13.2% using the I plate bioassay. The culture broth and cells ofisolate CC110 cultured in TSB media for 48 hours at 28 o C inhibited occurrence of cucumber downy mildew.The cells and culture broth were transformed into sporangia of P. cubensis by in observation under lightmicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Key words Biological control, Cucumber, Cultivation, Downy mildew, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp.plantarum CC110, Volatile compounds

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M27 was selected as a control agent for the biological control ofcucumber powdery mildew. The new mixture of B.amyloliquefaciens M27 and plant (Eucalytus) extract wasdeveloped to improve the control activity of B.amyloliquefaciens M27 against cucumber powdery mildew. Themixed formulation showed the high preventive and curative control effect against cucumber powdery mildewwhen it was diluted at 500 times and foliar-sprayed. Its control effect was higher in preventive spraying thancurative spraying. When 500-fold diluted solution of the formulation was sprayed preventively four times atfive-day intervals, three times at seven-day intervals and twice at ten-day intervals, the diseased leaf area wasshown to be 4.4%, 8.0%, 27.9%, respectively; Whereas the diseased leaf area in the control plot was 45.4%.When the 500-fold diluted formulation was sprayed curatively four times at five-day intervals, three times atseven-day intervals and twice at ten-day intervals after occurred cucumber powdery mildew, the diseases leafarea was 11.5%, 25.2%, 51.8%, respectively; whereas in the control plot, the diseases leaf area was 64.3%.When the 500-fold diluted formulation was treated four times at five-day intervals in the plastic house, itscontrol effect was higher than that treated three times at seven-day intervals and twice at ten-day intervals. Asthe results, the mixed formulation of B.amyloliquefaciens M27 and plant extract could be a promisingcandidate of bio-fungicides for the environment-friendly control of powdery mildew of cucumber.Key words Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M27, Cucumber Powdery mildew, Plant Extract

This study was conducted to test effect of fungicides on the spore germination and mycelial growth of BotaniGard(Beauveria bassiana GHA). Eight fungicides, which are using for plant disease control in cucumber cultivation, with different concentration were mixed with conidia of GHA isolate for 0.5, 2, and 4 hours. The fungicides trifluminazol, fenarimol, ethaboxam, copper hydroxide and tetraconazol did significantly not inhibit on spore germination and mycelial growth. The trifluminazol, propineb and tetraconazol on high concentrations inhibited the mycelial growth of GHA. However, mixing time of fungicide with conidia of GHA did not affect in spore germination and mycelial growth. These results suggest that fungicide effect needed be checked before mycopesticide is applied in the field.

In order to improve the speed performance of the direct drive mechanical systems, a comprehensive analysis of the velocity ripples of blushless DC motors should be required. Every motor has a certain level of torque ripples when it generates power, and the generated torque ripple also makes the velocity ripples in the final output stage in speed control system. In this paper, a novel algorithm for reducing velocity ripples is proposed based on the modeling of torque ripples for BLDC motors. Various algorithms have been made for torque ripples, but usually they should be installed inside the amplifier logic, result in the difficulties of flexibility for various kinds of torque ripples. The proposed algorithm was developed for being ported in the controller not the amplifier, and it has the capability of the automatic compensation adjustment. The performance of the proposed algorithm was verified by effective simulations and experiments.

Sclerotium cepivorum is a causal agent of white rot disease on different plants including Allium species such as garlic. A mycoparasite, Paraconiothyrium minitans S134 was selected for biological control of sclerotinia rot of garlic caused by S. cepivorum. The experiment was carried out in a garlic field in Taean from October in 2011 to June in 2012. Spore suspension of the mycoparasite was treated twice onto soil surface around garlic plants in sowing in 2011 and late Feb. in 2012, and disease rating was made June in 2012. Incidence of white rot in the twice-application plot of the mycoparasite ( spores/mL) and in the fluquinconazole (WP)-treated plot was 6.8% and 0.4%, respectively, whereas that of control was 19.5%. As the results, P. minitans S134 could be a prospective biofungicide for biological control of white rot of garlic.