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The ecotoxicological effect of after-usage released TiO2 nanoparticles in aquatic resources has been a major concern owing to their production and utilization in different applications. Addressing the issue, this study investigates the detailed in vivo molecular toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles with Paramecium caudatum. TiO2 nano particles were synthesized at a lab scale using high energy ball milling technique; characterized for their physicochemical properties and investigated for their ecotoxicological impact on oxidative stress, steatosis, and apoptosis of cells through different biochemical analysis, flow cytometry, and fluorescent microscopy. TiO2 nanoparticles; TiO2 (N15); of size 36 +/- 12 nm were synthesized with a zeta potential of 20.2 +/- 8.8 mV and bandgap of 4.6 +/- 0.3 eV and exhibited a blue shift in UV-spectrum. Compared to the Bulk TiO2, the TiO2 (N15) exhibited higher cytotoxicity with a 24 h LC50 of 202.4 mu g/ml with P. Caudatum. The mechanism was elucidated as the size and charge-dependent internalization of nanoparticles leading to abnormal physiological metabolism in oxidative stress, steatosis, and apoptosis because of their influential effect on the activity of metabolic proteins like SOD, GSH, MDA, and catalase. The study emphasized the controlled usage TiO2 nanoparticles in daily activity with a concern for ecological and biomedical aspects.

Phage Tail Like bacteriocins (PTLBs) has been an area of interest in the last couple of years owing to their varied application against multi-drug resistant (MDR), anti-microbial resistant (AMR) pathogens and their evolutionary link with the dsDNA virus and bacteriophages. PTLBs are defective phages derived from Myoviridae and Sipho-viridae phages, PTLBs are distinguished into R-type (Rigid type) characterized by a non-flexible contractile nanotube resembling Myoviridae phage contractile tails, and F-type (Flexible type) with a flexible non-contractile rod-like structure similar to Siphoviridae phages. In this review, we have discussed the structural association, mechanism, and characterization of PTLBs. Moreover, we have elucidated the symbiotic biological function and application of PTLBs against MDR and XDR pathogens and highlighted the evolutionary role of PTLBs. The difficulties that must be overcome to implement PTLBs clinically are also discussed. It is imperative that these issues be addressed by academics in future studies before being implemented in clinical settings. This article is novel in its way as it will not only provide us with a gateway that acts as a novel strategy for scholars to mitigate and control the uprising issue of AMR pathogens but also promote the development of clinical studies for PTLBs.

The abounding use of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4) requires a detailed understanding of their environmental and biomedical nanotoxicity and an eminent solution to the associated hazards; molecular and atomic aspects of the subject are poorly understood. This study reconnoiters the in vitro and in vivo nanotoxicity of Co3O4 nanoparticles using human colon cell lines and the embryonic zebrafish model. The synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles (G-CoONP) is delineated via the deployment of a medicinal herb, Calotropis gigantea, as an alternative greener solution; stable G-CoONP with a size of 41 +/- 15 nm are attainable. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis revealed the role of floral extract biomolecules in G-CoO NP synthesis. The in vitro and in vivo effects are accompanied by dose-dependent exposure at the molecular level by eliciting Sod1 and P53 genes up to 8.2 and 5.2 fold leading to a significant change in the reactive oxygen species and apoptosis level. It unraveled the toxicity of the cobalt oxide NP as increased apoptosis elicited by higher oxidative stress due to the accumulation and internalization of nanoparticles in cells and embryos. Green synthesized G-CoONP exhibited higher biocompatibility than commercial C-CoONP with reduced apoptosis and ROS in both human colon cell lines and zebrafish embryos. In silico analysis portrayed the intrinsic atomic interaction of Co3O4 NP with cysteine, arginine, and histidine of oxidative stress (SOD1/sod1) and apoptosis (TP53/tp53) proteins leading to dysregulation of their structural and functional integrity in human and zebrafish, respectively. A proximal discrepancy in intrinsic atomic interaction due to the H-bonding and hydrophobic interaction at the differential in vitro and in vivo vicinage served as a key determinant factor for the cellular biocompatibility of Co3O4 nanoparticles.

Aim: Fabrication of nanopepper (NP) for antibacterial application and elucidation of its molecular and cellular biocompatibility. Materials & methods: Synthesis of NP was achieved using a high-energy ball milling method. Following characterization, its antibacterial activity and cellular and molecular biocompatibility were evaluated in vitro by experimental and computational approaches. Results: A total of 15 h of milling pepper produced NP with a size of 44 +/- 12 nm and zeta potential of -22 +/- 12 mV. Bulk pepper and NP showed antibacterial activity and an LC50 of 1.9 mu M and 2.1 mu M in HCT116 colon cells. Components of pepper, piperine and beta-caryophyllene were found to interact with superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] and apoptotic protease-activating factor-1-caspase-9 through different amino acids via H-bonds. Conclusion: NP exhibits significant antibacterial activity with cellular biocompatibility due to intrinsic atomic interaction.

Aim:To synthesize biocompatible and ecofriendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and elucidate theirin vivomolecular and cellular nanotoxicity at an atomic level.Materials & methods:AgNPs were biosynthesized using Andrographolide and theirin vivocellular and molecular biocompatibility was evaluated using zebrafish embryos.Results:AgNPs with a size of 80 nm and zeta potential of -52 mV were obtained. The LC50 for the AgNPs embryonic zebrafish was found to be 125 mu g/ml. AgNPs induced reactive oxygen species production and elicit apoptosis mechanistically, then nanoparticles were shown to interact with caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins through proline, cysteine, glycine and histidine amino acid residues via H-bond of corresponding bond energies.Conclusion:Biosynthesized AgNPs have potential to be used for biomedical and therapeutic applications.