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In order to study the optimization strategy of chemical instrumentation analysis methods, it can make the chemical instrumentation analysis methods more optimized. This paper proposes an improved sparrow search algorithm MSSA based on the ADDIE model, and a decision tree analysis method under random forest is introduced to assist chemical instrumentation analysis. The optimal prediction value of the algorithm is judged analytically, and adaptive operations change the size of the neighbourhood space to obtain the optimal strategy of the algorithm by a merit-seeking mechanism. The decision tree and evaluation indicators are then constructed with the decision tree under a random forest algorithm, and the indicators are used to select the optimisation path. From the experiments, it can be seen that the improved sparrow search algorithm MSSA strategy based on the ADDIE model can improve the optimisation ability of the algorithm. Furthermore, the MSSA algorithm also shows excellent performance in the experiments and obtains the best coverage effect. The coverage rate of the optimised chemical instrumentation analysis method reached 94.55%, which was 9.87%, 4.15%, 6.68%, 3.22% and 7.28% higher than other types of algorithms, respectively. It illustrates that the improved MSSA algorithm under the ADDIE model can also obtain better optimisation capability for practical chemical instrumental analysis method optimisation problems. The evaluation index complements this under the decision tree, which shows that the model is more conducive to the analytical capability of chemical instruments. It also provides a direction for solving the problem of choosing the optimal analytical method in chemical instrumentation analysis.

In order to explore the applicability of random forest algorithm in the detection of alcoholic foreign matter and to improve the identification of alcoholic products. In this paper, based on the random forest algorithm, the feature values of random forest are fuzzified using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and the application model of alcohol foreign body detection anomaly based on random forest fuzzy tree nodes is established. And the reliability of the random forest algorithm is verified by the quantitative analysis of the three test indexes (i.e., recall, precision, and accuracy) and the anomaly proportion coefficient of the test data set by the algorithm in this paper. The results show that the recall, precision, and accuracy of the random forest-based anomaly detection for alcoholic beverage foreign objects are 99.65%, 95.49%, and 97.19%, respectively, and the average value of the three eigenvalues of this paper’s algorithm is 97.44%, which is 59.89%, 43.98%, and 1.92% higher than the other three algorithms, respectively. In terms of the anomaly proportion coefficient, the stability of the algorithm in this paper is the best when the coefficient takes values between [0.2, 0.6]. It can be shown that the algorithm based on random forest can be applied to the foreign matter detection of wine, and through the detection of anomalies, the quality of the wine currently undergoing detection can be clearly and explicitly analyzed, which also provides a new direction for the application of the random forest algorithm.

PurposeHelicobacter pylori (HP) infection is an identified risk factor for pediatric chronic gastritis (PCG), but its impact on gastric juice microbiota (GJM) remains to be further elucidated in PCG. This study aimed to analyze and compare the microbial communities and microbial interactive networks of GJM in PCG that clinically tested positive and negative for HP (HP+ and HP−, respectively).MethodsA total of 45 PCG patients aged from 6 to 16 years were recruited, including 20 HP+ and 25 HP− patients tested by culture and rapid urease test. Gastric juice samples were collected from these PCG patients and subjected to high-throughput amplicon sequencing and subsequent analysis of 16S rRNA genes.ResultsWhile no significant change in alpha diversity, significant differences in beta diversity were observed between HP+ and HP− PCG. At the genus level, Streptococcus, Helicobacter, and Granulicatella were significantly enriched in HP+ PCG, whereas Campylobacter and Absconditabacteriales (SR1) were significantly enriched in HP− PCG. Network analysis showed that Streptococcus was the only genus positively correlated with Helicobacter (r = 0.497) in the GJM network of overall PCG. Moreover, compared to HP− PCG, HP+ PCG showed a reduction in microbial network connectivity in GJM. Netshift analysis identified driver microbes including Streptococcus and other four genera, which substantially contributed to the GJM network transition from HP− PCG to HP+ PCG. Furthermore, Predicted GJM function analysis indicated up-regulated pathways related to the metabolism of nucleotides, carbohydrates, and L-Lysine, the urea cycle, as well as endotoxin peptidoglycan biosynthesis and maturation in HP+ PCG.ConclusionGJM in HP+ PCG exhibited dramatically altered beta diversity, taxonomic structure, and function, with reduced microbial network connectivity, which could be involved in the disease etiology.

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) attracts much attention due to its unique feature of rapid near net shape forming without die. It has the potential to become an advanced manufacturing technology that can break the bottleneck of alloy development and industrial application for aluminum materials. Wire arc additive manufacturing technology originates from traditional arc welding, and both of them use high-energy arc as heat source and metal wires as raw material. The WAAM technology and equipment development, the solidification and solid state phase transformation performance, microstructures, metallurgical defects as well as mechanical property of aluminum alloys were reviewed. The technique prospects of hot wire and multi-wire additive manufacturing, the unique fabrication manner and the exclusive phase transformation microstructure were discussed. The WAAM-specialized approaches to address the issues of poor manufacturing accuracy, serious porosity and cracking, and unsatisfied mechanical property, including fabrication system development, metallurgical defect controlling, alloy composition and microstructure design and heat treatment optimization were proposed. Such proposals are expected to facilitate the rapid development of high-end, customized and distinguished aluminum alloys via WAAM.

The research objectives, modeling, and tensile test strategy of fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete.

Approximately 85% colorectal cancers (CRCs) are thought to evolve through the adenoma‐to‐carcinoma sequence associated with specific molecular alterations, including the 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) signature in circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA). To explore colorectal disease progression and evaluate the use of cfDNA as a potential diagnostic factor for CRC screening, here, we performed genome‐wide 5hmC profiling in plasma cfDNA and tissue genomic DNA (gDNA) acquired from 101 samples (63 plasma and 38 tissues), collected from 21 early‐stage CRC patients, 21 AD patients, and 21 healthy controls (HC). The gDNA and cfDNA 5hmC signatures identified in gene bodies and promoter regions in CRC and AD groups were compared with those in HC group. All the differential 5hmC‐modified regions (DhMRs) were gathered into four clusters: Disease‐enriched, AD‐enriched, Disease‐lost, and AD‐lost, with no overlap. AD‐related clusters, AD‐enriched and AD‐lost, displayed the unique 5hmC signals in AD patients. Disease‐enriched and Disease‐lost clusters indicated the general 5hmC changes when colorectal lesions occurred. Cancer patients with a confirmable adenoma history segmentally gathered in AD‐enriched clusters. KEGG functional enrichment and GO analyses determined distinct differential 5hmC‐modified profiles in cfDNA of HC individuals, AD, and CRC patients. All patients had comprehensive 5hmC signatures where Disease‐enriched and Disease‐lost DhMR clusters demonstrated similar epigenetic modifications, while AD‐enriched and AD‐lost DhMR clusters indicated complicated subpopulations in adenoma. Analysis of CRC patients with adenoma history showed exclusive 5hmC‐gain characteristics, consistent with the ‘parallel’ evolution hypothesis in adenoma, either developed through the adenoma‐to‐carcinoma sequence or not. These findings deepen our understanding of colorectal disease and suggest that the 5hmC modifications of different pathological subtypes (cancer patients with or without adenoma history) could be used to screen early‐stage CRC and assess adenoma malignancy with large‐scale follow‐up studies in the future.

Leaf wetness duration (LWD) is one of the important input variables of plant disease model, which is related to the infection of many leaf pathogens and affects the pathogen infection and developmental rate. In order to accurately predict the occurrence time and location of cucumber diseases in solar greenhouse, nine sampling points were set up in two different greenhouses located in Beijing in March and September 2019, according to the chessboard method to deploy temperature, humidity and light sensors. The fixed-point visual inspection method was used to collect the data every 1 h. From the leaf wetting to the leaf drying is the leaf wetness duration of a day. The relative humidity model (RHM) and back propagation neural network model (BPNN) were used to quantitatively estimate and analyze the LWD, the input layer of BPNN was temperature, humidity, radiation and location, the hidden layer was 10, and the output layer was location and whether the leaf surface was wet. The results showed that BPNN obtained similar accuracy ACC = 0.90 and 0.92 under the experimental conditions of two greenhouses, which was higher than RHM ACC = 0.82 and 0.84 in estimating of LWD, the mean absolute errors MAE were 1.81 h and 1.61 h, root mean squared error RMSE were 2.10 and 1.87, and coefficient of determination R2 were 0.87 and 0.85. In sunny and cloudy conditions, the spatial distribution of LWD was generally in the South > the Middle > the North. In the South, the average LWD was the longest, 12.17 h/d; from the east to the west, the spatial distribution of LWD was generally in the East > the West > the Middle. In the Middle, the average LWD was the shortest of 4.83h/d. The average LWD in rainy days was longer than that in sunny days and cloudy days, the average LWD in spring and autumn rainy days were 17.15 h/d and 17.41 h/d. These changes and differences had an important impact on the distribution of leaf wetness duration in the horizontal direction of cucumber population in greenhouse, which was closely related to the occurrence rule of most high humidity cucumber diseases. In this research, the method of regional analysis of the wet duration of cucumber leaves in greenhouse was proposed, which could provide a reference for simulating the spatial distribution of LWD in greenhouse, and also had a certain reference significance for the establishment of cucumber disease early warning system.

The emergence of microneedle arrays (MNAs) as a novel, simple, and minimally invasive administration approach largely addresses the challenges of traditional drug delivery. In particular, the dissolvable MNAs act as a promising, multifarious, and well-controlled platform for micro-nanotransport in medical research and cosmetic formulation applications. The effective delivery mostly depends on the behavior of the MNAs penetrated into the body, and accurate assessment is urgently needed. Advanced imaging technologies offer high sensitivity and resolution visualization of cross-scale, multidimensional, and multiparameter information, which can be used as an important aid for the evaluation and development of new MNAs. The combination of MNA technology and imaging can generate considerable new knowledge in a cost-effective manner with regards to the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of active substances for the treatment of various diseases. In addition, noninvasive imaging techniques allow rapid, receptive assessment of transdermal penetration and drug deposition in various tissues, which could greatly facilitate the translation of experimental MNAs into clinical application. Relying on the recent promising development of bioimaging, this review is aimed at summarizing the current status, challenges, and future perspective on in vivo assessment of MNA drug delivery by various imaging technologies.

How trees allocate their biomass among different components has important implications for their survival and growth and ecosystem carbon cycling. Data on the distribution pattern and dynamics of tree biomass are essential for fully exploiting forest carbon sequestration potential and achieving the goal of carbon neutralization. However, there has not been enough research to-date on tree biomass spatial allocation and temporal dynamics in different site qualities at specific tree species scales. This study aimed to evaluate the biomass allocation patterns within tree components of Chinese fir and to examine how they are affected by tree age and site quality. A total of 87 trees were destructively sampled and measured for stem, branch, leaf, bark and root biomass. The biomass proportion difference of tree components in different age stages (8-40 years) was analysed, and the influence process of tree age and site quality on biomass allocation was examined. Our results indicate that the biomass allocation varied with tree age and was also affected by site quality. Stem biomass accounted for the largest proportion of total tree biomass, followed by leaf, root, branch and bark biomass in young forests, and it was followed by root, bark, branch and leaf biomass in other age groups. The biomass proportion of each component all nonlinearly changed with tree age. The proportion of stem biomass increased with increasing tree age, and the biomass proportion of branches and leaves decreased with increasing tree age. The proportion of root biomass first increased and then decreased with tree age, while the bark biomass proportion first decreased and then increased with increasing tree age. Site quality had a positive effect on the biomass proportion of stems but a negative effect on the biomass proportion of branches and bark. The interaction of tree age and site quality also had a significant effect on the proportion of stem biomass as well as root biomass. Therefore, to obtain accurate estimates of Chinese fir forest biomass and carbon stocks, age-specific changes and the influence of site conditions on it need to be considered.

N,N-dihydroxyethyl-(5-methyl-[1,3,4] thiadiazol-2-sulfur)-carbonyl acetamide was synthesized and used as an inhibitor to protect Q235 carbon steel in a 1 M HCl solution. The results showed an increased inhibition efficiency with the increase in the concentration of this inhibitor, and an inhibition efficiency higher than 96% at 40 mg/L can be obtained from weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization results. The inhibition effect was determined by the adsorption film according to the surface morphology and elemental distribution of the carbon steel surface. The adsorption consists of physical adsorption and chemical adsorption in view of the free adsorption energy of −40.64 kJ/mol derived from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm line. The lone pair electrons of N, O and S and π electronics of double bonds in molecules form stable covalent coordination bonds with the empty d orbitals of iron atoms, which is beneficial to chemical adsorption of the inhibitor. The high inhibiton efficiency of this inhibitor is important for the potential application in pickling field.

The involvement of gut microbiota in T-cell trafficking into tumor tissue of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be further elucidated. The current study aimed to evaluate the expression of major cytotoxic T-cell trafficking chemokines (CTTCs) and chemokine-associated microbiota profiles in both tumor and adjacent normal tissues during CRC progression. We analyzed the expression of chemokine C-X-C motif ligands 9, 10, and 11 (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), and C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5), characterized gut mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM), and investigated their correlations in CRC patients. Our results showed that the expression of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 was significantly higher in tumor than in adjacent normal tissues in 136 CRC patients. Notably, the high expression of CXCL9 in tumor tissues was associated with enhanced CD8+ T-cell infiltration and improved survival. Moreover, the MAM in tumor tissues showed reduction of microbial diversity and increase of oral bacteria. Microbial network analysis identified differences in microbial composition and structure between tumor and adjacent normal tissues. In addition, stronger associations between oral bacteria and other gut microbes were observed. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the defined MAM and individual CTTCs showed that the CTTCs’ correlated operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in tumor and adjacent normal tissues rarely overlap with each other. Notably, all the enriched OTUs were positively correlated with the CTTCs in either tumor or adjacent normal tissues. Our findings demonstrated stronger interactions between oral bacteria and gut microbes, and a shifted correlation pattern between MAM and major CTTCs in tumor tissues, underlining possible mechanisms of gut microbiota–host interaction in CRC.

Emerging evidence suggests that RNA editing is associated with stress, neurological diseases, and psychiatric disorders. However, the role of G-to-A RNA editing in chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) remains unclear. We herein identified G-to-A RNA editing and its changes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a key region of the brain reward system, in CSDS mouse models under emotional stress (ES) and physiological stress (PS) conditions. Our results revealed 3812 high-confidence G-to-A editing events. Among them, 56 events were significantly downregulated while 23 significantly upregulated in CSDS compared to controls. Moreover, divergent editing patterns were observed between CSDS mice under ES and PS conditions, with 42 and 21 events significantly upregulated in PS and ES, respectively. Interestingly, differential RNA editing was enriched in genes with multiple editing events. Genes differentially edited in CSDS included those genetically associated with mental or neurodevelopmental disorders, especially mood disorders, such as FAT atypical cadherin 1 and solute carrier family 6 member 1. Notably, changes of G-to-A RNA editing were also implicated in ionotropic glutamate receptors, a group of well-known targets of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing. Such results demonstrate dynamic G-to-A RNA editing changes in the brain of CSDS mouse models, underlining its role as a potential molecular mechanism of CSDS and stress-related diseases.

In this study, by adding a small amount of calcined desulfurization gypsum and aluminate cement into slag powder cement, the effects of calcined desulfurization gypsum and aluminate cement on the flowability, mechanical properties and volume stability of the composite cementitious system were studied. The results show that the mechanical properties and volume stability of the composite cementitious system can be improved by adding appropriate amount of calcined desulfurization gypsum and aluminate cement. For example, when the ratio of sulfur to aluminum is 0.5:1, the compressive strengths of calcined desulfurization gypsum-aluminate cement-slag powder cement composite cementitious system increases by 34% in 1 day, 8% in 180 days, the free expansion rates are less than 0.6%, and the expansion stresses are less than tensile strengths. The volumes are stable. The hydration products of the system mainly include AFt, Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H. During the hydration process, some of the calcined desulfurization gypsum will be converted into dihydrate desulfurization gypsum.