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Objectives: The clinical trajectories of adolescent-onset psychosis and bipolar disorder are worse than that of adult-onset cases. Although psychosis and bipolar disorder are more prevalent among those with neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD and autism spectrum disorder compared with the general population, the incidence during adolescence has not yet been explored.Methods: Out of 3,730 patients who visited the Department of Pediatric Psychiatry at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital between November 2008 and May 2021, patients with neurodevelopmental disorders who did not meet the criteria for psychosis or bipolar disorder and had at least one year of the follow-up period were selected. A Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to examine the cumulative incidence of psychosis and bipolar disorder in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders.Results: The sample included 591 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (mean age 12.6 years, range 10-18 years). The 9-years cumulative incidences of psychosis and bipolar disorder are 1.3% (95% CI=0.2%-2.4%), 11.6% (95% CI=7.4%-15.6%), respectively.Conclusion: Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders showed a high incidence of psychosis and bipolar disorder during adolescence. This suggests that patients diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders should be continuously evaluated and monitored of the occurrence of comorbidities during adolescence.

Increasing use of cycling is closely associated with bicycle safety on the street. This study investigates safety-critical events (SCEs) on the newly built bicycle lane in a highly populated area. ...

Executive function (EF) encompasses a variety of cognitive domains that are deeply related to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which has a wide range of negative effects on life. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of allergic diseases on EF development, and the relationship between EF and ADHD. This study used data from the 8th-11th Panel Study on Korean Children in 2015-2018. The data were based on an annual follow-up survey of 1,156 children from the age of 7 to 10. The EF was composed of 3 sub-areas in this study: planning-organization, behavior control, and emotional control. History of allergic diseases was investigated in the 8th wave and included asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and allergic dermatitis (AD). Attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADH) problem was measured based on the Child Behavior Checklist/6-18. Children with a history of asthma or AR generally showed more EF difficulties, but there were differences according to the diseases and sub-areas of EF. Asthma and AR also increased the correlation between EF difficulties and the ADH problem scale. In addition, the development of emotional control showed a different trajectory according to a history of asthma. We suggested that the relationship between allergic diseases and EF could be explained by structural changes in EF with age. In addition, allergic diseases may have a stronger association with inattention symptoms of ADHD, rather than hyperactive-impulsivity symptoms. The problem of EF difficulties associated with allergic diseases may be the key to understanding the relationship between allergic diseases and ADHD.

Salvia Miltiorrhizae Radix (SMR) is a widely-used herbal medicine for the treatment of various blood stasis-related diseases (mainly circulatory system). It has been extensively studied in the field of pharmacology over the last few decades. In addition, several reviews concerning the effect of SMR are available. The purpose of this study was to review the pharmacological activities of SMC based on the 10th revision of the international disease classification (ICD-10). After an analysis of the literatures in the Medline database between January 1988 and August 2018, 691 eligible articles were chosen and 971 results were obtained (395 in vitro, 536 in vivo, and 40 human). The extracted data were categorized into the disease chapters of the ICD-10 and the major chapters were: IX Diseases of the circulatory system, II Neoplasms, XI Diseases of the digestive system, XIX Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes, IV Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases, VI Diseases of the nervous system, V Mental and behavioral disorders, etc. The major diseases and the pharmacological results of each chapter of the ICD-10 were described assiduously, along with the statistical details. The current study provided a comprehensive understanding and insight of SMR in terms of pharmacological activities.

It has been well demonstrated that shared multisensory experiences between the self and others can influence the social perception of out-group members. Previous research has shown that the illusion of ownership over a dark-skinned rubber hand or full virtual body generated less negative implicit bias against people with dark skin. However, less is known about how perceived attractiveness difference between self and other affects social perception toward those others after shared multisensory experience. The present study assessed whether shared multisensory experience between the self and attractive others would affect the implicit evaluation of goodness of others. Seventy-three women participated in the study. After the visuotactile multisensory stimulation procedure, participants were administered the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT), which presents two attributes (good and bad) and one concept (other). Results showed that the more attractive the faces are, the more positive their implicit evaluation becomes after the synchronous tactile stimulation. This result suggests that shared multisensory experience makes people feel more positive toward others who have positive attribute. This finding suggests that self-other blurring in social contexts might be a compelling factor in evaluating other people positively.

환각은 조현병에서 나타나는 대표적인 정적 증상으로 일화 기억의 인출과 관련되어 있다는 행동 연구들이 소개되었다. 그러나, 환각이 있는 조현병과 없는 조현병 환자에서 나타나는 일화기억의 결손의 신경 기전이 어떻게 다른지에 대해서는 알려진 바가 적다. 본 연구는 시간-주파수 분석을 이용하여 조현병 환청군과 비환청군에서 일화 기억을 인출할 때 나타나는 신경학적 기전을 비교하였다. 7명의 조현병 환청군, 7명의 비환청군, 그리고 7명의 정상군 피험자가 4개의 방으로 구성된 가상의 공간을 탐색하면서 어떤 물건을 어느 방에서 보았는지를 학습한 후, 인출과제를 시행하는 동안 뇌파를 측정하였다. 피험자는 맥락과 물건의 짝이 학습시와 동일한 경우(“old” 조건)와 학습 시 맥락에서 물건을 본 적이 없는 경우(“new” 조건)에 대해 각각 다른 버튼을 누르도록 지시 받았다. 행동결과로 환청군은 비환청군과 정상군에 비해서 old 조건에서의 인출정확도가 유의하게 낮은 반면, new 조건에서는 세 집단의 인출정확도가 다르지 않았다. 뇌파에 대한 시간-주파수 분석 결과, 세타의 활동 감소가 정상군과 다르게 환청군과 비환청군에서 관찰되었으며, 조건 간 세타파워의 차이는 정확반응율과 높은 상관을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 세타 활동이 성공적인 일화기억의 인출과 관련되어 있음을 시사한다. 환청군에서는 특징적으로 알파 억제의 감소와 베타의 증가가 나타났는데, 환청군의 뇌파 특성과 일화기억 인출 결손의 기능적 관련성을 시사한다. 다양한 주파수대역의 신경 진동과 관련된 인지적 과정에 대해 광범위하게 논의하였다.

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is an important aquaculture fish species in Jeju Island, South Korea. Due to the intensification of flounder fish farming, huge amounts of chemical antibiotics are used against several fish diseases. This has many harmful side effects on fish, as well as human consumers. Hence, an alternative to chemical antibiotic agents is needed for disease control. In this study, three strains of rhizobacteria (BRH433-2, TRH415-2, and THJ609-3) were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants. Assays of their antibacterial activity against fish pathogens, such as S. iniae, S. parauberis, V. anguillarum, and E. tarda, were performed with untreated broth culture (without cell separation), supernatant, and precipitated pellets separated by centrifugation. Among these, the cell suspension prepared from the precipitated pellet showed significant antimicrobial activity when compared with that of the untreated broth culture and centrifugal supernatant. These results indicate that the three isolated rhizobacterial strains exhibit antibacterial activity. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences of the BRH-433-2, THJ609-3, and TRH415-2 strains showed the highest similarity to Burkholderia gladioli (99.5%), Pseudomonas baetica (97.7%), and P. koreensis and P. baetica (98.4%), respectively. We suggest that the strains hold promise in disease management of fish.

The present study examines how gamma oscillations can be modulated by cognitive reappraisal. Thirty-two participants performed cognitive reappraisal tasks to increase or decrease their emotions while viewing neutral and emotional (positive or negative) pictures. As a control task, the participants also simply viewed the pictures without an attempt to manipulate emotions. Electroencephalograms of the participants were recorded during the cognitive reappraisal tasks to extract the gamma oscillations. Gamma activity was quantified by measuring event-related changes in the gamma band power (30-55 Hz). During the tasks, the greatest gamma activity was found at the parietal regions. Greater parietal gamma activity was induced by the emotional pictures compared with the neutral ones when the participants passively viewed the pictures. No such difference in the parietal gamma activity was found when the participants performed the cognitive reappraisal tasks. In addition, parietal gamma activity during the cognitive reappraisal tasks was greater than that during the control task in response to the neutral pictures, implying the role of parietal gamma activity in the top-down cognitive execution process. In contrast, parietal gamma activity during the cognitive reappraisal task to increase emotions was greater than the levels of activity during the task to decrease emotions and during the control task in response to the emotional pictures, implying the role of parietal gamma activity in the bottom-up sensory emotional process. These results suggest that parietal gamma activity may be implicated in the multiple cognitive reappraisal processes.

Background: We developed the Korean version of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB-K), evaluated its psychometric properties and constructed normative data for Korean elders. Methods: FAB-K was administered to 300 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and 635 normal controls. Reliability of FAB-K was evaluated by testing its internal consistency, test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities. Validity of FAB-K was evaluated by testing discriminant validity for AD and concurrent validity with other frontal function tests. Age- and education-specific normative data of FAB-K were developed. Results: Cronbach’s α, inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability of FAB-K were 0.802, 0.980 (p < 0.001) and 0.820 (p < 0.001), respectively. FAB-K exhibited significant correlations with the scores of MMSE and other frontal function tests (p < 0.01). Total and item scores of FAB-K were lower in AD patients than in controls and became worse as clinical dementia rating increased (F = 192.026, d.f. = 4, p < 0.001). The optimal cut-off score of FAB-K for AD was determined as 10/11, where sensitivity and specificity for AD were 0.717 and 0.827, respectively. Normative data were stratified by 3 age groups and 4 education groups. Conclusion: The FAB-K is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating frontal dysfunction, and may be useful for screening AD.

Among the non-pharmacological treatments of dementia, SRT is a good candidate strategy for rehabilitating the cognition of AD patients. This study investigates the efficacy of SRT on the cognition of AD patients with very mild to mild disease. We administered 24-session SRT to 13 very mild and 6 mild AD patients. To assess the change of the neuropsychological performance after SRT, we performed the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease neuropsychological battery (CERAD-K), the logical memory test (LMT), the Benton visual retention test A (BVRT-A), and the digit span test (DST). All tests were administered both before and after SRT. Retention spans were significantly increased up to 24 min after SRT in both very mild and mild AD patients (p0.05), and this improvement was maintained for different sets of target information. Retainable words were also significantly increased after SRT in the very mild AD patients (p=0.007). However, we observed no changes in neuropsychological performance after SRT. Although we did not observe improvements in the neuropsychological tests following SRT, our results suggest that the treatment was an effective intervention for improving the memory of very mild to mild AD patients, and could potentially improve learning and retention outside the training session.

Aim: We aimed toevaluatethe psychometric properties of the Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire (SMCQ). Methods: The reliability of the SMCQ was evaluated by testing its internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to assess the concurrent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity. Diagnostic ability for dementia was tested with receiver operator characteristic curve analyses. Results: Cronbach’s α coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficients of the SMCQ were 0.864 and 0.828 (p < 0.001), respectively. The SMCQ scores were significantly correlated with the scores on Camdex Memory Complaint Questionnaire, Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia and cognitive tests from the CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease) neuropsychological test battery (p < 0.01). The results of confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that the SMCQ consisted of subjective memory complaints (SMC) for general memory and for everyday memory. The SMCQ score discriminated well between nondemented elderly without dementia and those with dementia (p < 0.01). The area under the curve value of the SMCQ was 0.84, indicating that it had high diagnostic ability. Conclusion: The SMCQ was found to be a brief, reliable and valid questionnaire for evaluating SMC. It might be useful for evaluating the cognition of elderly subjects when reliable informants are not available.

Background/Aims: This study aimed to develop a brief, reliable and valid test for cognitive function of severely demented patients. Methods: We constructed the Severe Cognitive Impairment Rating Scale, which consisted of 11 items covering memory, language, visuospatial function, frontal function and orientation, and investigated its reliability and validity on 267 subjects [normal: 65, very mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD): 42, mild AD: 58, moderate AD: 36, severe AD: 44, profound AD: 22]. Results: The internal consistency obtained by Cronbach’s coefficient α was 0.93. The interrater reliability and test-retest reliability in the moderately to severely impaired subjects with an MMSE score of ≤14 was 0.99 (p < 0.001) and 0.90 (p < 0.001), respectively. It showed significant correlation with Severe MMSE (r = 0.96, p < 0.01), MMSE (r = 0.86, p < 0.01) and Clinical Dementia Rating (r = –0.83, p < 0.01). It was robust to both the floor effect in the severe/profound stage of AD and the ceiling effect in the mild/moderate stage of AD. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 2 factors (automatic informational processing and controlled informational processing) accounting for 73.5% of the total variance. Conclusions: The Severe Cognitive Impairment Rating Scaleis a valid and reliable test for evaluating the cognitive function of advanced AD patients.

Background/Aims: We investigated the demographic influence on the performance of the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS-R) and provided normative data of the HDS-R in the elderly. Methods: The HDS-R was administered to 803 community-dwelling cognitively normal elderly subjects aged 55 years or over. Cognitive disorders and psychiatric disorders were strictly excluded using the CERAD-K assessment packet and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The demographic influence on the performance of the HDS-R was examined using multiple linear regression analyses, and compared with that on the performance of the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) using the Chow test and t statistics. Overlapping strata were used in developing age-, education- and gender-specific normative data of the HDS-R. Results: Age, education, and gender influenced significantly the performance of the HDS-R, and explained 22.5% of the total score variance. Older age, lower education, and male gender were associated with lower performance of the HDS-R. However, the demographic influence on the HDS-R was much weaker than that on the MMSE (t = 5.578, d.f. = 800, p < 0.001). The normative data of the HDS-R stratified by age (60–69, 70–79, ≧80), education (0–6, 7–12, ≧13), and gender were presented. Conclusions: The HDS-R was more robust to demographic influences than the MMSE, and normative data may contribute to improving further its diagnostic accuracy for dementia.

Background/Aims: To compare the prevalence and characteristics of depression in vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) after adjusting for dementia severity and gender. Methods: One hundred and eight pairs of VaD and AD patients matched for dementia severity and gender were assessed. Results: Major depressive disorder (MDD) was more prevalent in the VaD group than in the AD group (20.4% in VaD, 10.2% in AD, p = 0.04, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel, CMH, test) regardless of the dementia severity and gender. The odds ratio for developing MDD in the VaD group versus the AD group was estimated to be 2.20 (95% confidence interval = 1.02–4.74). Neurovegetative symptoms such as ‘felt tired and weak all the time’ (30.6% in VaD, 13.9% in AD, p = 0.003, CMH test) and ‘changed weight without trying’ (16.7% in VaD, 6.5% in AD, p = 0.02, CMH test) were more prevalent in the VaD group than in the AD group. Conclusion: Depression in VaD was quantitatively and qualitatively different from that in AD regardless of the severity of dementia and gender; depression was more prevalent, severer and more retarded and vegetative in VaD than in AD.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures as the main symptom. Of the coumarin derivatives in Angelica gigas, decursin, a major coumarin component, was reported to exhibit significant protective activity against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity when added to primary cultures of rat cortical cells. This study served to investigate the effects of decursin on a kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus model. Thirty minutes after intraperitoneal injections of decursin (20 mg/kg) in male 7-week-old C57BL/6 mice, the animals were treated with KA (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and then examined for behavioral seizure score, electroencephalogram, seizure-related expressed protein levels, neuronal cell loss, neurodegeneration, and astrogliosis. KA injections significantly enhanced neurodegenerative conditions but treatment with decursin 30 min before KA injection reduced the detrimental effects of KA in mice. The decursin-treated KA-injected group showed significantly decreased behavioral seizure activity and remarkably attenuated intense and high-frequency seizure discharges in the parietal cortex for 2 h compared with the group treated only with KA. Furthermore, in-vivo results indicated that decursin strongly inhibits selective neuronal death, astrogliosis, and oxidative stress induced by KA administration. Therefore decursin is able to attenuate KA-induced seizures and could have potential as an antiepileptic drug.

One's ability to properly regulate emotion is critical to psychological and physical well-being. Among various strategies to regulate emotion, cognitive reappraisal has been shown to modulate both emotional experience and emotional memory. However, most studies of reappraisal have focused on reappraisal of negative situations, with reappraisal of positive emotion receiving considerably less attention. In addition, the effects of reappraisal on emotional reactions to stimuli are typically only assessed either immediately or after a short delay, and it remains unclear whether reappraisal effects persist over longer time periods. We investigated the effect of cognitive reappraisal on emotional reactions and long-term episodic memory for positive and negative stimuli. Men and women viewed emotionally negative, positive, and neutral pictures while they were instructed to either increase, decrease, or maintain the initial emotional reactions elicited by the pictures. Subjective ratings of emotional valence and arousal were assessed during the regulation task and again after 1 week. Memory for the pictures was assessed with free recall. Results indicated that pictures accompanied by instructions to increase emotion were better recalled than pictures reappraised to decrease emotion. Modulation of emotional arousal elicited by stimuli persisted over a week, but this effect was observed only for men. These findings suggest that cognitive reappraisal can have long-lasting effects on emotional reactions to stimuli. However, the sex differences observed for the effects of reappraisal on emotional reactions highlight the importance of considering individual differences in the effects of regulation.

To the extent that recognition memory relies on interactions among widely distributed neural assemblies across the brain, phase synchronization between brain rhythms may play an important role in meditating those interactions. As the theta rhythm is known to modulate in power during the recognition memory process, we aimed to determine how the phase synchronization of the theta rhythms across the brain changes with recognition memory. Fourteen human participants performed a visual object recognition task in a virtual reality environment. Electroencephalograms were recorded from the scalp of the participants while they either recognized objects that had been presented previously or identified new objects. From the electroencephalogram recordings, we analyzed the phase-locking value of the theta rhythms, which indicates the degree of phase synchronization. We found that the overall phase-locking value recorded during the recognition of previously viewed objects was greater than that recorded during the identification of new objects. Specifically, the theta rhythms became strongly synchronized between the frontal and the left parietal areas during the recognition of previously viewed objects. These results suggest that the recognition memory process may involve an interaction between the frontal and the left parietal cortical regions mediated by theta phase synchronization.

300 km error-free transmission of 10 Gbit/s chirped duobinary signals over dispersion-uncompensated standard singlemode fibre is demonstrated. The record transmission distance is achieved by using two LiNbO 3 Mach-Zehnder modulators driven only with electrical binary signals.