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Introduction Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition characterized by pain that is out of proportion to the inciting trauma or stimulus in the context of autonomic, trophic, and motor changes (1,2). Though pediatric Complex regional pain syndrome (pCRPS) is rare with a minimum Canadian incidence of 1.14/100 000 children (3), outcomes can significantly affect patient function and quality of life e.g. missed school days, withdrawal from activities, mental health challenges, etc (4). There is no gold standard radiologic, laboratory or diagnostic test for pCRPS. In the adult world, numerous diagnostic criteria have been validated and used, with the most recent being the Budapest criteria (2). No diagnostic criteria have been validated for pCRPS. Due to the variability in presentation as well as the lack of gold standard test and validated diagnostic criteria, there often tends to be a delay in diagnosis of pCRPS (1,4,5). Patients often get referred to multiple specialists before a diagnosis is made (3,4,6). This delay in diagnosis is thought to lead to worse outcomes (3,4,6). There are a wide range of pharmacological (NSAIDS, anticonvulsants, antidepressants etc.), non-pharmacological (physiotherapy, TENS, psychotherapy, acupuncture, etc.) and invasive interventional approaches (nerve blocks, sympathetic blocks, spinal cord stimulation, etc.) to pCRPS management (2,3,7,8). Though a multi-disciplinary approach is generally thought to be the most effective, there is still a lot of treatment variability across different centres (3). Considering the high degree of treatment variability, there is a need to evaluate and summarize the current evidence while identifying gaps so at the very least, consensus guidelines can be formed for the management of pCRPS. Hence, we will conduct a scoping review of existing literature to evaluate the management of pCRPS. As our topic is a broad one, a scoping review is more appropriate compared to a traditional systematic review. With a scoping review, we can rigorously assess the range, and nature of research activity in pCRPS, summarize and disseminate practice changing findings while identifying gaps in the literature (9,10). Objectives: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the literature and determine the most effective ways of managing pCRPS, summarise the various outcomes of pCRPS and to identify any gaps in the literature where future research should be conducted.

Pancreatic islet isolation from donor pancreases is an essential step for the transplantation of insulin‐secreting v‐cells as a therapy to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus. This process however damages islet basement membranes, which can lead to islet dysfunction or death. Posttransplantation, islets are further stressed by a hypoxic environment and immune reactions that cause poor engraftment and graft failure. The current standards to assess islet quality before transplantation are destructive procedures, performed on a small islet population that does not reflect the heterogeneity of large isolated islet batches. In this study, we incorporated fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) into a pancreas‐on‐chip system to establish a protocol to noninvasively assess the viability and functionality of pancreatic v‐cells in a three‐dimensional in vitro model (= pseudo‐islets). We demonstrate how (pre‐) hypoxic v‐cell‐composed pseudo‐islets can be discriminated from healthy functional pseudo‐islets according to their FLIM‐based metabolic profiles. The use of FLIM during the pretransplantation pancreatic islet selection process has the potential to improve the outcome of v‐cell islet transplantation.

Pancreatic islet isolation from donor pancreases is an essential step for the transplantation of insulin-secreting β-cells as a therapy to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus. This process however damages islet basement membranes, which can lead to islet dysfunction or death. Posttransplantation, islets are further stressed by a hypoxic environment and immune reactions that cause poor engraftment and graft failure. The current standards to assess islet quality before transplantation are destructive procedures, performed on a small islet population that does not reflect the heterogeneity of large isolated islet batches. In this study, we incorporated fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) into a pancreas-on-chip system to establish a protocol to noninvasively assess the viability and functionality of pancreatic β-cells in a three-dimensional in vitro model (= pseudo-islets). We demonstrate how (pre-) hypoxic β-cell-composed pseudo-islets can be discriminated from healthy functional pseudo-islets according to their FLIM-based metabolic profiles. The use of FLIM during the pretransplantation pancreatic islet selection process has the potential to improve the outcome of β-cell islet transplantation.