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Artists and laypeople differ in their ability to create drawings. Previous research has shown that artists have improved memory performance during drawing, however, do they have better visual memory after the drawing is finished? In this paper, we focused on the question of differences in visual memory between art students and the general population in two studies. In Study 1, both groups studied a set of images and later drew them in a surprise drawing task. In Study 2, the drawings from Study 1 were evaluated by a different set of raters based on their drawing quality and similarity to the original image in order to link drawing evaluations with memory performance for both groups. Moreover, Study 2 has practical implications for the usage of drawing as a tool for measuring free recall - the majority of the drawings were recognizable, and raters showed a high level of consistency during their evaluation of the drawings. We found that both groups showed comparable visual memory performance, however, the artist group produced drawings of both better quality and similarity to the original image. On an individual level, participants whose drawings were rated as better showed higher recognition accuracy. However, we found that artists did not have better visual memory than laypeople.

Problematic internet use (PIU) has adverse effects on adolescent health. Parenting may play an important role in the prevention of this condition, but the associations between PIU and parental behavior are unknown. This meta-analysis examined the associations between adolescent PIU and general and media-specific parenting. Studies were obtained using searches in scientific databases and using references identified from bibliographies. Searches covered English written journal articles, master's theses, and doctoral dissertations from the year each database started until April 2022. Studies were included if they (a) measured PIU, (b) measured parenting, (c) used data obtained from children or adolescents, and (d) reported a valid analysis. Two coders decided whether each study met the required criteria. Data were pooled using a random effects model. We found weak negative associations between PIU and general parenting, namely, warmth (r = -0.17, [-0.13, -0.20], k = 24; N = 58401), control (r = -0.10, [-0.01, -0.18], k = 10, N = 12199), and authoritative parenting (r = -0.12, [-0.02, -0.21], k = 8, N = 5431), but the associations between PIU and media-specific parenting, namely, active mediation (r = -0.02, [-0.07, 0.02], k = 11, N = 30545) and restrictive mediation (r = 0.01, [-0.10, 0.11], k = 16, N = 36997), were non-significant. In older adolescents, the association between restrictive mediation and PIU was significant but positive. Media parenting has only weak association with PIU and thus restrictions should be used cautiously, especially in older adolescents. Additional prospective studies on parenting and specific PIU activities are needed.

Functional connectivity analysis is a common approach to the characterization of brain function. While studies of functional connectivity have predominantly focused on resting-state fMRI, naturalistic paradigms, such as movie watching, are increasingly being used. This ecologically valid, yet relatively unconstrained acquisition state has been shown to improve subject compliance and, potentially, enhance individual differences. However, unlike the reliability of resting-state functional connectivity, the reliability of functional connectivity during naturalistic viewing has not yet been fully established. The current study investigates the intra-session reliability of functional connectivity during naturalistic viewing sessions to extend its understanding. Using fMRI data of 24 subjects measured at rest as well as during six naturalistic viewing conditions, we quantified the split-half reliability of each condition, as well as cross-condition reliabilities. We find that intra-session reliability is relatively high for all conditions. While cross-condition reliabilities are higher for pairings of two naturalistic viewing conditions, split-half reliability is highest for the resting state. Potential sources of variability across the conditions, as well as the strengths and limitations of using intra-session reliability as a measure in naturalistic viewing, are discussed.

In everyday life, we often view objects through a limited aperture (e.g., soccer players on TV or cars slipping into our blind spot on a busy road), where objects often move out of view and reappear in a different place later. We modelled this situation in a series of multiple object tracking (MOT) experiments, in which we introduced a cover on the edges of the observed area and manipulated its width. This method introduced systematic occlusions, which were longer than those used in previous MOT studies. Experiment 1 ( N = 50) showed that tracking under such conditions is possible, although difficult. An item-level analysis confirmed that people made more errors in targets that were covered longer and more often. In Experiment 2 ( N = 50), we manipulated the tracking workload and found that the participants were less affected by the cover when the tracking load was low. In Experiment 3 ( N = 50), we asked the participants to keep track of the objects’ identities (multiple identity tracking [MIT]). Although MIT is subjectively more demanding, memorising identities improved performance in the most difficult cover conditions. Contrary to previous reports, we also found that even partial occlusions negatively affected tracking.

International audience; The attentional spatial-numerical association of response codes (Att-SNARC) effect (Fischer, Castel, Dodd, & Pratt, 2003)-the finding that participants are quicker to detect left-side targets when the targets are preceded by small numbers and quicker to detect right-side targets when they are preceded by large numbers-has been used as evidence for embodied number representations and to support strong claims about the link between number and space (e.g., a mental number line). We attempted to replicate Experiment 2 of Fischer et al. by collecting data from 1,105 participants at 17 labs. Across all 1,105 participants and four interstimulus-interval conditions, the proportion of times the effect we observed was positive (i.e., directionally consistent with the original effect) was .50. Further, the effects we observed both within and across labs were minuscule and incompatible with those observed by Fischer et al. Given this, we conclude that we failed to replicate the effect reported by Fischer et al. In addition, our analysis of several participantlevel moderators (finger-counting habits, reading and writing direction, handedness, and mathematics fluency and mathematics anxiety) revealed no substantial moderating effects. Our results indicate that the Att-SNARC effect cannot be used as evidence to support strong claims about the link between number and space.

Supplemental material, CollingOpenPracticesDisclosure for Registered Replication Report on Fischer, Castel, Dodd, and Pratt (2003) by Lincoln J. Colling, Dénes Szűcs, Damiano De Marco, Krzysztof Cipora, Rolf Ulrich, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Donna Bryce, Sau-Chin Chen, Philipp Alexander Schroeder, Dion T. Henare, Christine K. Chrystall, Paul M. Corballis, Daniel Ansari, Celia Goffin, H. Moriah Sokolowski, Peter J. B. Hancock, Ailsa E. Millen, Stephen R. H. Langton, Kevin J. Holmes, Mark S. Saviano, Tia A. Tummino, Oliver Lindemann, Rolf A. Zwaan, Jiří Lukavský, Adéla Becková, Marek A. Vranka, Simone Cutini, Irene Cristina Mammarella, Claudio Mulatti, Raoul Bell, Axel Buchner, Laura Mieth, Jan Philipp Röer, Elise Klein, Stefan Huber, Korbinian Moeller, Brenda Ocampo, Juan Lupiáñez, Javier Ortiz-Tudela, Juanma de la Fuente, Julio Santiago, Marc Ouellet, Edward M. Hubbard, Elizabeth Y. Toomarian, Remo Job, Barbara Treccani and Blakeley B. McShane in Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science

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Purpose: To assess the neuropsychological performance recoded over a period of 5 years after stereotactic radiofrequency amygdalohippocampectomy (SAHE) in the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Material and Methods: Thirty patients (mean age 38 years, 14 females/16 males) were included in this study. Twenty-one patients were treated on the left side, 9 on the right. Patients underwent neuropsychological evaluation by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised preoperatively and 5 years after SAHE. Results: Twenty-three (77%) patients were classified as Engel class I. At the group level, we found significant increases in all intelligence domains (Global, Visual, and Performance) by 19.1 (7.4), 15.8 (6.1), and 19.1 (7.9) points, respectively. Significant improvements were also detected in all memory measures (Global, Verbal, Visual, Attention/Concentration, Delayed Recall) by 19.4 (14.2), 16.9 (13.3), 19.0 (14.7), 15.3 (15.0), and 24.6 (13.4), respectively. Patients with left-sided surgery improved significantly more in Attention/Concentration. Otherwise, there were no statistically significant differences in memory function improvements between subgroups according to the operated side. Conclusion: After SAHE, we found favorable long-term neuropsychological outcomes. These results could be caused by incomplete destruction of target structures and minimization of collateral damage that possibly enables adaptive postoperative neuronal reorganization.

People are remarkably good at remembering photographs. To further investigate the nature of the stored representations and the fidelity of human memories, it would be useful to evaluate the visual similarity of stimuli presented in experiments. Here, we explored the possible use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) as a measure of perceptual or representational similarity of visual scenes with respect to visual memory research. In Experiment 1, we presented participants with sets of nine images from the same scene category and tested whether they were able to detect the most distant scene in the image space defined by CNN. Experiment 2 was a visual variant of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. We asked participants to remember a set of photographs from the same scene category. The photographs were preselected based on their distance to a particular visual prototype (defined as centroid of the image space). In the recognition test, we observed higher false alarm rates for scenes closer to this visual prototype. Our findings show that the similarity measured by CNN is reflected in human behavior: people can detect odd-one-out scenes or be lured to false alarms with similar stimuli. This method can be used for further studies regarding visual memory for complex scenes.

The present research was motivated by the routine digital media practice of producing page layouts as composite images that include several unrelated pictures. We investigated whether or how visually highlighting affective and positional components of pictures in a viewer’s field of vision might influence viewer perception and evaluation of the composite image. We examined combinations of visual, spatial, and affective features of cues in composite images to learn whether they affected the viewer’s attentional capture of other affective information in the composite image and viewer’s affective evaluations. The manipulation check of the feature combinations (positive/negative affect, presence/absence of highlighted color, central/peripheral position) showed significant effects of these features and their interactions on viewers’ eye movements. On the other hand, we observed only a small effect on viewers’ affective evaluations. Our results suggested that media page layout designers might manipulate the viewer’s attention by visual and positional adjustments of affective components in composite images. Future researchers might use this study’s design to better understand the human perception of real media images.

Clanek na zakladě kvantitativni a kvalitativni analýz y odpovědi 9810 rodiců zkouma vnimani vzdělavani v domacim prostředi z pohledu rodiců v době uzavřených zakladnich skol z důvodu pandemie COVID-19. Cilem empirickeho setřeni bylo odpovědět na otazky, jake bariery ve vzdělavani doma v době uzavřených zakladnich skol rodice identifikuji, jaka řeseni by uvitali, ale take jaký je vztah mezi rodinou a skolou v situaci vzdělavani doma. Analyzovana data pochazeji z výzkumu Vzdělavani doma, který byl uskutecněn v dubnu 2020 za podpory Ceske televize. Výsledky výzkumu ukazuji, že existuje zasadni rozdil mezi rodici prvostupňových a druhostupňových žaků, kteři jednak vnimaji odlisne bariery a jednak jmenuji jina řeseni nastale situace. Význam výsledků tkvi v tom, že nejenom upozorňuji na bariery ve spolupraci mezi rodinou a skolou, ale naznacuji i možna řeseni problemů, ktere přinesla neocekavana situace.

In the contexts of digital game-based and multimedia learning, little is known about the strengths of associations between positive affective-motivational factors elicited during a study session and the quality of knowledge acquisition. Here, we take a step forward in filling this gap by re-analyzing our 11 experiments carried out between 2009–2017, featuring digital games, a simulation, animations, or a computerized presentation (total N = 1,288; primarily Czech and Slovak high school and university learners). The correlational meta-analysis showed that the overall relationship between positive affective-motivational variables and learning outcomes was significant, but relatively weak. The weaker relationship was found for enjoyment and generalized positive affect compared to flow. The finding corroborates the idea that affective-motivational states may be differentially related to learning outcomes. Future research should investigate why some affective-motivational states seem to play relatively limited roles in learning from multimedia instructional materials.

Previous studies have demonstrated that humans have a remarkable capacity to memorise a large number of scenes. The research on memorability has shown that memory performance can be predicted by the content of an image. We explored how remembering an image is affected by the image properties within the context of the reference set, including the extent to which it is different from its neighbours (image-space sparseness) and if it belongs to the same category as its neighbours (uniformity). We used a reference set of 2,048 scenes (64 categories), evaluated pairwise scene similarity using deep features from a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN), and calculated the image-space sparseness and uniformity for each image. We ran three memory experiments, varying the memory workload with experiment length and colour/greyscale presentation. We measured the sensitivity and criterion value changes as a function of image-space sparseness and uniformity. Across all three experiments, we found separate effects of 1) sparseness on memory sensitivity, and 2) uniformity on the recognition criterion. People better remembered (and correctly rejected) images that were more separated from others. People tended to make more false alarms and fewer miss errors in images from categorically uniform portions of the image-space. We propose that both image-space properties affect human decisions when recognising images. Additionally, we found that colour presentation did not yield better memory performance over grayscale images.

In this study, we use separate eye-tracking measurements and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neuronal and behavioral response to painted portraits with direct versus averted gaze. We further explored modulatory effects of several painting characteristics (premodern vs modern period, influence of style and pictorial context). In the fMRI experiment, we show that the direct versus averted gaze elicited increased activation in lingual and inferior occipital and the fusiform face area, as well as in several areas involved in attentional and social cognitive processes, especially the theory of mind: angular gyrus/temporo-parietal junction, inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The additional eye-tracking experiment showed that participants spent more time viewing the portrait's eyes and mouth when the portrait's gaze was directed towards the observer. These results suggest that static and, in some cases, highly stylized depictions of human beings in artistic portraits elicit brain activation commensurate with the experience of being observed by a watchful intelligent being. They thus involve observers in implicit inferences of the painted subject's mental states and emotions. We further confirm the substantial influence of representational medium on brain activity.

Concern about postoperative worsening of cognitive functions after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery is an important issue. In this article we review our data on neuropsychological outcome after radiofrequency (RF) ablation of amygdalohippocampal complex (AHC). On a group level we found initial improvement in intelligence domains and unchanged memory scores one year after the surgery. During longitudinal follow-up, we found improvement in both intellectual and memory domains. This improvement was most pronounced up to two years after surgery. On an individual level, no patient worsened in any intellectual domain and most patients improved in memory. We hypothesize that this favorable outcome may be a consequence of minimization of collateral damage and incomplete destruction of target structures. We also summarize our experience with psychiatric complications of the procedure.

We have recently shown in Finnish speakers that articulation of certain vowels and consonants has a systematic influence on simultaneous grasp actions as well as on forward and backward hand movements. Here we studied whether these effects generalize to another language, namely Czech. We reasoned that if the results generalized to another language environment, it would suggest that the effects arise through other processes than language-dependent semantic associations. Rather, the effects would be likely to arise through language-independent interactions between processes that plan articulatory gestures and hand movements. Participants were presented with visual stimuli specifying articulations to be uttered (e.g., A or I), and they were required to produce a manual response concurrently with the articulation. In Experiment 1 they responded with a precision or a power grip, whereas in Experiment 2 they responded with a forward or a backward hand movement. The grip congruency effect was fully replicated: the consonant [k] and the vowel [alpha] were associated with power grip responses, while the consonant [t] and the vowel [i] were associated with precision grip responses. The forward/backward congruency effect was replicated with vowels [alpha], [o], which were associated with backward movement and with [ i], which was associated with forward movement, but not with consonants [k] and [ t]. These findings suggest that the congruency effects mostly reflect interaction between processes that plan articulatory gestures and hand movements with an exception that the forward/backward congruency effect might only work with vowel articulation.

In the last years, there has been a considerable increase of research into the neuroimaging correlates of inter-individual temperament and character variability-an endeavour for which the term 'personality neuroscience' was coined. Among other neuroimaging modalities and approaches, substantial work focuses on functional connectivity in resting state (rs-FC) functional magnetic resonance imaging data. In the current paper, we set out to independently query the questions asked in a highly cited study that reported a range of functional connectivity correlates of personality dimensions assessed by the widely used 'Big Five' Personality Inventory. Using a larger sample (84 subjects) and an equivalent data analysis pipeline, we obtained widely disagreeing results compared to the original study. Overall, the results were in line with the hypotheses of no relation between functional connectivity and personality, when more precise permutation-based multiple testing procedures were applied. The results demonstrate that as with other neuroimaging studies, great caution should be applied when interpreting the findings, among other reasons due to multiple testing problem involved at several levels in many neuroimaging studies. Of course, the current study results can not ultimately disprove the existence of some link between personality and brain's intrinsic functional architecture, but clearly shows that its form is very likely different and much more subtle and elusive than was previously reported.

Changes in perception during space missions are usually attributed to microgravity. However, additional factors, such as spatial confinement, may contribute to changes in perception. We tested changes in scene perception using a boundary extension (BE) paradigm during a 105-day Earth-based space-simulation study. In addition to the close-up/wide-angle views used in BE, we presented two types of scenes based on the distance from the observer (proximal/distant scenes). In crew members (n = 6), we found that BE partly increased over time, but the size of BE error did not change in the control group (n = 22). We propose that this effect is caused by an increasing BE effect in stimuli that depict distant scenes and is related to spatial confinement. The results might be important for other situations of spatial confinement with restricted visual depth (e.g., submarine crew, patients confined to a bed). Generally, we found a larger BE effect in proximal scenes compared with the distant scenes. We also demonstra...

Adding anthropomorphic graphical elements to computerized learning materials has been shown to enhance learning. We have prepared an experimental study, in which we will investigate if learning is enhanced because of the elevated positive affect of learners or due to the attention-capturing effect of the anthropomorphisms. Here, we present a pilot study asking if eye tracking might help in answering this question. Participants (N = 23) studied from one of three versions (schematic, enhanced black-and-white, enhanced with color) of instructional slides about the influenza virus for about 10 minutes; with eye tracking. Their prior and, especially, post hoc negative affect was elevated, and positive affect decreased compared to participants from a similar experiment without an eye tracker (N = 37). One-third of participants reported higher nervousness due to the eye tracker. The attention-capturing effect was possible to measure; but with limitations. The implications for emotional design studies with eye tracking are discussed.

In everyday life, people often need to track moving objects. Recently, a topic of discussion has been whether people rely solely on the locations of tracked objects, or take their directions into account in multiple object tracking (MOT). In the current paper, we pose a related question: do people utilise extrapolation in their gaze behaviour, or, in more practical terms, should the mathematical models of gaze behaviour in an MOT task be based on objects' current, past or anticipated positions? We used a data-driven approach with no a priori assumption about the underlying gaze model. We repeatedly presented the same MOT trials forward and backward and collected gaze data. After reversing the data from the backward trials, we gradually tested different time adjustments to find the local maximum of similarity. In a series of four experiments, we showed that the gaze position lagged by approximately 110 ms behind the scene content. We observed the lag in all subjects (Experiment 1). We further experimented to determine whether tracking workload or predictability of movements affect the size of the lag. Low workload led only to a small non-significant shortening of the lag (Experiment 2). Impairing the predictability of objects' trajectories increased the lag (Experiments 3a and 3b). We tested our observations with predictions of a centroid model: we observed a better fit for a model based on the locations of objects 110 ms earlier. We conclude that mathematical models of gaze behaviour in MOT should account for the lags.

In experiments investigating dynamic tasks, it is often useful to examine eye movement scan patterns. We can present trials repeatedly and compute within-subjects/conditions similarity in order to distinguish between signal and noise in gaze data. To avoid obvious repetitions of trials, filler trials must be added to the experimental protocol, resulting in long experiments. Alternatively, trials can be modified to reduce the chances that the participant will notice the repetition, while avoiding significant changes in the scan patterns. In tasks in which the stimuli can be geometrically transformed without any loss of meaning, flipping the stimuli around either of the axes represents a candidate modification. In this study, we examined whether flipping of stimulus object trajectories around the x- and y-axes resulted in comparable scan patterns in a multiple object tracking task. We developed two new strategies for the statistical comparison of similarity between two groups of scan patterns, and then tested those strategies on artificial data. Our results suggest that although the scan patterns in flipped trials differ significantly from those in the original trials, this difference is small (as little as a 13 % increase of overall distance). Therefore, researchers could use geometric transformations to test more complex hypotheses regarding scan pattern coherence while retaining the same duration for experiments.

The ability to acquire, remember and use information about locations of objects in one's proximal surrounding is a fundamental aspect of human spatial cognition. In this paper, we present a computational model of this ability. The model provides a possible explanation of contradictory results from experimental psychology related to this ability, namely explanation of why some experiments have reproduced the so-called ''disorientation effect'' while others have failed to do so. Additionally, in contrast to other computational models of various aspects of spatial cognition, our model is integrated within an intelligent virtual agent. Thus, on a more general level, this paper also demonstrates that it is possible to use intelligent virtual agents as a powerful research tool in computational cognitive sciences.

Episodic memory has been approached from many levels of analysis and many of its facets have been modeled computationally. Recently, several models of episodic memory have emerged in the domain of intelligent virtual agents (IVAs). Compared to neuro-/psychological models, their plausibility is limited. On the other hand, they can store representations of large environments and other complex memories over long-time intervals. This paper presents one such model and discusses the possibility of using IVAs as a test-bed to investigate neuro-/psychological models. The conclusion is that IVAs and their virtual environments can constitute an ecologically plausible framework allowing for study and integration of the neuro-/psychological models.

In recent years, attention has been focused on investigating the effectiveness of composite memory intervention programs with different age and diagnostics groups. The goal of this study was to measure changes in cognitive lapses by Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) in a large trained, dementia free group (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] > 26). The CFQ was administrated to older adults before training (Wave 1), after training (Wave 2), and in a six-month follow-up (Wave 3) to an experimental (N = 77; memory training) and control sample (N = 78, no intervention). Significant changes in subjective cognitive functioning in the experimental group and a plateau curve in the control group were observed. The results indicate support for the efficiency of a large memory-training group in promoting subjective cognitive functioning.

Contrary to other tasks (free viewing, recognition, visual search), participants often fail to recognize repetition of trials in multiple object tracking (MOT). This study examines the intra- and interindividual variability of eye movements in repeated MOT trials along with the adherence of eye movements to the previously described strategies. I collected eye movement data from 20 subjects during 64 MOT trials at slow speed (5°/s). Half of the trials were repeated four times, and the remaining trials were unique. I measured the variability of eye-movement patterns during repeated trials using normalized scanpath saliency extended to the temporal domain. People tended to make similar eye movements during repeated presentations (with no or vague feeling of repetition) and the interindividual similarity remained at the same level over time. Several strategies (centroid strategy and its variants) were compared with data and they accounted for 48.8% to 54.3% of eye-movement variability, which was less then variability explained by other peoples' eye movements (68.6%). The results show that the observed intra- and interindividual similarity of eye movements is only partly explained by the current models.

Episodic memory represents personal history of an entity. Humanlike agents with a full episodic memory are able to reconstruct their personal stories to a large extent. Since these agents typically live in dynamic environments that change beyond their capabilities, their memory must cope with determining trustfulness of memory records. In this paper, we propose an associative network addressing this issue with regard to records about objects an agent met during its live. The network is presently being implemented into our case-study human-like agent with a full episodic memory.

A typical present-day virtual actor is able to store episodes in an ad hocmanner, which does not allow for reconstructing the actor's personal stories. We have prototyped a virtual RPG actor with a fullepisodic memory, which allows for this reconstruction. The paper overviews the work done and sketches the work in progress.

Episodic memory (EM) is an umbrella term for memory systems that operate with representations of personal history of an entity. The content of EM is related to particular places and moments, and connected to subjective feelings and current goals. Recently, it has been argued that EM is one of the key components contributing to believability of intelligent virtual agents (IVAs), at least when agents interact with humans for more than a couple of minutes, because it allows the user to understand better the agent's history, personality, and internal state: both actual state and past state [e.g. 2, 5]. Technically, the EM is merely a data structure for loss compression of the flow of external events. The EM cannot be implemented as a pure log/video, because these are bad data structures (including human level). Why are they bad? First, they produce too large data. Second, they are not well organised with respect to future possible queries: neither a log nor a video have appropriate indexes in terms of database systems. A better approach is needed.