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α2 adrenergic agonists are widely used in clinical anesthesia and ICU sedation owing to their effective sedative and analgesic effects. Lumbago and leg pain is the most common clinical pain disease. Studies have reported that lumbago and leg pain is associated with dysregulation of paravertebral muscles, especially psoas major muscles. In the present study, a unilateral lower extremity chronic inflammation and pain model was established by subcutaneous administration of low-dose complete Fredrin's adjuvant (CFA) into the posterior paw of rats. α2 adrenalin receptor agonist was then injected into the psoas major muscle. Behavioral tests were conducted for 21 days. Psoas major muscle tissue was harvested for evaluation of biochemical indexes related to pain. The effect of α2 adrenergic receptor agonist injected into psoas major muscle on chronic inflammatory pain of lower extremities in rats was explored. The results showed that injection of α2 adrenergic receptor agonist into the psoas major muscle relieved CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Administration of α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine reversed the analgesic effect of α2 adrenergic receptor agonists. Administration of dexmedetomidine into psoas major muscle downregulated the levels of norepinephrine, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in tissues. The findings of the present study show that administration of α2 adrenoceptor agonists into the psoas major muscle relieves chronic inflammatory pain induced by CFA. Local injection of dexmedetomidine also exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-sympathetic effect by activating α2-adrenoceptor in the psoas major muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundHypertension is one of the leading risk factors for ischemic heart diseases, and high rates of hypertension prevalence have either remained the same or increased in developing countries in recent years. Unfortunately, about 20% to 50% of patients with chronic diseases have been nonadherent to their drug therapy. SMS text messaging and pharmacy student–led consultations have the potential to help patients manage their blood pressure (BP). ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of SMS text messaging and consultation to manage the BP of Chinese patients with hypertension. MethodsWe conducted a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial among patients with hypertension in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China, and recruited 384 patients from 8 community health care centers. Patients were randomized into an intervention group to receive SMS text messages and consultations or into a control group to receive usual care for 3 months. We sent SMS text messages at 3-day intervals and collected data at baseline (including demographics, clinical outcomes, medication complexity, side effects, patient behavior, knowledge about hypertension, BP, and medication adherence) and the 3-month follow-up (including BP, medication adherence, and knowledge about hypertension). ResultsWe assessed 445 patients with hypertension and excluded 61 patients who were not eligible or who had not filled out their questionnaires. The mean age of the patients was 68.5 (SD 7.9) years in the intervention group and 69.4 (SD 9.7) years in the control group, and the sample was primarily female (265/384, 69.0%). Patients in the intervention group showed significant improvements in systolic BP (SBP; mean 134.5 mm Hg, SD 15.5 mm Hg vs mean 140.7 mm Hg, SD 15.2 mm Hg; P=.001), medication adherence (mean 7.4, SD 1.2 vs mean 7.0, SD 1.3; P=.04), and knowledge about hypertension (mean 6.3, SD 0.9 vs mean 5.9, SD 1.2; P=.004) compared with those in the control group. In measures of diastolic BP (DBP), the two arms showed nonsignificant improvements (mean 78.2 mm Hg, SD 9.0 mm Hg vs mean 77.2 mm Hg, SD 10.3 mm Hg; P=.06). In total, 176 patients had controlled BP at the 3-month follow-up (98 patients in the intervention group vs 78 patients in the control group), but it was nonsignificant (P=.08). ConclusionsThe use of SMS text messaging and consultation to manage SBP and improve medication adherence is effective, feasible, and acceptable among Chinese patients with hypertension, although a significant difference was not observed with regard to DBP. It is important to maximize the potential of SMS text messaging and consultation by increasing the feasibility and acceptance of mobile interventions and conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis on this method. Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1900026862; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=42717.

Highlights: [•] Non-noxious mechanical stimulus elicits itch in skin inflamed by complete Freund's adjuvant. [•] Subcutaneous naltrexone reduces alloknesis score. [•] Premedication with kinin B1 receptor antagonist reduces alloknesis score. [•] Premedication with kinin B2 receptor antagonist increases alloknesis score. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

α 2 adrenergic agonists are widely used in clinical anesthesia and ICU sedation owing to their effective sedative and analgesic effects. Lumbago and leg pain is the most common clinical pain disease. Studies have reported that lumbago and leg pain is associated with dysregulation of paravertebral muscles, especially psoas major muscles. In the present study, a unilateral lower extremity chronic inflammation and pain model was established by subcutaneous administration of low-dose complete Fredrin's adjuvant (CFA) into the posterior paw of rats. α 2 adrenalin receptor agonist was then injected into the psoas major muscle. Behavioral tests were conducted for 21 days. Psoas major muscle tissue was harvested for evaluation of biochemical indexes related to pain. The effect of α 2 adrenergic receptor agonist injected into psoas major muscle on chronic inflammatory pain of lower extremities in rats was explored. The results showed that injection of α 2 adrenergic receptor agonist into the psoas major muscle relieved CFA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Administration of α 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine reversed the analgesic effect of α 2 adrenergic receptor agonists. Administration of dexmedetomidine into psoas major muscle downregulated the levels of norepinephrine, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in tissues. The findings of the present study show that administration of α 2 adrenoceptor agonists into the psoas major muscle relieves chronic inflammatory pain induced by CFA. Local injection of dexmedetomidine also exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-sympathetic effect by activating α 2 -adrenoceptor in the psoas major muscle.