The purpose of this investigation was to examine the immediate and acute vertical jump performance responses throughout and following two different free-weight back squat exercise protocols. Fifteen resistance-trained women (mean ± SD: age = 21.8 ± 0.9 years; height = 164.6 ± 8.4 cm; mass = 68.5 ± 9.2 kg) performed vertical jumps before (Pre), immediately after each set (S1–S5), and up to 20 minutes post squat exercise (Post0–Post20) of either a power-endurance (PE; 5×16 at 40% 1-RM) or controlled heavy (CHP; 5×8 at 80%) protocol. Participants’ jump height (JH), mean (MP), peak power (PP), mean (MV) and peak velocity (PV) were measured using a linear position transducer. 2-way repeated measures ANOVAs were run for all dependent variables. In the case of the violation of sphericity Greenhouse-Geisser results were reported. No significant intensity × time interactions were observed for any of the variables (p = 0.30–0.87). Main effects for time were observed (p ≤ 0.001, ηp(2) = 0.52) for MP and MV, which were significantly lower than Pre at S2 through S5-Post0 (p = 0.001–0.02) time points. Additionally, main effects for time were observed (p ≤ 0.001, ηp(2) = 0.43) for PP and PV, which were significantly lower than Pre at all time points (p = 0.001–0.03) with the exception of Post10 (p = 0.17–0.21). Lastly, JH was significantly lower than Pre for all time points (p ≤ 0.001–0.02) except for Post5 (p = 0.13) and Post10 (p = 0.25). This study suggests overall training volume and not training-load could have attributed to the similar fatigue and recovery-related responses that were observed. The present findings suggest that vertical jump performance may be negatively affected following moderate to heavy exercise for up to 20 minutes.