21 results on '"Jetter C"'
Search Results
2. Epithelial Outgrowth Through Mesenchymal Rings Drives Alveologenesis
- Author
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Negretti, N., primary, Yeongseo, S., additional, Crooke, P., additional, Plosa, E., additional, Benjamin, J., additional, Jetter, C., additional, Pua, H., additional, Blackwell, T.S., additional, Kropski, J., additional, Millis, B., additional, and Sucre, J., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Interstitial Lung Disease
- Author
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Winters, N.I., primary, Taylor, C., additional, Calvi, C., additional, Ghattas, P., additional, Jetter, C., additional, Sucre, J., additional, Blackwell, T.S., additional, Banovich, N., additional, and Kropski, J., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals profibrotic roles of distinct epithelial and mesenchymal lineages in pulmonary fibrosis
- Author
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Habermann, A.C., Gutierrez, A.J., Bui, L.T., Yahn, S.L., Winters, N.I., Calvi, C.L., Peter, L., Chung, M-I, Taylor, C.J., Jetter, C., Raju, L., Roberson, J., Ding, G., Wood, L., Sucre, J.M.S., Richmond, B.W., Serezani, A.P., McDonnell, W.J., Mallal, S., Bacchetta, M.J., Loyd, J.E., Shaver, C.M., Ware, L.B., Bremner, R., Walia, R., Blackwell, T.S., Banovich, N.E., Kropski, J.A., Habermann, A.C., Gutierrez, A.J., Bui, L.T., Yahn, S.L., Winters, N.I., Calvi, C.L., Peter, L., Chung, M-I, Taylor, C.J., Jetter, C., Raju, L., Roberson, J., Ding, G., Wood, L., Sucre, J.M.S., Richmond, B.W., Serezani, A.P., McDonnell, W.J., Mallal, S., Bacchetta, M.J., Loyd, J.E., Shaver, C.M., Ware, L.B., Bremner, R., Walia, R., Blackwell, T.S., Banovich, N.E., and Kropski, J.A.
- Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a form of chronic lung disease characterized by pathologic epithelial remodeling and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). To comprehensively define the cell types, mechanisms, and mediators driving fibrotic remodeling in lungs with PF, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of single-cell suspensions from 10 nonfibrotic control and 20 PF lungs. Analysis of 114,396 cells identified 31 distinct cell subsets/states. We report that a remarkable shift in epithelial cell phenotypes occurs in the peripheral lung in PF and identify several previously unrecognized epithelial cell phenotypes, including a KRT5−/KRT17+ pathologic, ECM-producing epithelial cell population that was highly enriched in PF lungs. Multiple fibroblast subtypes were observed to contribute to ECM expansion in a spatially discrete manner. Together, these data provide high-resolution insights into the complexity and plasticity of the distal lung epithelium in human disease and indicate a diversity of epithelial and mesenchymal cells contribute to pathologic lung fibrosis.
- Published
- 2020
5. Dysregulated Mesenchymal Wnt Signaling After Saccular Stage Hyperoxia Injury Is Driven by NF-kb
- Author
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Sucre, J., primary, Vickers, K., additional, Benjamin, J., additional, Plosa, E., additional, Jetter, C., additional, Lee, E., additional, Koenigshoff, M., additional, Blackwell, T.S., additional, and Guttentag, S.H., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Tag-Nacht-Rhythmen von Melatonin und anderen Neurohormonen bei neurologisch kranken Kindern
- Author
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Attanasio, A., Jetter, C., Haas, G., Buchwald-Saal, M., Krägeloh, I., Michaelis, R., Gupta, D., and Fichsel, Helmut, editor
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
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7. Correspondenz
- Author
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Jetter, C.
- Published
- 1886
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Soft-tissue management using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser during restorative procedures.
- Author
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Jetter C
- Abstract
Effective management of gingival tissues in restorative dentistry poses a challenge to practitioners. Many methods and materials are available to dental professionals to manage tissue. This article will demonstrate the use of an Er,Cr:YSGG laser as an effective, minimally invasive technology to manage soft tissue during restorative procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
9. Schicksale und Zukauft der Vegetation Niederösterreichs Günther Ritter v. Beck
- Author
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Jetter, C.
- Published
- 1889
10. Die phanerogame Flora des Thaies Gastein. Band XXVII Friedrich Preuer K. K. Bezirksrichter
- Author
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Jetter, C.
- Published
- 1889
11. Grundzüge der Flora von Südafrika Harry Bolus Otto Kersten
- Author
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Jetter, C.
- Published
- 1889
12. Age-determined expression of priming protease TMPRSS2 and localization of SARS-CoV-2 in lung epithelium.
- Author
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Schuler BA, Habermann AC, Plosa EJ, Taylor CJ, Jetter C, Negretti NM, Kapp ME, Benjamin JT, Gulleman P, Nichols DS, Braunstein LZ, Hackett A, Koval M, Guttentag SH, Blackwell TS, Webber SA, Banovich NE, Kropski JA, and Sucre JM
- Subjects
- Adult, Aging, Alveolar Epithelial Cells pathology, Alveolar Epithelial Cells virology, Animals, COVID-19 pathology, Child, Preschool, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mice, Alveolar Epithelial Cells enzymology, COVID-19 enzymology, COVID-19 metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, SARS-CoV-2 metabolism, Serine Endopeptidases biosynthesis
- Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic has led to millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths. While older adults appear at high risk for severe disease, hospitalizations and deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 among children have been relatively rare. Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of developing mouse lung with temporally resolved immunofluorescence in mouse and human lung tissue, we found that expression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein primer TMPRSS2 was highest in ciliated cells and type I alveolar epithelial cells (AT1), and TMPRSS2 expression increased with aging in mice and humans. Analysis of autopsy tissue from fatal COVID-19 cases detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA most frequently in ciliated and secretory cells in airway epithelium and AT1 cells in peripheral lung. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was highly colocalized in cells expressing TMPRSS2. Together, these data demonstrate the cellular spectrum infected by SARS-CoV-2 in lung epithelium and suggest that developmental regulation of TMPRSS2 may underlie the relative protection of infants and children from severe respiratory illness.
- Published
- 2021
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13. Age-determined expression of priming protease TMPRSS2 and localization of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung epithelium.
- Author
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Schuler BA, Christian Habermann A, Plosa EJ, Taylor CJ, Jetter C, Kapp ME, Benjamin JT, Gulleman P, Nichols DS, Braunstein LZ, Hackett A, Koval M, Guttentag SH, Blackwell TS, Webber SA, Banovich NE, Kropski JA, and Sucre JMS
- Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus global pandemic (COVID-19) has led to millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths around the globe. While the elderly appear at high risk for severe disease, hospitalizations and deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 among children have been relatively rare. Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the developing mouse lung with temporally-resolved RNA-in-situ hybridization (ISH) in mouse and human lung tissue, we found that expression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein primer TMPRSS2 was highest in ciliated cells and type I alveolar epithelial cells (AT1), and TMPRSS2 expression was increased with aging in mice and humans. Analysis of autopsy tissue from fatal COVID-19 cases revealed SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected most frequently in ciliated and secretory cells in the airway epithelium and AT1 cells in the peripheral lung. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was highly colocalized in cells expressing TMPRSS2 . Together, these data demonstrate the cellular spectrum infected by SARS-CoV-2 in the lung epithelium, and suggest that developmental regulation of TMPRSS2 may underlie the relative protection of infants and children from severe respiratory illness., Competing Interests: Competing Interests JAK has received advisory board fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Inc, and has research contracts with Genentech. TSB has received advisory board fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Inc, Orinove, GRI Bio, Morphic, and Novelstar, and has research contracts with Genentech and Celgene.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals profibrotic roles of distinct epithelial and mesenchymal lineages in pulmonary fibrosis.
- Author
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Habermann AC, Gutierrez AJ, Bui LT, Yahn SL, Winters NI, Calvi CL, Peter L, Chung MI, Taylor CJ, Jetter C, Raju L, Roberson J, Ding G, Wood L, Sucre JMS, Richmond BW, Serezani AP, McDonnell WJ, Mallal SB, Bacchetta MJ, Loyd JE, Shaver CM, Ware LB, Bremner R, Walia R, Blackwell TS, Banovich NE, and Kropski JA
- Subjects
- Extracellular Matrix metabolism, Fibrosis, Humans, Lung metabolism, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Pulmonary Fibrosis genetics, Pulmonary Fibrosis metabolism
- Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a form of chronic lung disease characterized by pathologic epithelial remodeling and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). To comprehensively define the cell types, mechanisms, and mediators driving fibrotic remodeling in lungs with PF, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of single-cell suspensions from 10 nonfibrotic control and 20 PF lungs. Analysis of 114,396 cells identified 31 distinct cell subsets/states. We report that a remarkable shift in epithelial cell phenotypes occurs in the peripheral lung in PF and identify several previously unrecognized epithelial cell phenotypes, including a KRT5
- / KRT17+ pathologic, ECM-producing epithelial cell population that was highly enriched in PF lungs. Multiple fibroblast subtypes were observed to contribute to ECM expansion in a spatially discrete manner. Together, these data provide high-resolution insights into the complexity and plasticity of the distal lung epithelium in human disease and indicate a diversity of epithelial and mesenchymal cells contribute to pathologic lung fibrosis., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Advancing through communication.
- Author
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Jetter C and York J
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. BMPR2 dysfunction impairs insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in cardiomyocytes.
- Author
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Hemnes AR, Fessel JP, Chen X, Zhu S, Fortune NL, Jetter C, Freeman M, Newman JH, West JD, and Talati MH
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Surface metabolism, Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II genetics, CD36 Antigens metabolism, Cell Line, Gene Expression Regulation, Insulin Resistance, Mice, Milk Proteins metabolism, Mitochondria metabolism, Mutation genetics, Oxygen Consumption, Palmitic Acid metabolism, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases metabolism, Phosphorylation, Rats, Superoxides metabolism, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism, Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II metabolism, Glucose metabolism, Homeostasis, Insulin metabolism, Myocytes, Cardiac metabolism, Signal Transduction
- Abstract
Insulin resistance and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction are associated with lipotoxicity in heritable forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), commonly due to mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2). How BMPR2 dysfunction in cardiomyocytes alters glucose metabolism and the response of these cells to insulin are unknown. We hypothesized that BMPR2 mutation in cardiomyocytes alters glucose-supported mitochondrial respiration and impairs cellular responses to insulin, including glucose and lipid uptake. We performed metabolic assays, immunofluorescence and Western analysis, RNA profiling, and radioactive isotope uptake studies in H9c2 cardiomyocyte cell lines with and without patient-derived BMPR2 mutations (mutant cells), with and without insulin. Unlike control cells, BMPR2 mutant cardiomyocytes have reduced metabolic plasticity as indicated by reduced mitochondrial respiration with increased mitochondrial superoxide production. These mutant cells show enhanced baseline phosphorylation of insulin-signaling protein as indicated by increased Akt, AMPK, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation that may negatively influence fatty acid oxidation and enhance lipid uptake, and are insulin insensitive. Furthermore, mutant cells demonstrate an increase in milk fat globule-EGF factor-8 protein (MFGE8), which influences the insulin-signaling pathway by phosphorylating Akt
Ser473 via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. In conclusion, BMPR2 mutant cardiomyocytes have reduced metabolic plasticity and fail to respond to glucose. These cells have enhanced baseline insulin-signaling pattern favoring insulin resistance with failure to augment this pattern in response to insulin. BMPR2 mutation possibly blunts glucose uptake and enhances lipid uptake in these cardiomyocytes. The MFGE8-driven signaling pathway may suggest a new mechanism underlying RV lipotoxicity in PAH.- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Coordinated Proliferation and Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Progenitor Cells Depend on Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Regulation by GREMLIN 2.
- Author
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Bylund JB, Trinh LT, Awgulewitsch CP, Paik DT, Jetter C, Jha R, Zhang J, Nolan K, Xu C, Thompson TB, Kamp TJ, and Hatzopoulos AK
- Subjects
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins metabolism, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins pharmacology, Cell Differentiation drug effects, Cell Line, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Cells, Cultured, Cytokines, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Humans, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells cytology, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells drug effects, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins metabolism, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins pharmacology, Myocardium cytology, Myocardium metabolism, Myocytes, Cardiac cytology, Myocytes, Cardiac drug effects, Myocytes, Cardiac metabolism, Organogenesis genetics, Signal Transduction drug effects, Signal Transduction genetics, Stem Cells cytology, Stem Cells drug effects, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins genetics, Cell Differentiation genetics, Cell Proliferation genetics, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells metabolism, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins genetics, Stem Cells metabolism
- Abstract
Heart development depends on coordinated proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), but how the two processes are synchronized is not well understood. Here, we show that the secreted Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) antagonist GREMLIN 2 (GREM2) is induced in CPCs shortly after cardiac mesoderm specification during differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. GREM2 expression follows cardiac lineage differentiation independently of the differentiation method used, or the origin of the pluripotent stem cells, suggesting that GREM2 is linked to cardiogenesis. Addition of GREM2 protein strongly increases cardiomyocyte output compared to established procardiogenic differentiation methods. Our data show that inhibition of canonical BMP signaling by GREM2 is necessary to promote proliferation of CPCs. However, canonical BMP signaling inhibition alone is not sufficient to induce cardiac differentiation, which depends on subsequent JNK pathway activation specifically by GREM2. These findings may have broader implications in the design of approaches to orchestrate growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cell-derived lineages that depend on precise regulation of BMP signaling.
- Published
- 2017
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- View/download PDF
18. Critical Genomic Networks and Vasoreactive Variants in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.
- Author
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Hemnes AR, Zhao M, West J, Newman JH, Rich S, Archer SL, Robbins IM, Blackwell TS, Cogan J, Loyd JE, Zhao Z, Gaskill C, Jetter C, Kropski JA, Majka SM, and Austin ED
- Subjects
- Genome, Human, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Hypertension, Pulmonary physiopathology, Phenotype, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Hypertension, Pulmonary genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide genetics, Vasoconstriction genetics
- Abstract
Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is usually without an identified genetic cause, despite clinical and molecular similarity to bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 mutation-associated heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). There is phenotypic heterogeneity in IPAH, with a minority of patients showing long-term improvement with calcium channel-blocker therapy., Objectives: We sought to identify gene variants (GVs) underlying IPAH and determine whether GVs differ in vasodilator-responsive IPAH (VR-PAH) versus vasodilator-nonresponsive IPAH (VN-PAH)., Methods: We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 36 patients with IPAH: 17 with VR-PAH and 19 with VN-PAH. Wnt pathway differences were explored in human lung fibroblasts., Measurements and Main Results: We identified 1,369 genes with 1,580 variants unique to IPAH. We used a gene ontology approach to analyze variants and identified overrepresentation of several pathways, including cytoskeletal function and ion binding. By mapping WES data to prior genome-wide association study data, Wnt pathway genes were highlighted. Using the connectivity map to define genetic differences between VR-PAH and VN-PAH, we found enrichment in vascular smooth muscle cell contraction pathways and greater genetic variation in VR-PAH versus VN-PAH. Using human lung fibroblasts, we found increased stimulated Wnt activity in IPAH versus controls., Conclusions: A pathway-based analysis of WES data in IPAH demonstrated multiple rare GVs that converge on key biological pathways, such as cytoskeletal function and Wnt signaling pathway. Vascular smooth muscle contraction-related genes were enriched in VR-PAH, suggesting a potentially different genetic predisposition for VR-PAH. This pathway-based approach may be applied to next-generation sequencing data in other diseases to uncover the contribution of unexpected or multiple GVs to a phenotype.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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19. Phylogeny of Saxifragales (angiosperms, eudicots): analysis of a rapid, ancient radiation.
- Author
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Fishbein M, Hibsch-Jetter C, Soltis DE, and Hufford L
- Subjects
- Base Composition, DNA, Chloroplast genetics, DNA, Plant chemistry, DNA, Plant genetics, DNA, Ribosomal genetics, Endoribonucleases genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Genes, Plant, Genome, Plant, Models, Genetic, Nucleotidyltransferases genetics, Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase genetics, Magnoliopsida classification, Magnoliopsida genetics, Phylogeny
- Abstract
Rapid, ancient radiations pose one of the most difficult challenges for phylogenetic estimation. We used DNA sequence data of 9,006 aligned base pairs from five genes (chloroplast atpB, matK, rbcL, and 18S and 26S nrDNA) to elucidate relationships among major lineages of Saxifragales (angiosperms, eudicots). These relationships were poorly supported in previous studies, apparently because the lineages originated in rapid succession. Using an array of methods that explicitly incorporate assumptions about evolutionary process (weighted maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, LogDet/paralinear transformed distances), we show that the initial diversification of Saxifragales was indeed rapid. We suggest that the poor resolution of our best phylogenetic estimate is not due to violations of assumptions or to combining data partitions having conflicting histories or processes. We show that estimated branch lengths during the initial diversification are exceedingly short, and we estimate that acquiring sufficient sequence data to resolve these relationships would require an extraordinary effort (approximately 10(7) bp), assuming a linear increase in branch support with branch length. However, our simulation of much larger data sets containing a distribution of phylogenetic signal similar to that of the five sampled gene sequences suggests a limit to achievable branch support. Using statistical tests of differences in the likelihoods of topologies, we evaluated whether the initial radiation of Saxifragales involved the simultaneous origin of major lineages. Our results are consistent with predictions that resolving the branching order of rapid, ancient radiations requires sampling characters that evolved rapidly at the time of the radiation but have since experienced a slower evolutionary rate.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) based on matK sequence data.
- Author
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Soltis DE, Tago-Nakazawa M, Xiang QY, Kawano S, Murata J, Wakabayashi M, and Hibsch-Jetter C
- Abstract
Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) consists of 57 species widely distributed in temperate and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species restricted to the southern part of South America. Species relationships within the genus are highly problematic. The genus has traditionally been divided into two groups, sometimes recognized as sections (Oppositifolia and Alternifolia), based on leaf arrangement, or, alternatively, into 17 series. Based on morphological features, Hara suggested that the genus originated in South America and then subsequently migrated to the Northern Hemisphere. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene matK for species of Chrysosplenium to elucidate relationships, test Hara's biogeographic hypothesis for the genus, and examine chromosomal and gynoecial diversification. These analyses revealed that both sections Oppositifolia and Alternifolia are monophyletic and form two large sister clades. Hence, leaf arrangement is a good indicator of relationships within this genus. Hara's series Pilosa and Macrostemon are each also monophyletic; however, series Oppositifolia, Alternifolia, and Nepalensia are clearly not monophyletic. MacClade reconstructions suggest that the genus arose in Eastern Asia, rather than in South America, with several independent migration events from Asia to the New World. In one well-defined subclade, species from eastern and western North America form a discrete clade, with Old World species as their sister group, suggesting that the eastern and western North American taxa diverged following migration to that continent. The South American species forms a clade with species from eastern Asia; this disjunction may be the result of ancient long-distance dispersal. Character mapping demonstrated that gynoecial diversification is dynamic, with reversals from inferior to half-inferior ovaries, as well as to ovaries that appear superior. Chromosomal evolution also appears to be labile with several independent origins of n = 12 (from an original number of n = 11) and multiple episodes of aneuploidy.
- Published
- 2001
21. Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae inferred from 18S rDNA and rbcL sequence data.
- Author
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Soltis DE, Mort ME, Soltis PS, Hibsch-Jetter C, Zimmer EA, and Morgan D
- Subjects
- Magnoliopsida classification, Models, Biological, DNA, Ribosomal genetics, Magnoliopsida genetics, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins genetics, Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase
- Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of some angiosperm families have remained enigmatic despite broad phylogenetic analyses of rbcL sequences. One example is the aquatic family Podostemaceae, the relationships of which have long been controversial because of major morphological modifications associated with their aquatic habit. Podostemaceae have variously been associated with Piperaceae, Nepenthaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rosaceae, Crassulaceae, and Saxifragaceae. Two recent analyses of rbcL sequences suggest a possible sister-group relationship of Podostemaceae to Crassulaceae (Saxifragales). However, the branch leading to Podostemaceae was long, and use of different outgroups resulted in alternative placements. We explored the phylogenetic relationships of Podostemaceae using 18S rDNA sequences and a combined rbcL + 18S rDNA matrix representing over 250 angiosperms. In analyses based on 18S rDNA data, Podostemaceae are not characterized by a long branch; the family consistently appears as part of a Malpighiales clade that also includes Malpighiaceae, Turneraceae, Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Violaceae, Linaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Trigoniaceae, Humiriaceae, and Ochnaceae. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined 18S rDNA + rbcL data set (223 ingroup taxa) with basal angiosperms as the outgroup also suggest that Podostemaceae are part of a Malpighiales clade. These searches swapped to completion, and the shortest trees showed enhanced resolution and increased internal support compared to those based on 18S rDNA or rbcL alone. However, when Gnetales are used as the outgroup, Podostemaceae appear with members of the nitrogen fixing clade (e.g., Elaeagnaceae, Ulmaceae, Rhamnaceae, Cannabaceae, Moraceae, and Urticaceae). None of the relationships suggested here for Podostemaceae receives strong bootstrap support. Our analyses indicate that Podostemaceae are not closely allied with Crassulaceae or with other members of the Saxifragales clade; their closest relatives, although still uncertain, appear to lie elsewhere in the rosids., (Copyright 1999 Academic Press.)
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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