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Agronomical ways for better quality and safety Choice of cultivar is an efficient way to obtain higher grain quality. Intercropping legumes (grain or forage) improves weed competition and N availability for wheat crop or succeeding crop. Green manure can be an effective alternative to farmyard manure. Fertilization with readily available nitrogen improves yield and quality when water is available. Reduced tillage affects soil fertility and wheat yield but has little effects on grain quality. Technological ways for better quality and safety Milling process strongly influences flour characteristics. Stone milling improves nutritive value; characteristics remain very stable independent of the milling yield. Flour characteristics from roller milling appear very susceptible to the milling yield. Increasing the milling yield in the aim of enriching nutritional quality has a detrimental effect either on safety (DON) or on bread-making quality (bread volume).

Une démarche multi-partenaires est engagée sur le territoire de la région Bourgogne, pour évaluer les potentiels et identifier des leviers au développement d’une filière protéagineuse. L’analyse des interactions génotype x environnement et des facteurs climatiques est appuyée par une deuxième année d’expérimentation variétale de protéagineux (pois et féveroles d’hiver et de printemps). Une étude fréquentielle sur la période 1961-2009 a permis de cartographier les risques de gel hivernal et de fortes chaleurs en fin de cycle cultural en Bourgogne et nous pouvons proposer des variétés de pois et de féveroles mieux adaptées à la région. Le volet d’évaluation multicritères de la durabilité des systèmes de culture bourguignons, comparant des systèmes avec et sans protéagineux, a permis de confirmer et de quantifier l’intérêt de l’insertion de protéagineux, qui passe notamment par une diminution de l’IFT moyen et des doses d’azote, une augmentation de la robustesse économique (économie d’engrais azotés et énergie fossile sur l’ensemble de la rotation), la diversification des rotations en offrant de nouvelles possibilités de gestion des adventices. Sur 2 sites, le volet « environnemental » a montré en conditions « in situ », que les émissions de N2O par les sols contenant des résidus de pois ne sont en général pas supérieures à celles des sols contenant des résidus de céréales. La proposition de variétés tolérantes aux principaux stress en culture et de bonne productivité sera une clef essentielle du développement des cultures protéagineuses. L’analyse économique a identifié un intérêt du développement de la contractualisation dans la filière et de la mise en place et de la promotion d’une filière de qualité, en accentuant les exigences en matière de traçabilité et d’étiquetage., A multi-partners strategy is engaged at level of Burgundy-France territory, to evaluate potentials and identify levers for the development of a chain from production to uses of grain legumes. The analysis of genotype x environment interaction and climatic factors is supported by a second year of field trials of grain legumes varieties (pea and faba bean of spring or winter sowing types. The statistical analysis of climatic data over the 1961-2009 period, has allowed to build Burgundy maps of freezing risk and late spring heat stress risk and we are able to suggest pea or faba bean genotypes, better adapted to the region. The sustainability of cropping systems involving or not grain legumes was evaluated according several criteria (agronomy, energy and other input, work organisation). It has confirmed the positive effect of inserting grain legumes, on the reduction (i) of N fertiliser, energy and pesticide uses, (ii) for easier weed control (iii) on the economic bilan assessed over whole cropping system. On 2 sites, « in situ » most measurement of N2Oemissions by soils containing grain legume crop residues were higher than those containing cereal residues. Offering to farmers varieties with good level of stress resistance and good productivity will be a key point for the development of grain legume crops. The economic analysis has identified the potential value of developing contracts between produces and collectors which will secure prices and market. The technical development of a high quality “chain” and its promotion may be valuable provided efforts on traceabilty and on labelling.

Grain legume-cereal intercrops allow a gain of productivity grown along the growth cycle on the same piece of land under low input (of which nitrogen (N) fertilizers) levels. This is partly due to a better use of soil nitrogen (larger available soil N per plant for cereal N uptake and an increased contribution of N fixation for pea nutrition) under combinations (species and crop management systems) fully optimized within a given soil and climate environment. Modeling is a powerful tool to explore a wide range of combinations. It can be further used as a decision making oriented-tool provided below-ground resources and light sharing is satisfactorily simulated. Our work aimed at designing a new dynamic intercrop growth model (Azodyn Inter-Crop (IC)) based upon Azodyn for wheat and Afisol for pea. Nitrogen and water partitioning between species is firstly driven by nitrogen and water demand of each species. When intercrop demand is larger than soil supply then water and N acquisition is limited by root exploration, soil nutrient supply and N taken up by the companion species as it concurrently depletes available below-ground resources. The ‘functional’ root layer concept allows to account for advantage towards species with a faster root penetration rate. Leaf area expansion is driven by daily satisfaction of N demand, itself computed through an adapted version of N dilution curve to intercrop growth. Light sharing depends on leaf area index (LAI) growth and leaf properties (reflectance, leaf angle) of each species. Model outputs show Azodyn-IC can satisfactorily simulate N taken up, LAI, light interception efficiency and crop growth of each sole- and intercropped species along the growth cycle leading to realistic yields for the applied N fertilizer rates. It also emphasizes competition for light and below-ground resources within intercrops is tightly and dynamically linked within intercrop.