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Delay discounting tasks measure the relation between reinforcer delay and efficacy. The present study established the association between delay discounting and classroom behavior and introduced a brief measure quantifying sensitivity to reward delays for school-aged children. Study 1 reanalyzed data collected by Reed and Martens (J Appl Behav Anal 44(1):1-18, https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-1, 2011) and found that 1-month delay choices predicted student classroom behavior. Study 2 examined the utility of the 1-month delay indifference point in predicting saving and spending behavior of second-grade students using token economies with two different token production schedules. Collectively, results showed (a) the 1-month delay indifference point predicted classroom behavior, (b) children who discounted less and had greater self-regulation, accrued and saved more tokens, and (c) a variable token production schedule better correlated with discounting than a fixed schedule. Implications are discussed regarding utility of a rapid discounting assessment for applied use.

In Korea, there are cases where nurses use abusive language while teaching new nurses. Nursing students who observe and experience this kind of violence question themselves if they will be able to perform well in such an environment. This descriptive research study examined the mediating effect of negative emotions and the regulated mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between indirect experiences of violence and career identity. Junior- and senior-year students in the nursing departments of nine universities located in Gyeonggi Province and Seoul were recruited using snowball sampling from August 1st to August 31st, 2021. A total of 254 participants completed the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS PROCESS macro. The factors that affected career identity were indirect experience of violence ([beta] = -0.1978, p = 0.0001), negative emotions ([beta] = -0.2364, p < 0.0001), and resilience ([beta] = 0.3107, p < 0.0001). Resilience ([beta] = -0.1113, p = 0.0112) had a moderated mediating effect on negative emotions. The index of moderated mediation of negative emotions and resilience was statistically significant at -0.0284 (95% CI [-0.0549, -0.0046]). As a result of this study, when students see a violent situation, they have negative emotions such as fear of making a mistake, and their confidence in nursing performance decreases. In order to avoid this situation, they avoid their career path. In this study, it showed that the greater the resilience, the greater the ability to overcome it. Violence itself needs to be improved, and resilience strengthening programs are needed for children and women exposed to violence.

Background Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) related disease is an immune-mediated fibroinflammatory condition that can affect multiple organs. There are only few reports of pachymeningeal involvement by IgG4 related disease in Korea. Case Report A 50-year-old woman was admitted due to generalized seizure and headache. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed nodular dural thickening and enhancement in the right frontal areas. A meningeal biopsy was performed. On pathology, chronic inflammation, fibrosis and plasma cell infiltration were revealed. Immunoglobulin G4 immunohistochemistry showed prominent IgG4+ plasma cell infiltrate. Serum IgG level was normal but IgG4 subclass level was significantly elevated. She was treated with intravenous dexamethasone followed by oral prednisolone. After 1 year of treatment, brain MRI showed marked decrease of dural thickening and enhancement. Conclusion We report a case of IgG4 related pachymeningitis improved with corticosteroid. IgG4 related disease should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with hypertrophic pachymeningitis.

BACKGROUND:In acute ischemic stroke, blood pressure (BP) tends to rise initially and fall to a baseline level within 24-48 hours. Previous studies reported several different effects of BPs during acute ischemic stroke on clinical outcomes, which was partly due to the different time intervals from stroke onset to BP measurement. METHODS:All patients with acute ischemic stroke (onset ≤3 hours) who lived independently before the stroke, were consecutively enrolled for a 62-month period. BPs at 0, 12, and 24 hours after admission were collected. A favorable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0-2 at discharge. For different standards of BP management, patients were grouped and analyzed according to intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment and favorable outcome. RESULTS:Among the 446 enrolled patients, 227 patients underwent IV tPA treatment and 216 had mRS score 0-2 at discharge. Patients with favorable outcomes had lower initial NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, less frequent progressive neurological deficits, and lower systolic BP (SBP) 12 and 24 hours after admission than patients with unfavorable outcomes, regardless of whether they underwent tPA treatment or not (p

The purpose of this study was to explore classroom choir teachers' perceptions of choral methods topics in secondary choral teaching preparedness. Members of the American Choral Directors Association Facebook Group who had classroom choir teaching experiences and responded to a survey (N = 100) participated in this study. I employed two procedures. First, participants rated 16 choral methods topics on their importance to classroom choral teaching preparedness using a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 = not very important to 7 = very important). I then arranged participants' mean ratings of the 16 items in order of importance. The five most important participants-rated items were choral rehearsal techniques, choral classroom management, vocal techniques, choral repertoire and literature, and choral student recruitment/retention. The five least important participants-rated items were choral microteaching, choral class administrative tasks, choral music student assessment, choral conducting techniques, and diction. Additionally, participants selected their five most important choral methods topics using the same 16 choral methods topics. The five most important participants-selected topics were choral rehearsal techniques, vocal techniques, choral classroom management, choral repertoire and literature, and sight-singing skills. The findings of this study could be helpful for choral methods instructors in prioritizing instructional and learning activities for preservice music teachers' classroom choral instruction.

To investigate a novel function of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus on focal cell adhesion stimulation, alterations to the regulation of focal cell adhesion-related factors were analyzed in NHDF cells and a calvarial defect rat model after treatment with methanol extracts of D. tuberculatus (MED). MED contained gallic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, and naringenin in high concentrations. The proliferation activity, focal cell adhesion ability, adhesion receptors-mediated signaling pathway in NHDF cells were increased by MED. Also, a dense adhered tissue layer and adherent cells on MED-coated titanium plate (MEDTiP) surfaces were detected during regeneration of calvarial bone. The results of the present study provide novel evidence that MED may stimulate focal cell adhesion in NHDF cells and a calvarial defect rat model.