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ObjectiveTo provide scientific basis for the prevention and control， early warning， tracing and clinical treatment of diarrheal diseases caused by Salmonella， the serotype distribution， drug resistance and molecular typing characteristics of Salmonella isolates from infectious diarrhea patients in Huzhou City were analyzed.MethodsA total of 126 isolates of Salmonella were collected from 6 sentinel hospitals in Huzhou City from 2021 to 2022. The isolates were characterized by serovar determination， antimicrobial susceptibility tests， and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） typing.ResultsThe 126 strains of Salmonella could be divided into 28 serotypes. The dominant serotypes were Salmonella typhimurium monophasic variant （32.5%， 41/126）， Salmonella enteritidis （24.6%， 31/126） and Salmonella typhimurium （15.1%， 19/126）. Salmonella typhimurium had different resistance characteristics to 15 antibiotics. The resistance rate of Salmonella typhimurium monophasic variant to tetracycline was 73.3% （44/60）， ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole were all 56.7% （34/60）. The resistance rate of Salmonella typhimurium to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole was higher with 68.4% （13/19） and 52.6% （10/19）， respectively. The highest resistance rate of Salmonella enteritidis to ampicillin/sulbactam was 54.8% （17/31） and that of other Salmonella to tetracycline was the highest wih 51.4%（18/35）. The overall multidrug resistance rate was 62.7% （79/126）， showing 20 multidrug resistance spectra. The PFGE fingerprints of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis were obtained 46 and 15 kinds types after digested by Xba Ⅰ enzyme.ConclusionThe predominant serotypes of Salmonella infection in Huzhou City are Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis. The multi-drug resistance of Salmonella bacteria is serious. PFGE zone types are both diverse and dominant.

In this study, lemon peel residue powders were modified by microwave, high-speed shear and ultra-fine grinding, respectively, to improve its quality and the comprehensive utilization rate of lemon processing by-products. The morphological structure and thermal stability before and after modification were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The physicochemical and functional properties were measured to evaluate the overall quality of the lemon peel residue powders after different modifications. The results showed that the structure of lemon peel residue powders was loosened after these three modifications and the main functional groups were not significantly changed after the modification. The thermal stability of lemon peel residue powders was significantly improved after microwave and high-speed shear modification (P

Abstract The assembled camshaft is a novel manufacturing product which connects the cam and the mandrel by tube hydroforming (THF) technology after they are processed separately. However, in the process of THF, the structure of the cam-bores has a crucial influence on the connection strength of the assembled camshafts. Therefore, three kinds of cam-bores with circular structure, isometric-trilateral profile and logarithmic spiral profile are selected for hydroforming with a hollow mandrel (tube) in this study. The finite-element-analysis is carried out by ABAQUS software, the variations of (residual) contact pressure and contact area under different structures are obtained, and the torsional angle variations after assembly are measured. Further, the connection strength of the assembled camshaft under three structures is discussed. The results show that the evaluation of connection strength of the assembled camshaft is affected by many factors, including contact pressure, maximum residual contact pressure, axial and circular residual contact pressure, contact area and its rate, residual contact area percentage and torsional angle. Through the comprehensive analysis of various factors, the torsional angle of the camshaft with circular structure is the largest, i.e. poor connection strength. By contrast, the torsional strength of the camshaft with isometric-trilateral profile is the largest, namely, the best connection strength.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of anti-aging effect of ethanolic extract of mulberry fruit powder on the animal model of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans, nematode). Methods: To study the changes in longevity, resistance to heat stress, motility, swallowing ability and reproductive ability of nematodes after stimulation with mulberry ethanol extract (MEE). And SOD activity, CAT activity and transcript levels of anti-aging genes in nematode bodies were also investigated. Results: When the nematodes were stimulated with 5 mg/mL of MEE, the maximum lifespan extremely significantly increased by 22.24% compared to the control group (P0.05) when the swallowing capacity was improved by 30.43% compared to the control group. Meanwhile, the results showed that the enzymatic activity of SOD and CAT enzymes in nematodes increased by 21.44 and 13.84 U/mg prot, respectively, reducing the threshold of oxidative stress response. After treatment with 5 mg/mL of MEE, the expression levels of antioxidant genes sir-2.1 and skn-1 were up-regulated by 45.70% and 51.73%, respectively, and the expression levels of insulin genes daf-16 were up-regulated by 161.63% and daf-2 were down-regulated by 57.10%. The expression levels of hsp-16.2 and hsf-1, key regulators of life span and resistance to stress and thermal shock, were up-regulated by 121.13% and 41.07%. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of mulberry fruit powder achieved anti-aging effects by enhancing the activity of SOD and CAT in nematodes and up-regulating the expression levels of various groups of genes in vivo.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of low-glycemic index (GI) noodles on improving glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: Diabetic male Kunming mice were induced by STZ, the intervention group was fed with low GI noodles for 7 weeks, the glucose and lipid metabolism index were measured, and compared with the model control group fed with normal noodles. Results: Compared with the diabetic mice in the model group, the body weight, serum insulin (INS) and liver glycogen levels increased significantly (P

Objective: Aiming at the high incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, a kind of multigrain steamed bun with low glycemic index (GI) was prepared. Methods: Considering the factors of reducing GI, the whole wheat flour and buckwheat flour were used as the main raw materials, combined with pomelo, whole chia seeds, inulin, as well as the starch retrogradation treatment to make multigrain steamed bun. GI value, sensory evaluation, texture properties and resistant starch (RS) were taken as evaluation indexes. Results: The best method for processing low GI steamed bun was as follows: Taking whole wheat flour and buckwheat flour with the ratio of 7:3 as steamed bun mixed flour, 30% whole chia seeds and 9% inulin were added into the mixture, 40% pomelo was used to replace part of the dough water, and refrigerated the steamed bun at 4 ℃ for 24 h. The multigrain steamed bun prepared under this condition had a regular shape, smooth and shiny surface with good chewiness, with a resistant starch content of 1.61% and a sensory score of 85.30. The GI value was 53.98, which was 38.9% lower than that of the traditional steamed bun, and met the requirements of low GI food. Conclusion: This process could not only greatly reduce the GI value of steamed bun, but also ensure good taste of the product, which could provide a reference for the development of low GI foods.

The load acting on coal wall-support in different mining stages varies greatly. The low efficiency cutting of coal wall is the result of the mismatch between the support resistance and mining stage, and the incapability of the mine pressure to effectively break the coal. The support section resistance adjustment technology can meet the requirements of roof safety control in different mining stages (before periodic pressure, normal mining, after periodic pressure), adjust the support working resistance to change the load on the coal wall for fracturing and breaking coal, which can effectively solve the problem of thick and hard coal wall weakening. Based on the engineering background of 1102 fully mechanized working face in Yanghuopan Coal Mine, the technology of support section resistance adjustment in thick hard coal seam matching with mining stage is studied. The simulation results show the following points. ① The peak value and influence range of support pressure at each point of coal wall survey line decrease with the increase of initial support of hydraulic support in normal mining stage and pressure stage of working face. Under the same initial support, the peak value and the influence range of the support pressure on the coal wall in the pressure stage are larger than those in the normal mining stage. ② When the initial support of hydraulic support increases from 2000 kN to 8000 kN, the horizontal displacement of coal wall decreases by 17 mm in the pressure stage and 7.5 mm in the normal mining stage, indicating that reducing the initial support is conducive to weakening the hard coal wall. ③ In different mining stages, the damage degree of plastic zone of surrounding rock decreases with the increase of initial support of hydraulic support, indicating that the damage degree of coal wall decreases. ④ The support resistance is 6000-8000 kN in normal mining stage, 4000-6000 kN after periodic pressure, and more than 8 000 kN before periodic pressure, which can ensure the safety of roof and efficient cutting of thick and hard coal wall. The field application shows the following points. ① In 115 working cycles, the increased resistance state of the hydraulic support accounts for 64.8% of the statistical cycles (75.50% for the first resistance increasing type, 20.16% for the second resistance increasing type and 4.34% for the multiple resistance increasing type). The ratio of the expansion and contraction of the support movable column between 0-3% is 90%, indicating that the hydraulic support has a good capability to operate and control the roof in the field production. ② After adjusting the support resistance of the hydraulic support in sections, the average coal cutting time of the shearer is reduced to 1.8 h under the premise of effective roof control, which is reduced by 21.7% . The coal wall is weakened effectively, and the coal cutting efficiency is improved.

To improve the nutritional quality of sorghum and broaden its application in food industry, white sorghum grain was used as raw material for germination, and the changes of amino acid composition, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity, phytase activity, phytic acid and tannin content during sorghum germination were explored. The results showed that with the prolonging of germination time, the total amount of amino acids of sorghum increased significantly, reaching the maximum value of 5.694 g/100 g at 60 h , which increased 28.50%; the content of lysine reached the maximum value of 0.157 g/100 g at 72 h after germination, increased by 21.71%; GAD activity was inhanced, and GABA content was increased, reaching the maximum value of 19.026 mg/100 g at 60 h, which increased nearly 5 times; The phytase activity also increased with the prolonging of germination time, which promoted the degradation of phytic acid, and the phytic acid content decreased from 94.85 mg/100 g to 52.44 mg/100 g, decreased by 44.71%; the tannin content decrease from 1.07% to 0.14%, decreased by 86.92%. In summary, germination can significantly increase the nutritional composition of sorghum and reduce the content of anti-nutritional factors to enhance the nutritional value of sorghum.

B lymphocytes have long been recognized for their critical contributions to adaptive immunity, providing defense against pathogens through cognate antigen presentation to T cells and Ab production. More recently appreciated is that B cells are also integral in securing self-tolerance; this has led to interest in their therapeutic application to downregulate unwanted immune responses, such as transplant rejection. In this study, we found that PMA- and ionomycin-activated mouse B cells acquire regulatory properties following stimulation through TLR4/TLR9 receptors (Bregs-TLR). Bregs-TLR efficiently inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro and prevented allograft rejection. Unlike most reported Breg activities, the inhibition of alloimmune responses by Bregs-TLR relied on the expression of TGF-β and not IL-10. In vivo, Bregs-TLR interrupted donor-specific T cell expansion and induced Tregs in a TGF-β–dependent manner. RNA-Seq analyses corroborated the involvement of TGF-β pathways in Breg-TLR function, identified potential gene pathways implicated in preventing graft rejection, and suggested targets to foster Breg regulation.

With new sulphur oxides emission limits carried out in 2020, multiple desulphurisation methods have been proposed. The main desulphurisation scrubber systems were chosen and investigated using life cycle assessment. The whole system life is divided into the construction and operational phases. Three different systems classified by desulphurisers, namely, seawater, NaOH, and Mg-based systems, were modelled in GaBi software. Moreover, environmental, economic and energy aspects (3E model) were introduced for further analysis. Through this study, some conclusions have been drawn. As for the environmental aspect, the seawater system has the most pleasing performance since the primary emissions come from 1.24E+03 kg CO2 and 1.48E+01 kg chloride. The NaOH system causes 1000 times more emissions than the seawater. The Mg-based system has less pollution than the NaOH system, with 5.86E+06kg CO2 and 3.86E+03 kg chloride. The economic aspect is divided into capital expenditure (CapEx) and operational expenditure (OpEx) to estimate disbursement. The seawater system also has the most favourable cost appearance, which takes 1.7 million dollars without extra desulphuriser expenses, based on 10MW engine flue gas treatment. The next is the Mg-based system, which cost 2 million dollars in CapEx and $ 1200/year in OpEx for the desulphuriser. NaOH uses about 2.5 million dollars for construction and $ 30000/year in desulphuriser. As for the energy aspect, the seawater and Mg-based systems use less non-renewable energy than the NaOH system in the construction phase. In conclusion, the seawater system shows the best performance and could be an alternative in SOx control technologies. This study sheds light on the comprehensive evaluation of marine environmental protection technologies for further optimisation.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the world’s leading cause of death despite the best available healthcare and therapy. Emerging as a key mediator of intercellular and inter-organ communication in CVD pathogenesis, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-enclosed nano-sized vesicles released by virtually all cells, of which their RNA cargo, especially non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), has been increasingly recognized as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target. Recent evidence shows that ncRNAs, such as small ncRNAs, circular RNAs, and long ncRNAs, can be selectively sorted into EVs or other non-vesicular carriers and modulate various biological processes in recipient cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the literature regarding the origin, extracellular carrier, and functional mechanisms of extracellular ncRNAs with a focus on small ncRNAs, circular RNAs, and long ncRNAs. The pathophysiological roles of extracellular ncRNAs in various CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure, are extensively discussed. We also provide an update on recent developments and challenges in using extracellular ncRNAs as biomarkers or therapeutical targets in these CVDs.

This work evaluates the ability of various lipid-based amphiphilic small molecules (ASMs) to modulate the mechanical and rheological properties of oleogels principally structured by ethyl cellulose (EC). Six ASMs varying in the chemical structure of their polar headgroups were used to produce EC-ASM oleogels. Stearic acid (StAc), monoacylglycerol (MAG), sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL), and citric acid esters of monoglycerides (CITREM) all provided a dramatic enhancement in gel strength, while lactic acid (LACTEM) and acetic acid (ACETEM) esters produced only a marginal increase. Those additives which crystallized above 20 °C displayed pronounced changes in their network organization and crystal morphology in the presence of EC. Differences in the solid/liquid phase change behavior were also observed in select samples using differential scanning calorimetry. Both the small and large amplitude oscillatory shear responses were dependent on the ASM which was dependent on the chemistry of the headgroup, crystal network organization, and ability to plasticize the polymer network. The extent of thixotropic recovery was largely dependent on the polarity of functional groups in the ASMs, but was also influenced by the formation of a secondary crystal network. In general, ASMs which formed larger, system-spanning crystal networks (MAG, StAc) produced more brittle gels, while the highly hydrophilic, charged headgroup of SSL promoted a homogeneous distribution of small crystals, resulting in a tougher material. In the absence of a crystal network, stronger polar species in the ASM headgroup produced higher gel strength and increased elasticity. Thus, both ASM chemical structure and crystallization properties strongly contribute to the functionality of the resulting combined oleogelator systems.

Nutrient resorption from senesced leaves is an important mechanism for nutrient conservation in plants. However, little is known about the effect of grazing on plant nutrient resorption from senesced leaves, especially in semiarid ecosystems. Here, we evaluated the effects of grazing on N and P resorption in the three most dominant grass species in a typical steppe in northern China. We identified the key pathways of grazing-induced effects on N and P resorption efficiency. Grazing increased N and P concentrations in the green leaves of Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis but not in Cleistogenes squarossa. Both L. chinensis and S. grandis exhibited an increasing trend of leaf N resorption, whereas C. squarrosa recorded a decline in both leaf N and P resorption efficiency under grazing. Structural equation models showed that grazing is the primary driver of the changes in N resorption efficiency of the three dominant grass species. For L. chinensis, the P concentration in green and senesced leaves increased the P resorption efficiency, whereas the senesced leaf P concentration played an important role in the P resorption efficiency of C. squarrosa. Grazing directly drove the change in P resorption efficiency of S. grandis. Our results suggest that large variations in nutrient resorption patterns among plant species depend on leaf nutritional status and nutrient-use strategies under overgrazing, and indicate that overgrazing may have indirect effects on plant-mediated nutrient cycling via inducing shifts in the dominance of the three plant species.

Summary: Pancreatic duct epithelial cells have been suggested as a source of progenitors for pancreatic growth and regeneration. However, genetic lineage-tracing experiments with pancreatic duct-specific Cre expression have given conflicting results. Using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, we show heterogeneous expression of both HNF1β and SOX9 in adult human and murine ductal epithelium. Their expression was dynamic and diminished significantly after induced replication. Purified pancreatic duct cells formed organoid structures in 3D culture, and heterogeneity of expression of Hnf1β and Sox9 was maintained even after passaging. Using antibodies against a second cell surface molecule CD51 (human) or CD24 (mouse), we could isolate living subpopulations of duct cells enriched for high or low expression of HNF1β and SOX9. Only the CD24high (Hnfβ high/Sox9 high) subpopulation was able to form organoids. : In this article, Bonner-Weir and colleagues show heterogeneous expression of both HNF1β and SOX9 in adult human and murine ductal epithelium. Their expression was dynamic and diminished significantly after replication. Using cell surface markers, they isolated living subpopulations of duct cells with different expression profiles and potential to form organoids. Keywords: heterogeneity, organoid, pancreatic ductal cells

The effects of different concentrations of salt and alkali on root physiology and photosynthesis in oat (Avena sativa L.) at anthesis were compared. Treatment with salt and particularly with alkali, decreased yield and grain weight. Both alkali and salt treatments decreased the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content, with the effect on Pn and the chlorophyll content more marked after treatment with alkali. The decrease in Pn induced by salt and mild alkali (50 mmol L-1) contributed to a decrease in stoma opening. Under moderate and severe concentrations of alkali (100 and 150 mmol L-1 respectively), other factors rather than stoma closure were responsible for limiting Pn. The transpiration rates (Tr) in alkali-treated plants were higher than in salt-treated plants. We also observed decreases in both root volume and root dry weight, and increases in root activity in alkali- and salt-treated plants. Severe alkali and salt concentrations (150 mmol L-1) decreased the root-shoot ratio. A positive correlation between yield and root dry weight and a negative correlation between root activity and Pn were observed. Alkali and salt treatments increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, but decreased catalase (CAT) activity. Yield was negatively correlated with MDA, and the MDA content was greater under alkali treatments than after salt treatment. We conclude that alkali treatments had more severe effects on oat plants at anthesis than salt treatments.

Selection of an optimal donor pancreas is the first key task for successful islet isolation. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study in 11 centers in North America to develop an islet donor scoring system using donor variables. The data set consisting of 1,056 deceased donors was used for development of a scoring system to predict islet isolation success (defined as postpurification islet yield >400,000 islet equivalents). With the aid of univariate logistic regression analyses, we developed the North American Islet Donor Score (NAIDS) ranging from 0 to 100 points. The c index in the development cohort was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.70–0.76). The success rate increased proportionally as the NAIDS increased, from 6.8% success in the NAIDS < 50 points to 53.7% success in the NAIDS ≥ 80 points. We further validated the NAIDS using a separate set of data consisting of 179 islet isolations. A comparable outcome of the NAIDS was observed in the validation cohort. The NAIDS may be a useful tool for donor pancreas selection in clinical practice. Apart from its utility in clinical decision making, the NAIDS may also be used in a research setting as a standardized measurement of pancreas quality.

For 304L large structural parts used in nuclear power, it is hard and costly to fabricate and machine traditionally. Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has low cost and high material utilization, which provides an efficient way to fabricate the large structural parts. So in this study, WAAM is used to fabricate the parts of 304L stainless steel. Through the tensile test and metallographic analysis, the mechanical properties and microstructure of the 304L stainless steel fabricated by WAAM were explored. The results indicate that with the layers depositing, the cooling rate becomes slower, the dendrites become thicker and the morphology becomes more stable. Due to the existence of dendrites, the grain boundary strengthening effect is different between the transverse direction and longitudinal direction, and resulting in anisotropy of mechanical properties. However, the mechanical properties of the parts correspond to the forged piece, which lays the foundation for future applications.