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1. Mycorrhizal feedbacks influence global forest structure and diversity

Author

Camille S. Delavaux, Joseph A. LaManna, Jonathan A. Myers, Richard P. Phillips, Salomón Aguilar, David Allen, Alfonso Alonso, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Matthew E. Baker, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Pulchérie Bissiengou, Mariana Bonfim, Norman A. Bourg, Warren Y. Brockelman, David F. R. P. Burslem, Li-Wan Chang, Yang Chen, Jyh-Min Chiang, Chengjin Chu, Keith Clay, Susan Cordell, Mary Cortese, Jan den Ouden, Christopher Dick, Sisira Ediriweera, Erle C. Ellis, Anna Feistner, Amy L. Freestone, Thomas Giambelluca, Christian P. Giardina, Gregory S. Gilbert, Fangliang He, Jan Holík, Robert W. Howe, Walter Huaraca Huasca, Stephen P. Hubbell, Faith Inman, Patrick A. Jansen, Daniel J. Johnson, Kamil Kral, Andrew J. Larson, Creighton M. Litton, James A. Lutz, Yadvinder Malhi, Krista McGuire, Sean M. McMahon, William J. McShea, Hervé Memiaghe, Anuttara Nathalang, Natalia Norden, Vojtech Novotny, Michael J. O’Brien, David A. Orwig, Rebecca Ostertag, Geoffrey G. (‘Jess’) Parker, Rolando Pérez, Glen Reynolds, Sabrina E. Russo, Lawren Sack, Pavel Šamonil, I-Fang Sun, Mark E. Swanson, Jill Thompson, Maria Uriarte, John Vandermeer, Xihua Wang, Ian Ware, George D. Weiblen, Amy Wolf, Shu-Hui Wu, Jess K. Zimmerman, Thomas Lauber, Daniel S. Maynard, Thomas W. Crowther, and Colin Averill

Subjects
Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Abstract One mechanism proposed to explain high species diversity in tropical systems is strong negative conspecific density dependence (CDD), which reduces recruitment of juveniles in proximity to conspecific adult plants. Although evidence shows that plant-specific soil pathogens can drive negative CDD, trees also form key mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi, which may counteract these effects. Across 43 large-scale forest plots worldwide, we tested whether ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibit weaker negative CDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. We further tested for conmycorrhizal density dependence (CMDD) to test for benefit from shared mutualists. We found that the strength of CDD varies systematically with mycorrhizal type, with ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibiting higher sapling densities with increasing adult densities than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. Moreover, we found evidence of positive CMDD for tree species of both mycorrhizal types. Collectively, these findings indicate that mycorrhizal interactions likely play a foundational role in global forest diversity patterns and structure.

Published
2023
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2. Survival, growth, and functional traits of tropical wet forest tree seedlings across an experimental soil moisture gradient in Puerto Rico

Author

David Matlaga, Roel Lammerant, J. Aaron Hogan, María Uriarte, Celimar Rodriguez‐Valle, Jess K. Zimmerman, and Robert Muscarella

Subjects
acquisitive, conservative, drought sensitivity, drought tolerance, Puerto Rico, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Droughts are predicted to become more frequent and intense in many tropical regions, which may cause shifts in plant community composition. Especially in diverse tropical communities, understanding how traits mediate demographic responses to drought can help provide insight into the effects of climate change on these ecosystems. To understand tropical tree responses to reduced soil moisture, we grew seedlings of eight species across an experimental soil moisture gradient at the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. We quantified survival and growth over an 8‐month period and characterized demographic responses in terms of tolerance to low soil moisture—defined as survival and growth rates under low soil moisture conditions—and sensitivity to variation in soil moisture—defined as more pronounced changes in demographic rates across the observed range of soil moisture. We then compared demographic responses with interspecific variation in a suite of 11 (root, stem, and leaf) functional traits, measured on individuals that survived the experiment. Lower soil moisture was associated with reduced survival and growth but traits mediated species‐specific responses. Species with relatively conservative traits (e.g., high leaf mass per area), had higher survival at low soil moisture whereas species with more extensive root systems were more sensitive to soil moisture, in that they exhibited more pronounced changes in growth across the experimental soil moisture gradient. Our results suggest that increasing drought will favor species with more conservative traits that confer greater survival in low soil moisture conditions.

Published
2024
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3. 20th‐Century hurricanes leave long‐lasting legacies on tropical forest height and the abundance of a dominant wind‐resistant palm

Author

María Uriarte, Chengliang Tang, Douglas C. Morton, Jess K. Zimmerman, and Tian Zheng

Subjects
canopy height, machine learning, tropical cyclones, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Projected increases in hurricane intensity under a warming climate will have profound effects on many forest ecosystems. One key challenge is to disentangle the effects of wind damage from the myriad factors that influence forest structure and species distributions over large spatial scales. Here, we employ a novel machine learning framework with high‐resolution aerial photos, and LiDAR collected over 115 km2 of El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico to examine the effects of topographic exposure to two hurricanes, Hugo (1989) and Georges (1998), and several landscape‐scale environmental factors on the current forest height and abundance of a dominant, wind‐resistant species, the palm Prestoea acuminata var. montana. Model predictions show that the average density of the palm was 32% greater while the canopy height was 20% shorter in forests exposed to the two storms relative to unexposed areas. Our results demonstrate that hurricanes have lasting effects on forest canopy height and composition, suggesting the expected increase in hurricane severity with a warming climate will alter coastal forests in the North Atlantic.

Published
2023
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4. Scientific communities of practice: K–12 outreach model around organism responses to repeated hurricane disturbances

Author

Kathleen M. Easley, Jess K. Zimmerman, Steven McGee, and Randi McGee‐Tekula

Subjects
educational outreach, hurricane disturbance, long‐term ecological research, Luquillo experimental forest, population models, scientific modeling, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Collaboration between ecologists and learning scientists can give rise to powerful models for scientific outreach within ecology. This paper presents a process by which learning scientists and ecologists codesigned a science curriculum that invites students to join an ecological community of practice. In the Journey to El Yunque middle school science curriculum, students engage with simulation models generated from data gathered by Luquillo Long Term Ecological Research (LUQ LTER) scientists. Journey to El Yunque students can explore post‐hurricane population changes in yagrumo (Cecropia schreberiana), tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa), coquís (Eleutherodactylus coquí), snails (Caracolus caracola), anoles (Anolis stratulus and A. gundlachi), veiled stinkhorn mushrooms (Dictyophora indusiata), and caterpillars (Historis odius). Ecology‐based revisions to Journey to El Yunque have included adding models of the effects of repeated hurricanes on limiting factors, based in part on findings from a canopy trimming experiment. Revisions based on classroom testing include simplifying student‐facing model controls to allow students to focus on the essential model components. The ongoing collaboration that keeps the Journey to El Yunque curriculum on the cutting edge of ecological and educational advances has been sustained for over two decades. We attribute the longevity of this work to (1) the long‐term nature of LUQ LTER, (2) a sustained interdisciplinary collaboration, and (3) our long‐term relationships with schools.

Published
2023
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5. Limits to reproduction and seed size-number trade-offs that shape forest dominance and future recovery

Author

Tong Qiu, Robert Andrus, Marie-Claire Aravena, Davide Ascoli, Yves Bergeron, Roberta Berretti, Daniel Berveiller, Michal Bogdziewicz, Thomas Boivin, Raul Bonal, Don C. Bragg, Thomas Caignard, Rafael Calama, J. Julio Camarero, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, Natalie L. Cleavitt, Benoit Courbaud, Francois Courbet, Thomas Curt, Adrian J. Das, Evangelia Daskalakou, Hendrik Davi, Nicolas Delpierre, Sylvain Delzon, Michael Dietze, Sergio Donoso Calderon, Laurent Dormont, Josep Espelta, Timothy J. Fahey, William Farfan-Rios, Catherine A. Gehring, Gregory S. Gilbert, Georg Gratzer, Cathryn H. Greenberg, Qinfeng Guo, Andrew Hacket-Pain, Arndt Hampe, Qingmin Han, Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki, Ines Ibanez, Jill F. Johnstone, Valentin Journé, Daisuke Kabeya, Christopher L. Kilner, Thomas Kitzberger, Johannes M. H. Knops, Richard K. Kobe, Georges Kunstler, Jonathan G. A. Lageard, Jalene M. LaMontagne, Mateusz Ledwon, Francois Lefevre, Theodor Leininger, Jean-Marc Limousin, James A. Lutz, Diana Macias, Eliot J. B. McIntire, Christopher M. Moore, Emily Moran, Renzo Motta, Jonathan A. Myers, Thomas A. Nagel, Kyotaro Noguchi, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Robert Parmenter, Ian S. Pearse, Ignacio M. Perez-Ramos, Lukasz Piechnik, John Poulsen, Renata Poulton-Kamakura, Miranda D. Redmond, Chantal D. Reid, Kyle C. Rodman, Francisco Rodriguez-Sanchez, Javier D. Sanguinetti, C. Lane Scher, William H. Schlesinger, Harald Schmidt Van Marle, Barbara Seget, Shubhi Sharma, Miles Silman, Michael A. Steele, Nathan L. Stephenson, Jacob N. Straub, I-Fang Sun, Samantha Sutton, Jennifer J. Swenson, Margaret Swift, Peter A. Thomas, Maria Uriarte, Giorgio Vacchiano, Thomas T. Veblen, Amy V. Whipple, Thomas G. Whitham, Andreas P. Wion, Boyd Wright, S. Joseph Wright, Kai Zhu, Jess K. Zimmerman, Roman Zlotin, Magdalena Zywiec, and James S. Clark

Subjects
Science
Abstract

The relationships that control seed production in trees are key to understand evolutionary pressures that have shaped forests. A global synthesis of fecundity data reveals that while seed production is not constrained by a strict size-number trade-off, it is influenced by taxonomy and nutrient allocation.

Published
2022
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6. Percolation threshold analyses can detect community assembly processes in simulated and natural tree communities

Author

Andrew Quebbeman, Richard Davis, Jill Thompson, Jess K. Zimmerman, and María Uriarte

Subjects
community assembly, density‐dependence, environmental filtering, spatial pattern analysis, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Evolution, QH359-425
Abstract

Abstract Studies of spatial point patterns (SPPs) are often used to examine the role that density‐dependence (DD) and environmental filtering (EF) play in community assembly and species coexistence in forest communities. However, SPP analyses often struggle to distinguish the opposing effects that DD and EF may have on the distribution of tree species. We tested percolation threshold analysis on simulated tree communities as a method to distinguish the importance of thinning from DD EF on SPPs. We then compared the performance of percolation threshold analysis results and a Gibbs point process model in detecting environmental associations as well as clustering patterns or overdispersion. Finally, we applied percolation threshold analysis and the Gibbs point process model to observed SPPs of 12 dominant tree species in a Puerto Rican forest to detect evidence of DD and EF. Percolation threshold analysis using simulated SPPs detected a decrease in clustering due to DD and an increase in clustering from EF. In contrast, the Gibbs point process model clearly detected the effects of EF but only identified DD thinning in two of the four types of simulated SPPs. Percolation threshold analysis on the 12 observed tree species' SPPs found that the SPPs for two species were consistent with thinning from DD processes only, four species had SPPs consistent with EF only and SPP for five reflected a combination of both processes. Gibbs models of observed SPPs of living trees detected significant environmental associations for 11 species and clustering consistent with DD processes for seven species. Percolation threshold analysis is a robust method for detecting community assembly processes in simulated SPPs. By applying percolation threshold analysis to natural communities, we found that tree SPPs were consistent with thinning from both DD and EF. Percolation threshold analysis was better suited to detect DD thinning than Gibbs models for clustered simulated communities. Percolation threshold analysis improves our understanding of forest community assembly processes by quantifying the relative importance of DD and EF in forest communities.

Published
2021
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7. Arbuscular mycorrhizal trees influence the latitudinal beta-diversity gradient of tree communities in forests worldwide

Author

Yonglin Zhong, Chengjin Chu, Jonathan A. Myers, Gregory S. Gilbert, James A. Lutz, Jonas Stillhard, Kai Zhu, Jill Thompson, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Fangliang He, Joseph A. LaManna, Stuart J. Davies, Kristina J. Aderson-Teixeira, David F.R.P. Burslem, Alfonso Alonso, Kuo-Jung Chao, Xugao Wang, Lianming Gao, David A. Orwig, Xue Yin, Xinghua Sui, Zhiyao Su, Iveren Abiem, Pulchérie Bissiengou, Norm Bourg, Nathalie Butt, Min Cao, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, Wei-Chun Chao, Hazel Chapman, Yu-Yun Chen, David A. Coomes, Susan Cordell, Alexandre A. de Oliveira, Hu Du, Suqin Fang, Christian P. Giardina, Zhanqing Hao, Andrew Hector, Stephen P. Hubbell, David Janík, Patrick A. Jansen, Mingxi Jiang, Guangze Jin, David Kenfack, Kamil Král, Andrew J. Larson, Buhang Li, Xiankun Li, Yide Li, Juyu Lian, Luxiang Lin, Feng Liu, Yankun Liu, Yu Liu, Fuchen Luan, Yahuang Luo, Keping Ma, Yadvinder Malhi, Sean M. McMahon, William McShea, Hervé Memiaghe, Xiangcheng Mi, Mike Morecroft, Vojtech Novotny, Michael J. O’Brien, Jan den Ouden, Geoffrey G. Parker, Xiujuan Qiao, Haibao Ren, Glen Reynolds, Pavel Samonil, Weiguo Sang, Guochun Shen, Zhiqiang Shen, Guo-Zhang Michael Song, I-Fang Sun, Hui Tang, Songyan Tian, Amanda L. Uowolo, María Uriarte, Bin Wang, Xihua Wang, Youshi Wang, George D. Weiblen, Zhihong Wu, Nianxun Xi, Wusheng Xiang, Han Xu, Kun Xu, Wanhui Ye, Mingjian Yu, Fuping Zeng, Minhua Zhang, Yingming Zhang, Li Zhu, and Jess K. Zimmerman

Subjects
Science
Abstract

The relationship of mycorrhizal associations with latitudinal gradients in tree beta-diversity is unexplored. Using a global dataset approach, this study examines how trees with arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations contribute to latitudinal beta-diversity patterns and the environmental controls of these patterns.

Published
2021
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8. Solar radiation and soil moisture drive tropical forest understory responses to experimental and natural hurricanes

Author

J. Aaron Hogan, Joanne M. Sharpe, Ashley Van Beusekom, Sarah Stankavich, Samuel Matta Carmona, John E. Bithorn, Jamarys Torres‐Díaz, Grizelle González, Jess K. Zimmerman, and Aaron B. Shiels

Subjects
Canopy Trimming Experiment, ferns, Luquillo Mountains, saplings, soil moisture, solar radiation, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Tropical forest understory regeneration occurs rapidly after disturbance with compositional trajectories that depend on species availability and environmental conditions. To predict future tropical forest regeneration dynamics, we need a deeper understanding of how pulse disturbance events, like hurricanes, interact with environmental variability to affect understory demography and composition. We examined fern and sapling mortality, recruitment, and community composition in relation to solar radiation and soil moisture using 17 years of forest dynamics data (2003–2019) from the Canopy Trimming Experiment in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Solar radiation increased 150% and soil moisture increased 40% following canopy trimming of experimental plots relative to control plots. All plots were disturbed in 2017 by Hurricanes Irma and Maria, so experimentally trimmed plots presented the opportunity to study the effects of multiple hurricanes, while control plots isolated the effects of a single natural hurricane. Recruitment rates maximized at 0.14 individuals/plot/month for ferns and 0.20 stems/plot/month for saplings. Recruitment and mortality were distributed more evenly over the 17 years of monitoring in experimentally trimmed plots than in control plots; however, following Hurricane Maria demographic rates substantially increased in control plots only. In experimentally trimmed plots, the largest community compositional shifts occurred as a result of the trimming events, and compositional changes were greatest for control plots after Hurricane Maria in 2017. Pioneer tree and fern species increased in abundance in response to both simulated and natural hurricanes. Following Hurricane Maria, two dominant pioneer species, Cyathea arborea and Cecropia schreberiana, recruited abundantly, but only in control plots. In trimmed plots, increased solar radiation and soil moisture shifted understory species composition steadily toward pioneer and secondary‐successional species, with soil moisture interacting strongly with canopy trimming. Thus, both solar radiation and soil moisture are environmental drivers affecting pioneer species recruitment following disturbance, which interact with canopy opening following hurricanes. Our results suggest that if hurricane disturbances increase in frequency and severity, as suggested by climate change predictions, the understory regeneration of late‐successional species, such as Manilkara bidentata and Sloanea berteroana, which prefer deeper shade and slightly drier soil microsites, may become imperiled.

Published
2022
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9. Aboveground carbon responses to experimental and natural hurricane impacts in a subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico

Author

Hervé Chevalier, Nicholas V. L. Brokaw, Sheila E. Ward, Jess K. Zimmerman, Aaron B. Shiels, John Bithorn, and Samuel Matta Carmona

Subjects
aboveground carbon, biomass, hurricanes, Puerto Rico, subtropical wet forest, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Climate change and disturbance make it difficult to project long‐term patterns of carbon sequestration in tropical forests, but large ecosystem experiments in these forests can inform predictions. The Canopy Trimming Experiment (CTE) manipulates two key components of hurricane disturbance, canopy openness and detritus deposition, in a tropical forest in Puerto Rico. We documented how the CTE and a real hurricane affected tree recruitment, biomass, and aboveground carbon storage over 15 years. In the CTE treatments, we trimmed branches, but we did not fell trees. We expected that during the 14‐year period after initial canopy trimming, regrowth of branches and stems and stem recruitment stimulated by increased light and trimmed debris would help restore biomass and carbon loss due to trimming. Compared to control plots, in the trimmed plots recruitment of palms and dicot trees increased markedly after trimming, and stem diameters of standing trees increased. Data showed that recruitment of small trees adds little to aboveground carbon, compared to the amount in large trees. Nevertheless, this response restored pretreatment biomass and carbon in the experimental period. In particular, the experimental additions of trimmed debris on the forest floor seemed to stimulate increase in aboveground carbon. Toward the end of the experimental period, Hurricane Maria (Category 4 hurricane) trimmed and felled some trees but reduced aboveground carbon less in the plots (including untrimmed plots) than experimental trimming had. Thus, it appears that the amount of regrowth recorded after experimental trimming could also restore aboveground carbon in the forest after a severe hurricane in the same time span. However, Hurricane Maria, unlike the trimming treatments, felled large trees, and it may be that with predicted, more frequent severe hurricanes, that the continued loss of large trees would over the long term decrease aboveground carbon stored in this Puerto Rican forest and likewise in other tropical forests affected by cyclonic storms.

Published
2022
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10. Developing a growth and yield model for planted big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) at advanced age in subtropical moist forest in Puerto Rico

Author

Jimena Forero-Montaña, Jess K. Zimmerman, Edgardo González, Frank Wadsworth, Sheila Ward, Elvia J. Meléndez Ackerman, Luis E. Santiago, and Carlos A. Lee

Subjects
Big leaf mahogany, Forest plantations, Optimal rotation age, Tree growth modeling, Silviculture, System dynamics, Forestry, SD1-669.5, Plant ecology, QK900-989
Abstract

The ability to predict growth and potential yield is essential for planning forest management. Here we developed a narrow size-class diameter model to simulate growth in a mature plantation (age 42 years) of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) in a subtropical moist forest in Puerto Rico. We calculated optimal rotation age by means of the biological and economic criteria. The analyses involved diameter measurements over 31 years and a variety of contrasting economic scenarios, which were evaluated by means of the Faustman formula and sensitivity analyses. The optimal biological rotation was 90 years while the optimal economic rotation was 42 years in most of the scenarios, regardless of wood prices and costs of reforestation. Conspicuous changes in the optimal economic rotation were only observed under low interest rates, in which it was prolonged to around 80 years, close to the optimal biological rotation. Abundant natural regeneration and a prolonged biological rotation suggest that other silvicultural systems, rather than traditional clear-cutting and replanting could be adopted. However, to evaluate alternative silvicultural strategies we would need to improve our ability to predict growth. This would require expansion of our database to include information on growth conditions of individual trees and young tree dynamics, as well as size and growth of other species, to model natural regeneration and competition.

Published
2021
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11. Hurricane María tripled stem breaks and doubled tree mortality relative to other major storms

Author

María Uriarte, Jill Thompson, and Jess K. Zimmerman

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Given the potential for increasingly common and intense tropical storms, it is important to understand their effects on island forest communities. Here, the authors show that Hurricane María’s strength and rainfall had larger effects on tree mortality than other less severe storms, and that large trees and species with low-density wood were most susceptible.

Published
2019
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12. Invasive Species in Puerto Rico: The View From El Yunque

Author

Jess K. Zimmerman, Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, and Aaron B. Shiels

Subjects
alien biodiversity, biotic resistance, introduced animals, island biogeography, Luquillo Experimental Forest, non-native plants, Evolution, QH359-425, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Native flora and fauna of Puerto Rico have a long biogeographic connection to South America. Theory and empirical evidence suggest that islands, particularly those distantly isolated from the mainland, should be more susceptible to naturalizations and invasions of non-native species than continental areas. Anthropogenic disturbances can facilitate accidental and deliberate introductions of non-native species. In this study, we asked: What is the current status of introduced species within El Yunque National Forest (EYNF), the largest and most well-conserved forest area of Puerto Rico? To address this question, we reviewed the literature and surveyed local experts to identify introduced plant and animal taxa that are behaving as invaders within EYNF. We hypothesized that well-conserved forest areas within EYNF would be more resistant to invasions than disturbed areas along roads and ruderal areas with a long history of human activity. We found that there is only partial evidence that supports our hypothesis and this evidence is strongest in vascular plants, but not for the other taxonomic groups analyzed. Our combined results showed that currently the more ubiquitous invasive species in EYNF include some mammals (feral cat, rat, and mongoose) and some invertebrates (earthworms, mosquito, and Africanized honeybee). For many taxa, there is little information to thoroughly test our hypothesis, and thus more detailed surveys of the status of non-native and invasive species in EYNF are needed.

Published
2021
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13. Topography and Traits Modulate Tree Performance and Drought Response in a Tropical Forest

Author

Naomi B. Schwartz, Xiaohui Feng, Robert Muscarella, Nathan G. Swenson, María Natalia Umaña, Jess K. Zimmerman, and María Uriarte

Subjects
tropical forest, drought, forest dynamics, LiDAR, microtopography, functional traits, Forestry, SD1-669.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Predicting drought responses of individual trees in tropical forests remains challenging, in part because trees experience drought differently depending on their position in spatially heterogeneous environments. Specifically, topography and the competitive environment can influence the severity of water stress experienced by individual trees, leading to individual-level variation in drought impacts. A drought in 2015 in Puerto Rico provided the opportunity to assess how drought response varies with topography and neighborhood crowding in a tropical forest. In this study, we integrated 3 years of annual census data from the El Yunque Chronosequence plots with measurements of functional traits and LiDAR-derived metrics of microsite topography. We fit hierarchical Bayesian models to examine how drought, microtopography, and neighborhood crowding influence individual tree growth and survival, and the role functional traits play in mediating species’ responses to these drivers. We found that while growth was lower during the drought year, drought had no effect on survival, suggesting that these forests are fairly resilient to a single-year drought. However, growth response to drought, as well as average growth and survival, varied with topography: tree growth in valley-like microsites was more negatively affected by drought, and survival was lower on steeper slopes while growth was higher in valleys. Neighborhood crowding reduced growth and increased survival, but these effects did not vary between drought/non-drought years. Functional traits provided some insight into mechanisms by which drought and topography affected growth and survival. For example, trees with high specific leaf area grew more slowly on steeper slopes, and high wood density trees were less sensitive to drought. However, the relationships between functional traits and response to drought and topography were weak overall. Species sorting across microtopography may drive observed relationships between average performance, drought response, and topography. Our results suggest that understanding species’ responses to drought requires consideration of the microenvironments in which they grow. Complex interactions between regional climate, topography, and traits underlie individual and species variation in drought response.

Published
2020
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14. Resistance, resilience, and vulnerability of social‐ecological systems to hurricanes in Puerto Rico

Author

Jess K. Zimmerman, Michael R. Willig, and Edwin A. Hernández‐Delgado

Subjects
anthropogenic effects, coastal ecosystems, cyclonic storms, forested ecosystems, Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Maria, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Subject to hurricane disturbance for millennia, natural ecosystems of Puerto Rico exhibit clear patterns of resistance (e.g., many tree species have little immediate storm‐related mortality) and resilience (e.g., leaf litterfall and stream chemistry returned to pre‐hurricane levels in as little as five years). Contemporaneous studies of near‐shore areas also suggested no long‐term impacts of hurricanes; however, anthropogenic effects (coral bleaching, sedimentation) dominate the long‐term condition of marine systems in Puerto Rico, many of which have slowly evolved into novel ecosystems. A key characteristic of novel marine ecosystems is their long‐term loss of benefits and resilience, coupled to declining biodiversity and loss of structural or functional redundancy, signaling increased vulnerability to subsequent hurricanes. Human systems are also strongly affected by cyclonic storms, as evidenced by the recent impacts of Hurricanes Irma and Maria in the Caribbean. The lack of short‐term recovery from disturbance by coral reef ecosystems, coupled with an increasing recurrence of anthropogenic impacts, increasing hurricane frequency or severity, and sea‐level rise, may have irreversible long‐term socioeconomic consequences for coastal social–ecological systems and for community livelihoods. A comprehensive social–ecological understanding of hurricane effects in Puerto Rico is lacking in part because hurricane effects on human populations are not comprehensively followed. Although some studies suggest a path forward, finding effective methods to link measurements of storm intensity to the diverse components of tropical social–ecological systems remains a challenge.

Published
2020
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15. Green roofs in the tropics: design considerations and vegetation dynamics

Author

Iana F. Grullón – Penkova, Jess K. Zimmerman, and Grizelle González

Subjects
Environmental science, Ecology, Environmental management, Sustainable development, Urbanization, Ecosystem services, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Green roofs (GR) have been proposed as a possible solution for urban stressors that, integrated with other remediation and mitigation actions, can lead the way to a more sustainable society. Even when some aspects of green roof design are well established and known (i.e. depth arrangements, materials, structural components, etc.) there is a need for further development on ecological attributes. This study is a descriptive analysis of suitable plant species for their possible incorporation in green roof designs with tropical climate conditions. Green roof research has been mostly led by temperate climate countries and has neglected to address tropical areas; this study aims to move research towards this knowledge gap. The evaluation of the vegetation dynamics in these novel ecosystems was done through a case study in the renovated facilities of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, which incorporated a set of green roofs in their infrastructure. We also sampled an older green roof built in the Social Sciences Faculty at the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras. A three-dimensional approach, the Point-Intercept Method, was taken in the vegetation surveys to capture as much as possible the green infrastructure of the roofs. Most of the originally planted species did not appear in these surveys. On the contrary, mainly new species dominated the areas. Along with the findings of these surveys and those in other tropical countries, a list of suitable species for green roofs in Puerto Rico is suggested, and some general recommendations are made for the better management of green roofs in tropical zones.

Published
2020
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16. Characterization of Dry-Season Phenology in Tropical Forests by Reconstructing Cloud-Free Landsat Time Series

Author

Xiaolin Zhu, Eileen H. Helmer, David Gwenzi, Melissa Collin, Sean Fleming, Jiaqi Tian, Humfredo Marcano-Vega, Elvia J. Meléndez-Ackerman, and Jess K. Zimmerman

Subjects
Landsat, time series, tropical forests, phenology, dry season, PhenoCam, Science
Abstract

Fine-resolution satellite imagery is needed for characterizing dry-season phenology in tropical forests since many tropical forests are very spatially heterogeneous due to their diverse species and environmental background. However, fine-resolution satellite imagery, such as Landsat, has a 16-day revisit cycle that makes it hard to obtain a high-quality vegetation index time series due to persistent clouds in tropical regions. To solve this challenge, this study explored the feasibility of employing a series of advanced technologies for reconstructing a high-quality Landsat time series from 2005 to 2009 for detecting dry-season phenology in tropical forests; Puerto Rico was selected as a testbed. We combined bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) correction, cloud and shadow screening, and contaminated pixel interpolation to process the raw Landsat time series and developed a thresholding method to extract 15 phenology metrics. The cloud-masked and gap-filled reconstructed images were tested with simulated clouds. In addition, the derived phenology metrics for grassland and forest in the tropical dry forest zone of Puerto Rico were evaluated with ground observations from PhenoCam data and field plots. Results show that clouds and cloud shadows are more accurately detected than the Landsat cloud quality assessment (QA) band, and that data gaps resulting from those clouds and shadows can be accurately reconstructed (R2 = 0.89). In the tropical dry forest zone, the detected phenology dates (such as greenup, browndown, and dry-season length) generally agree with the PhenoCam observations (R2 = 0.69), and Landsat-based phenology is better than MODIS-based phenology for modeling aboveground biomass and leaf area index collected in field plots (plot size is roughly equivalent to a 3 × 3 Landsat pixels). This study suggests that the Landsat time series can be used to characterize the dry-season phenology of tropical forests after careful processing, which will help to improve our understanding of vegetation–climate interactions at fine scales in tropical forests.

Published
2021
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17. Large‐ and small‐seeded species have contrasting functional neighborhoods in a subtropical forest

Author

María Natalia Umaña, Gabriel Arellano, Jimena Forero‐Montaña, Christopher J. Nytch, Nathan G. Swenson, Jill Thompson, María Uriarte, and Jess K. Zimmerman

Subjects
canopy openness, Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot, neighborhood trait dispersion, Puerto Rico, seed mass, seedlings, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Forest community composition is the outcome of multiple forces, including those that increase taxonomic and functional divergence and those that promote convergence in traits. The mechanisms underlying these forces may not operate homogenously within communities; individuals of different species are never perfectly mixed, and thus, species tend to be surrounded and interact with different subsets of species. In fact, taxonomic and functional composition of neighborhoods of different focal species can be highly variable. Here, we examine whether mechanisms driving species‐level neighborhoods relate to intrinsic characteristics of focal species such as differences in life‐history and resource‐uptake strategies and in turn relate to species survival. We focus on two key characteristics: (1) seed mass, which defines a dominant axis of life‐history strategies related to stress tolerance, and (2) understory light preferences that sort species from light‐demanding pioneers to shade‐tolerant. We monitored seedling communities over 10 yr in Puerto Rico and calculated neighborhood trait dispersion in species‐level neighborhoods using seven functional traits. We examined whether species‐level characteristics, seed mass and preferred light conditions, influence patterns of functional dispersion in seedling neighborhoods using linear models. Then, we examined how species‐level functional neighborhoods impact seedling survival. We found that small‐ and large‐seeded species diverge in the type of functional neighborhoods they associate with. Large‐seeded species associate with neighbors that are more similar than expected in leaf economic traits, but more different than expected in seed mass and leaf area traits, while the opposite was found for small‐seeded species. This variation in species functional neighborhood was important in determining seedling survival. In sum, our results suggest that divergent and convergent forces do not operate homogenously over entire communities. Their relative role changes in space, and on a species‐by‐species basis, probably with a deterministic foundation linked to traits such as seed mass.

Published
2020
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18. Author Correction: Hurricane María tripled stem breaks and doubled tree mortality relative to other major storms

Author

María Uriarte, Jill Thompson, and Jess K. Zimmerman

Subjects
Science
Abstract

The original version of this Article omitted the following from the Acknowledgements: Gabriel Arellano was instrumental in collecting post-María Hurricane data, as part of the Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments-Tropics, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

Published
2019
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19. Is there tree senescence? The fecundity evidence

Author

Tong Qiu, Marie-Claire Aravena, Robert Andrus, Davide Ascoli, Yves Bergeron, Roberta Berretti, Michal Bogdziewicz, Thomas Boivin, Raul Bonal, Thomas Caignard, Rafael Calama, J. Julio Camarero, Connie J. Clark, Benoit Courbaud, Sylvain Delzon, Sergio Donoso Calderon, William Farfan-Rios, Catherine A. Gehring, Gregory S. Gilbert, Cathryn H. Greenberg, Qinfeng Guo, Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki, Ines Ibanez, Valentin Journé, Christopher L. Kilner, Richard K. Kobe, Walter D. Koenig, Georges Kunstler, Jalene M. LaMontagne, Mateusz Ledwon, James A. Lutz, Renzo Motta, Jonathan A. Myers, Thomas A. Nagel, Chase L. Nuñez, Ian S. Pearse, Łukasz Piechnik, John R. Poulsen, Renata Poulton-Kamakura, Miranda D. Redmond, Chantal D. Reid, Kyle C. Rodman, C. Lane Scher, Harald Schmidt Van Marle, Barbara Seget, Shubhi Sharma, Miles Silman, Jennifer J. Swenson, Margaret Swift, Maria Uriarte, Giorgio Vacchiano, Thomas T. Veblen, Amy V. Whipple, Thomas G. Whitham, Andreas P. Wion, S. Joseph Wright, Kai Zhu, Jess K. Zimmerman, Magdalena Żywiec, and James S. Clark

Published
2021
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23. Forest and Freshwater Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change and Variability at US LTER Sites

Author

John L Campbell, Charles T Driscoll, Julia A Jones, Emery R Boose, Hilary A Dugan, Peter M Groffman, C Rhett Jackson, Jeremy B Jones, Glenn P Juday, Noah R Lottig, Brooke E Penaluna, Roger W Ruess, Katharine Suding, Jonathan R Thompson, and Jess K Zimmerman

Subjects
General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract

Forest and freshwater ecosystems are tightly linked and together provide important ecosystem services, but climate change is affecting their species composition, structure, and function. Research at nine US Long Term Ecological Research sites reveals complex interactions and cascading effects of climate change, some of which feed back into the climate system. Air temperature has increased at all sites, and those in the Northeast have become wetter, whereas sites in the Northwest and Alaska have become slightly drier. These changes have altered streamflow and affected ecosystem processes, including primary production, carbon storage, water and nutrient cycling, and community dynamics. At some sites, the direct effects of climate change are the dominant driver altering ecosystems, whereas at other sites indirect effects or disturbances and stressors unrelated to climate change are more important. Long-term studies are critical for understanding the impacts of climate change on forest and freshwater ecosystems.

Published
2022
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24. Linking seed size and number to trait syndromes in trees

Author

Michal Bogdziewicz, Marie‐Claire Aravena Acuña, Robert Andrus, Davide Ascoli, Yves Bergeron, Daniel Brveiller, Thomas Boivin, Raul Bonal, Thomas Caignard, Maxime Cailleret, Rafael Calama, Sergio Donoso Calderon, J. Julio Camarero, Chia‐Hao Chang‐Yang, Jerome Chave, Francesco Chianucci, Natalie L. Cleavitt, Benoit Courbaud, Andrea Cutini, Thomas Curt, Adrian J. Das, Hendrik Davi, Nicolas Delpierre, Sylvain Delzon, Michael Dietze, Laurent Dormont, William Farfan‐Rios, Catherine A. Gehring, Gregory S. Gilbert, Georg Gratzer, Cathryn H. Greenberg, Arthur Guignabert, Qinfeng Guo, Andrew Hacket‐Pain, Arndt Hampe, Qingmin Han, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki, Ines Ibanez, Jill F. Johnstone, Valentin Journé, Thomas Kitzberger, Johannes M. H. Knops, Georges Kunstler, Richard Kobe, Jonathan G. A. Lageard, Jalene M. LaMontagne, Mateusz Ledwon, Theodor Leininger, Jean‐Marc Limousin, James A. Lutz, Diana Macias, Anders Marell, Eliot J. B. McIntire, Emily Moran, Renzo Motta, Jonathan A. Myers, Thomas A. Nagel, Shoji Naoe, Mahoko Noguchi, Michio Oguro, Hiroko Kurokawa, Jean‐Marc Ourcival, Robert Parmenter, Ignacio M. Perez‐Ramos, Lukasz Piechnik, Tomasz Podgórski, John Poulsen, Tong Qiu, Miranda D. Redmond, Chantal D. Reid, Kyle C. Rodman, Pavel Šamonil, Jan Holik, C. Lane Scher, Harald Schmidt Van Marle, Barbara Seget, Mitsue Shibata, Shubhi Sharma, Miles Silman, Michael A. Steele, Jacob N. Straub, I‐Fang Sun, Samantha Sutton, Jennifer J. Swenson, Peter A. Thomas, Maria Uriarte, Giorgio Vacchiano, Thomas T. Veblen, Boyd Wright, S. Joseph Wright, Thomas G. Whitham, Kai Zhu, Jess K. Zimmerman, Magdalna Zywiec, James S. Clark, National Science Foundation (US), Belmont Forum, NASA Astrobiology Institute (US), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, National Science Centre (Poland), Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, US Forest Service, Narodowe Centrum Nauki (Poland), Bogdziewicz, Michal, Aravena, Marie-Claire, Andrus, Robert, Ascoli, Davide, Bergeron, Yves, Bonal, Raul, Caignard, Thomas, Calama, Rafael, Calderon, Sergio Donoso, Camarero, J Julio, Chang-Yang, Chia-Hao, Cleavitt, Natalie L, Courbaud, Benoit, Curt, Thomas, Davi, Hendrik, Delpierre, Nicolas, Delzon, Sylvain, Dietze, Michael, Dormont, Laurent, Farfan-Rios, William, Gehring, Catherine, Gilbert, Gregory S., Gratzer, Georg, Greenberg, Cathryn H., Guignabert, Arthur, Guo,Qinfeng, Hacket-Pain, Andrew, Hampe, Arndt, Han, Qingmin, Hoshizaki, Kazuhiko, Ibáñez, Inés, Johnstone, Jill F., Journé, Valentin, Kitzberger, Thomas, Knops, Johannes M. H., Kunstler, Georges, Kobe, Richard K., Lageard, Jonathan G. A., LaMontagne, Jalene M., Ledwon, Mateusz, Leininger, Theodor, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lutz, James A., Moran, Emily, Motta, Renzo, Myers, Jonathan A., Nagel, Thomas A., Shoji, N., Michio Oguro, Mahoko Noguchi, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Parmenter, Robert, Perez-Ramos, Ignacio M., Piechnik, Lukasz, Poulsen, John, Qiu, Tong, Redmond, Miranda D., Reid, Chantal D., Rodman, Kyle C., Scher, C. Lane, Seget, Barbara, Silman, Miles, Sun, I-Fang, Sutton, Samantha, Swenson, Jennifer J., Thomas, Peter A., Uriarte, Maria, Vacchiano, Giorgio, Veblen, Thomas T., Wright, Boyd, Wright, S. Joseph, Zhu, Kai, Zimmerman, Jess K., Zywiec, Magdalena, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas [Ushuaia] (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), AgroParisTech, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidad de Chili / Departamento de Ciencias de la Computation, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), National Kaohsiung Marine University [Taïwan] (NKMU), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science [Ithaca], Cornell University [New York], Centro di Viticoltura ed Enologia [CREA], Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria = Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), California Sciences Institute, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Saint Louis University (SLU), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of California (UC), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Liverpool, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Akita University, University of Michigan [Dearborn], University of Michigan System, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Alabama Space Grant ConsortiumAIST16-0052AIST18-0063Belmont Forum1854976Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA)PPN/BEK/2020/1/00009/U/00001National Science Centre, Poland2019/35/D/NZ8/00050National Science Foundation (NSF)DEB- 1754443, and ANR-18-MPGA-0004,FORBIC,Prévision du changement de la biodiversité(2018)

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fecundity, functional traits, leaf economics, life history strategies, size syndrome, tree recruitment, Life history strategie, Settore AGR/05 - Assestamento Forestale e Selvicoltura, Tree recruitmen, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, fecundity functional traits leaf economics life history strategies size syndrome, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

12 páginas.- 4 figuras.- referencias.- Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.- Full Access in https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13652, Aim Our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain forest diversity under changing climate can benefit from knowledge about traits that are closely linked to fitness. We tested whether the link between traits and seed number and seed size is consistent with two hypotheses, termed the leaf economics spectrum and the plant size syndrome, or whether reproduction represents an independent dimension related to a seed size–seed number trade-off. Location Most of the data come from Europe, North and Central America and East Asia. A minority of the data come from South America, Africa and Australia. Time period 1960–2022. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We gathered 12 million observations of the number of seeds produced in 784 tree species. We estimated the number of seeds produced by individual trees and scaled it up to the species level. Next, we used principal components analysis and generalized joint attribute modelling (GJAM) to map seed number and size on the tree traits spectrum. Results Incorporating seed size and number into trait analysis while controlling for environment and phylogeny with GJAM exposes relationships in trees that might otherwise remain hidden. Production of the large total biomass of seeds [product of seed number and seed size; hereafter, species seed productivity (SSP)] is associated with high leaf area, low foliar nitrogen, low specific leaf area (SLA) and dense wood. Production of high seed numbers is associated with small seeds produced by nutrient-demanding species with softwood, small leaves and high SLA. Trait covariation is consistent with opposing strategies: one fast-growing, early successional, with high dispersal, and the other slow-growing, stress-tolerant, that recruit in shaded conditions. Main conclusions Earth system models currently assume that reproductive allocation is indifferent among plant functional types. Easily measurable seed size is a strong predictor of the seed number and species seed productivity. The connection of SSP with the functional traits can form the first basis of improved fecundity prediction across global forests., The project has been funded by grants to J.S.C. from the National Science Foundation, most re-cently DEB-1754443, and by the Belmont Forum (1854976), NASA (AIST16-0052 and AIST18-0063) and the Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir under project FORBIC (18-MPGA-0004; Make Our Planet Great Again). Jerry Franklin's data remain acces-sible through NSF LTER DEB-1440409. Data from Hubbard Brook (New Hampshire) were funded through NSF-LTER. Puerto Rico data were funded by NSF grants, most recently DEB 0963447 and LTREB 11222325. Data from the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group were funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and NSF 727 LTREB 1754647. M.B. was supported by grant no. 2019/35/D/NZ8/00050 from the (Polish) National Science Centre and by Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Bekker programme PPN/BEK/2020/1/00009/U/00001. Research by the USDA Forest Service and the USGS was funded by these agencies. Any use of trade, firm or product names does not imply endorsement by the US Government. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply en -dorsement by the U.S. Government

Published
2023
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25. Hurricanes increase tropical forest vulnerability to drought

Author

Chris M. Smith‐Martin, Robert Muscarella, Roi Ankori‐Karlinsky, Sylvain Delzon, Samuel L. Farrar, Melissa Salva‐Sauri, Jill Thompson, Jess K. Zimmerman, and María Uriarte

Subjects
Plant Leaves, Tropical Climate, Cyclonic Storms, Physiology, Water, Plant Science, Forests, Ecosystem, Droughts, Trees
Abstract

Rapid changes in climate and disturbance regimes, including droughts and hurricanes, are likely to influence tropical forests, but our understanding of the compound effects of disturbances on forest ecosystems is extremely limited. Filling this knowledge gap is necessary to elucidate the future of these ecosystems under a changing climate. We examined the relationship between hurricane response (damage, mortality, and resilience) and four hydraulic traits of 13 dominant woody species in a wet tropical forest subject to periodic hurricanes. Species with high resistance to embolisms (low P

Published
2022
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26. Distribution of biomass dynamics in relation to tree size in forests across the world

Author

Camille Piponiot, Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira, Stuart J. Davies, David Allen, Norman A. Bourg, David F. R. P. Burslem, Dairon Cárdenas, Chia‐Hao Chang‐Yang, George Chuyong, Susan Cordell, Handanakere Shivaramaiah Dattaraja, Álvaro Duque, Sisira Ediriweera, Corneille Ewango, Zacky Ezedin, Jonah Filip, Christian P. Giardina, Robert Howe, Chang‐Fu Hsieh, Stephen P. Hubbell, Faith M. Inman‐Narahari, Akira Itoh, David Janík, David Kenfack, Kamil Král, James A. Lutz, Jean‐Remy Makana, Sean M. McMahon, William McShea, Xiangcheng Mi, Mohizah Bt. Mohamad, Vojtěch Novotný, Michael J. O'Brien, Rebecca Ostertag, Geoffrey Parker, Rolando Pérez, Haibao Ren, Glen Reynolds, Mohamad Danial Md Sabri, Lawren Sack, Ankur Shringi, Sheng‐Hsin Su, Raman Sukumar, I‐Fang Sun, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Duncan W. Thomas, Jill Thompson, Maria Uriarte, John Vandermeer, Yunquan Wang, Ian M. Ware, George D. Weiblen, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, Amy Wolf, Tze Leong Yao, Mingjian Yu, Zuoqiang Yuan, Jess K. Zimmerman, Daniel Zuleta, and Helene C. Muller‐Landau

Subjects
Tropical Climate, Physiology, Temperature, Biomass, Plant Science, Wood, Carbon
Abstract

Tree size shapes forest carbon dynamics and determines how trees interact with their environment, including a changing climate. Here, we conduct the first global analysis of among-site differences in how aboveground biomass stocks and fluxes are distributed with tree size. We analyzed repeat tree censuses from 25 large-scale (4-52 ha) forest plots spanning a broad climatic range over five continents to characterize how aboveground biomass, woody productivity, and woody mortality vary with tree diameter. We examined how the median, dispersion, and skewness of these size-related distributions vary with mean annual temperature and precipitation. In warmer forests, aboveground biomass, woody productivity, and woody mortality were more broadly distributed with respect to tree size. In warmer and wetter forests, aboveground biomass and woody productivity were more right skewed, with a long tail towards large trees. Small trees (1-10 cm diameter) contributed more to productivity and mortality than to biomass, highlighting the importance of including these trees in analyses of forest dynamics. Our findings provide an improved characterization of climate-driven forest differences in the size structure of aboveground biomass and dynamics of that biomass, as well as refined benchmarks for capturing climate influences in vegetation demographic models.

Published
2022
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27. Demographic trade-offs and functional shifts in a hurricane-impacted tropical forest

Author

María Natalia Umaña, Jessica Needham, Jimena Forero-Montaña, Christopher J Nytch, Nathan G Swenson, Jill Thompson, María Uriarte, and Jess K Zimmerman

Subjects
Plant Science
Abstract

Background and AimsUnderstanding shifts in the demographic and functional composition of forests after major natural disturbances has become increasingly relevant given the accelerating rates of climate change and elevated frequency of natural disturbances. Although plant demographic strategies are often described across a slow–fast continuum, severe and frequent disturbance events influencing demographic processes may alter the demographic trade-offs and the functional composition of forests. We examined demographic trade-offs and the shifts in functional traits in a hurricane-disturbed forest using long-term data from the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot (LFPD) in Puerto Rico.MethodsWe analysed information on growth, survival, seed rain and seedling recruitment for 30 woody species in the LFDP. In addition, we compiled data on leaf, seed and wood functional traits that capture the main ecological strategies for plants. We used this information to identify the main axes of demographic variation for this forest community and evaluate shifts in community-weighted means for traits from 2000 to 2016.Key ResultsThe previously identified growth–survival trade-off was not observed. Instead, we identified a fecundity–growth trade-off and an axis representing seedling-to-adult survival. Both axes formed dimensions independent of resprouting ability. Also, changes in tree species composition during the post-hurricane period reflected a directional shift from seedling and tree communities dominated by acquisitive towards conservative leaf economics traits and large seed mass. Wood specific gravity, however, did not show significant directional changes over time.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that tree demographic strategies coping with frequent storms and hurricane disturbances deviate from strategies typically observed in undisturbed forests, yet the shifts in functional composition still conform to the expected changes from acquisitive to conservative resource-uptake strategies expected over succession. In the face of increased rates of natural and anthropogenic disturbance in tropical regions, our results anticipate shifts in species demographic trade-offs and different functional dimensions.

Published
2023
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28. Functional traits of young seedlings predict trade-offs in seedling performance in three neotropical forests

Author

Margaret R. Metz, S. Joseph Wright, Jess K. Zimmerman, Andrés Hernandéz, Samuel M. Smith, Nathan G. Swenson, M. Natalia Umaña, L. Renato Valencia, Ina Waring-Enriquez, Mason Wordell, Milton Zambrano R., and Nancy C. Garwood

Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms that promote the coexistence of hundreds of species over small areas in tropical forest remains a challenge. Many tropical tree species are presumed to be functionally equivalent shade tolerant species that differ in performance trade-offs between survival in shade and the ability to quickly grow in sunlight.Variation in plant functional traits related to resource acquisition is thought to predict variation in performance among species, perhaps explaining community assembly across habitats with gradients in resource availability. Many studies have found low predictive power, however, when linking trait measurements to species demographic rates.Seedlings face different challenges recruiting on the forest floor and may exhibit different traits and/or performance trade-offs than older individuals face in the eventual adult niche. Seed mass is the typical proxy for seedling success, but species also differ in cotyledon strategy (reserve vs photosynthetic) or other seedling traits. These can cause species with the same average seed mass to have divergent performance in the same habitat.We combined long-term studies of seedling dynamics with functional trait data collected at a standard developmental stage in three diverse neotropical forests to ask whether variation in coordinated suites of traits predicts variation among species in demographic performance.Across hundreds of species in Ecuador, Panama, and Puerto Rico, we found seedlings displayed correlated suites of leaf, stem, and root traits, which strongly correlated with seed mass and cotyledon strategy. Variation among species in seedling functional traits, seed mass, and cotyledon strategy were strong predictors of trade-offs in seedling growth and survival.Our findings highlight the importance of cotyledon strategy in addition to seed mass as a key component of seed and seedling biology. These results also underscore the importance of matching the ontogenetic stage of the trait measurement to the stage of demographic dynamics.Synthesis:With strikingly consistent patterns across three tropical forests, we find strong evidence for the promise of functional traits to provide mechanistic links between seedling form and demographic performance.

Published
2023
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29. Linking soil phosphorus with forest litterfall resistance and resilience to cyclone disturbance: A pantropical meta-analysis

Author

Barbara Bomfim, Anthony P. Walker, William H. McDowell, Jess K. Zimmerman, Yanlei Feng, and Lara M. Kueppers

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Cyclonic Storms, soil fertility, hurricane, Phosphorus, nutrient cycling, Forests, Biogeochemistry, Biological Sciences, nitrogen, Trees, Soil, typhoon, ecosystem function, Environmental Chemistry, litterfall, Ecosystem, Environmental Sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

While tropical cyclone regimes are shifting with climate change, the mechanisms underpinning the resistance (ability to withstand disturbance-induced change) and resilience (capacity to return to pre-disturbance reference) of tropical forest litterfall to cyclones remain largely unexplored pantropically. Single-site studies in Australia and Hawaii suggest that litterfall on low-phosphorus (P) soils is more resistant and less resilient to cyclones. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the pantropical importance of total soil P in mediating forest litterfall resistance and resilience to 22 tropical cyclones. We evaluated cyclone-induced and post-cyclone litterfall mass (g/m2 /day), and P and nitrogen (N) fluxes (mg/m2 /day) and concentrations (mg/g), all indicators of ecosystem function and essential for nutrient cycling. Across 73 case studies in Australia, Guadeloupe, Hawaii, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Taiwan, total litterfall mass flux increased from ~2.5 ± 0.3 to 22.5 ± 3 g/m2 /day due to cyclones, with large variation among studies. Litterfall P and N fluxes post-cyclone represented ~5% and 10% of the average annual fluxes, respectively. Post-cyclone leaf litterfall N and P concentrations were 21.6 ± 1.2% and 58.6 ± 2.3% higher than pre-cyclone means. Mixed-effects models determined that soil P negatively moderated the pantropical litterfall resistance to cyclones, with a 100 mg P/kg increase in soil P corresponding to a 32% to 38% decrease in resistance. Based on 33% of the resistance case studies, total litterfall mass flux reached pre-disturbance levels within one-year post-disturbance. A GAMM indicated that soil P, gale wind duration and time post-cyclone jointly moderate the short-term resilience of total litterfall, with the nature of the relationship between resilience and soil P contingent on time and wind duration. Across pantropical forests observed to date, our results indicate that litterfall resistance and resilience in the face of intensifying cyclones will be partially determined by total soil P.

Published
2022

30. Topography and Tree Species Improve Estimates of Spatial Variation in Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in a Subtropical Forest

Author

Andrew Quebbeman, Jess K. Zimmerman, María Uriarte, and Duncan N. L. Menge

Subjects
Ecology, Greenhouse gas, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Ecosystem, Subtropics, Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, Tropical forest, Atmospheric sciences, Tree species, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Spatial heterogeneity
Abstract

Subtropical and tropical forests account for over 50% of soil CO2 production, 47% of N2O fluxes of natural ecosystems, and act as both significant sources and sinks of atmospheric CH4. However, ecosystem-scale estimates of these fluxes typically do not account for uncertainty that arises from environmental heterogeneity over small spatial scales. To assess the effects of small-scale environmental heterogeneity on GHG fluxes in a tropical forest ecosystem, we measured fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O across a topographic gradient and at the base of different tree species. We then used Bayesian linear models together with maps of trees and topography to quantify spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem-scale estimates of GHG emissions. The relationship between GHG fluxes and species and topography varied for each gas type. CO2 varied strongly by species but was only weakly related to topographic variation. In contrast, CH4 and N2O, which are more strongly regulated by soil oxygen, had strong relationships with topography but did not vary across species. Assuming spatial homogeneity and average rainfall conditions, we estimated ecosystem soil CO2 emissions to be 28.91 kg CO2-C/ha/day, net CH4 consumption of − 5.15 g CH4-C/ha/day, and net N2O emissions of 1.78 g N2O-N/ha/day. Including variation caused by tree species decreased ecosystem-level estimates of CO2 emissions by 8.03%, whereas including topographic variation decreased net CH4 consumption by 12.98% and increased net N2O emissions by 1.05%. This translates to a net decrease of 8.32% in estimated CO2-equivalent emissions. Our findings show that ignoring small-scale environmental heterogeneity has implications for bottom-up estimates of GHG fluxes in tropical forests. Given the increasing availability of fine-scale topographic models, incorporating this source of variation in estimates of ecosystem soil GHG emissions could improve our understanding of the role tropical forests play in global GHG cycles.

Published
2021
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31. Demographic composition, not demographic diversity, predicts biomass and turnover across temperate and tropical forests

Author

Jessica F. Needham, Daniel J. Johnson, Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira, Norman Bourg, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Nathalie Butt, Min Cao, Dairon Cárdenas, Chia‐Hao Chang‐Yang, Yu‐Yun Chen, George Chuyong, Handanakere S. Dattaraja, Stuart J. Davies, Alvaro Duque, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Edwino S. Fernando, Rosie Fisher, Christine D. Fletcher, Robin Foster, Zhanqing Hao, Terese Hart, Chang‐Fu Hsieh, Stephen P. Hubbell, Akira Itoh, David Kenfack, Charles D. Koven, Andrew J. Larson, James A. Lutz, William McShea, Jean‐Remy Makana, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Mohizah Bt. Mohamad, Michael D. Morecroft, Natalia Norden, Geoffrey Parker, Ankur Shringi, Raman Sukumar, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, I‐Fang Sun, Sylvester Tan, Duncan W. Thomas, Jill Thompson, Maria Uriarte, Renato Valencia, Tze Leong Yao, Sandra L. Yap, Zuoqiang Yuan, Hu Yuehua, Jess K. Zimmerman, Daniel Zuleta, and Sean M. McMahon

Subjects
forest dynamics, Global and Planetary Change, Tropical Climate, Ecology, carbon residence time, Climate Change, Biological Sciences, Ecology and Environment, Environmental Chemistry, Biomass, species richness, aboveground biomass, ForestGEO, size-dependent survival, tree demography, Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem, General Environmental Science, Demography
Abstract

The growth and survival of individual trees determine the physical structure of a forest with important consequences for forest function. However, given the diversity of tree species and forest biomes, quantifying the multitude of demographic strategies within and across forests and the way that they translate into forest structure and function remains a significant challenge. Here, we quantify the demographic rates of 1961 tree species from temperate and tropical forests and evaluate how demographic diversity (DD) and demographic composition (DC) differ across forests, and how these differences in demography relate to species richness, aboveground biomass (AGB), and carbon residence time. We find wide variation in DD and DC across forest plots, patterns that are not explained by species richness or climate variables alone. There is no evidence that DD has an effect on either AGB or carbon residence time. Rather, the DC of forests, specifically the relative abundance of large statured species, predicted both biomass and carbon residence time. Our results demonstrate the distinct DCs of globally distributed forests, reflecting biogeography, recent history, and current plot conditions. Linking the DC of forests to resilience or vulnerability to climate change, will improve the precision and accuracy of predictions of future forest composition, structure, and function.

Published
2022
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32. Understanding tropical forest abiotic response to hurricanes using experimental manipulations, field observations, and satellite data

Author

Alonso Ramírez, Sarah Stankavich, Grizelle González, Jess K. Zimmerman, and Ashley E. Van Beusekom

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Abiotic component, Canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Life, Experimental forest, 15. Life on land, Atmospheric sciences, Throughfall, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Debris, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, 13. Climate action, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Environmental science, Relative humidity, Satellite, lcsh:Ecology, Water content, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

With projected increasing intensity of hurricanes and large uncertainty in the path of forest recovery from hurricanes, studies are needed to understand the fundamental response of forests to canopy opening and debris deposition: the response of the abiotic factors underneath the canopy. Through two manipulative experiments and instrumenting prior to Hurricane Maria (2017) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) of Puerto Rico, this study found a long recovery time of primary abiotic factors (beneath canopy light, throughfall, and temperature) influenced by the disturbance of canopy opening, as well as complex responses by the secondary abiotic factors (relative humidity, soil moisture, and leaf saturation) influenced by the disturbance of the primary factors. Recovery took 4–5 years for beneath canopy light, while throughfall recovery took 4–9 years and neither had recovered when Hurricane Maria passed 3 years after the second experiment. Air and soil temperature seemingly recovered quickly from each disturbance ( years in two experiments for ∼+1 ∘C of change); however, temperature was the most important modulator of secondary factors, which followed the long-term patterns of the throughfall. While the soil remained wetter and relative humidity in the air stayed lower until recovery, leaves in the litter and canopy were wetter and drier, with evidence that leaves dry out faster in low rainfall and saturate faster in high rainfall after disturbance. Comparison of satellite and field data before and after the 2017 hurricanes showed the utility of satellites in expanding the data coverage, but the muted response of the satellite data suggests they measure dense forest as well as thin forest that is not as disturbed by hurricanes. Thus, quick recovery times recorded by satellites should not be assumed representative of all the forest. Data records spanning the multiple manipulative experiments followed by Hurricane Maria in the LEF provide evidence that intermediate hurricane frequency has the most extreme abiotic response (with evidence on almost all abiotic factors tested) versus infrequent or frequent hurricanes.

Published
2020

33. The scale dependency of trait‐based tree neighborhood models

Author

Jess K. Zimmerman, Jenny Zambrano, Philippe Marchand, Noelle G. Beckman, Jill Thompson, Nathan G. Swenson, María Uriarte, and María Natalia Umaña

Subjects
Tree (data structure), Dependency (UML), Ecology, Scale (ratio), Trait based, Statistics, Plant Science, Biology, Ecology and Environment
Abstract

Questions: We asked: (a) whether the strength of conspecific and heterospecific neighborhood crowding effects on focal tree survival and growth vary with neighborhood radii; and (b) if the relative strength of the effect of neighborhood interactions on tree growth and survival varies with neighborhood scale. Location: Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot, Puerto Rico. Methods: We used tree survival and growth data and included information on species‐mean trait values related to several leaf traits, maximum height, seed mass and wood density. We incorporated a tree neighborhood modeling approach that uses an area around a focal tree with a specified radius, to describe the interactions between a focal tree and its neighbors. We constructed survival and growth models for each functional trait using a Bayesian approach, and varied the size of the radius from 5 m to 30 m, at 5‐m intervals. Results: The results suggested that the estimated effects of conspecific and heterospecific neighbors on tree performance do not vary based on the size of the neighborhood (5–30 m), suggesting that the effects of conspecific and heterospecific neighbors on the performance of a focal tree likely do not vary substantially beyond a neighborhood radius of 5 m in the Luquillo forest. In contrast, the estimated strength of the functional neighborhood (effect of neighbors based on their functional trait values) on tree performance was dependent on the neighborhood range. Our results also suggested that the effects of trait distances and trait hierarchies on tree survival and growth are acting simultaneously and at the same spatial scales. Conclusion: Findings from this study highlight the importance of spatial scale in community assembly processes, and specifically, call for increased attention when selecting the radius that defines the neighborhood around a focal tree as the selected neighborhood radius influences the community patterns discovered, and affects the conclusions about the drivers that control community assembly.

Published
2020
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34. Limits to reproduction and seed size-number tradeoffs that shape forest dominance and future recovery

Author

Tong Qiu, Robert Andrus, Marie-Claire Aravena, Davide Ascoli, Yves Bergeron, Roberta Berretti, Daniel Berveiller, Michal Bogdziewicz, Thomas Boivin, Raul Bonal, Don C. Bragg, Thomas Caignard, Rafael Calama, J. Julio Camarero, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, Natalie L. Cleavitt, Benoit Courbaud, Francois Courbet, Thomas Curt, Adrian J. Das, Evangelia Daskalakou, Hendrik Davi, Nicolas Delpierre, Sylvain Delzon, Michael Dietze, Sergio Donoso Calderon, Laurent Dormont, Josep Espelta, Timothy J. Fahey, William Farfan-Rios, Catherine A. Gehring, Gregory S. Gilbert, Georg Gratzer, Cathryn H. Greenberg, Qinfeng Guo, Andrew Hacket-Pain, Arndt Hampe, Qingmin Han, Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki, Ines Ibanez, Jill F. Johnstone, Valentin Journé, Daisuke Kabeya, Christopher L. Kilner, Thomas Kitzberger, Johannes M. H. Knops, Richard K. Kobe, Georges Kunstler, Jonathan G. A. Lageard, Jalene M. LaMontagne, Mateusz Ledwon, Francois Lefevre, Theodor Leininger, Jean-Marc Limousin, James A. Lutz, Diana Macias, Eliot J. B. McIntire, Christopher M. Moore, Emily Moran, Renzo Motta, Jonathan A. Myers, Thomas A. Nagel, Kyotaro Noguchi, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Robert Parmenter, Ian S. Pearse, Ignacio M. Perez-Ramos, Lukasz Piechnik, John Poulsen, Renata Poulton-Kamakura, Miranda D. Redmond, Chantal D. Reid, Kyle C. Rodman, Francisco Rodriguez-Sanchez, Javier D. Sanguinetti, C. Lane Scher, William H. Schlesinger, Harald Schmidt Van Marle, Barbara Seget, Shubhi Sharma, Miles Silman, Michael A. Steele, Nathan L. Stephenson, Jacob N. Straub, I-Fang Sun, Samantha Sutton, Jennifer J. Swenson, Margaret Swift, Peter A. Thomas, Maria Uriarte, Giorgio Vacchiano, Thomas T. Veblen, Amy V. Whipple, Thomas G. Whitham, Andreas P. Wion, Boyd Wright, S. Joseph Wright, Kai Zhu, Jess K. Zimmerman, Roman Zlotin, Magdalena Zywiec, James S. Clark, National Science Foundation (US), Belmont Forum, NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, National Science Centre (Poland), US Forest Service, Qiu, Tong, Andrus, Robert, Aravena, Marie-Claire, Ascoli, Davide, Bergeron, Yves, Berretti, Roberta 0000-0002-1944-8855], Berveiller, Daniel, Bogdziewicz, Michal, Bonal, Raul, Bragg, Don C, Caignard, Thomas, Calama, Rafael, Camarero, J Julio, Chang-Yang, Chia-Hao, Cleavitt, Natalie L, Courbaud, Benoit, Courbet, Francois, Curt, Thomas, Adrian, Das, Daskalakou, Evangelia, Davi, Hendrik, Delpierre, Nicolas, Delzon, Sylvain, Dietze, Michael, Calderon, Sergio Donoso, Dormont, Laurent, Espelta, Josep, Fahey, Timothy J, Farfan-Rios, William, Gehring, Catherine A, Gilbert, Gregory S, Gratzer, Georg, Greenberg, Cathryn H, Guo,Qinfeng, Hacket-Pain, Andrew, Hampe, Arndt, Han, Qingmin, Hoshizaki, Kazuhiko, Ibáñez, Inés, Johnstone, Jill F, Journé, Valentin, Kabeya, Daisuke, Kilner, Christopher L, Kitzberger, Thomas, Knops, Johannes M H, Kobe, Richard K, Kunstler, Georges, Lageard, Jonathan G A, LaMontagne, Jalene M, Ledwon, Mateusz, Lefèvre, François, Leininger, Theodor, Limousin, Jean-Marc, Lutz, James A, McIntire, Eliot J B, Moran, Emily, Motta, Renzo, Myers, Jonathan A, Nagel, Thomas A, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Parmenter, Robert, Pearse, Ian S, Perez-Ramos, Ignacio M, Piechnik, Lukasz, Poulsen, John, Poulton-Kamakura, Renata, Redmond, Miranda D, Reid, Chantal D, Rodman, Kyle C, Rodriguez-Sanchez, Francisco, Schlesinger, William H, Seget, Barbara, Silman, Miles, Stephenson, Nathan L, Sun, I-Fang, Sutton, Samantha, Swenson, Jennifer J, Thomas, Peter A, Uriarte, Maria, Vacchiano, Giorgio, Veblen, Thomas T, Wion, Andreas P, Wright, Boyd, Wright, S Joseph, Zimmerman, Jess K, Zhu, Kai, Zywiec, Magdalena, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], University of Colorado [Boulder], Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Cornell University [New York], Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), Institute of Forest Ecology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), University of Liverpool, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Akita University, University of Michigan [Dearborn], University of Michigan System, University of Alaska [Anchorage], Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, University of Manchester [Manchester], DePaul University [Chicago], Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Colby College, The project has been funded continuously since 1992 by NationalScience Foundation grants to J.S.C, most recently DEB-1754443, and by the BelmontForum (1854976), NASA (AIST16-0052, AIST18-0063), and the Programme d’Inves-tissement d’Avenir under project FORBIC (18-MPGA-0004)(Make Our Planet GreatAgain). Puerto Rico data were funded by NSF grants to M.U., most recently, DEB 0963447and LTREB 11222325. Data from the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Groupwere funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and NSF LTREB 1754647 toM.S. Additional funding to M.Z. came from the W.Szafer Institute of Botany of the PolishAcademy of Sciences and the Polish National Science Foundation (2019/33/B/NZ8/0134).M.B. was supported by the Polish National Science Centre grant no. 2019/35/D/NZ8/00050, and Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Bekker programme PPN/BEK/2020/1/00009/U/00001. J.M.L. was supported by NSF grant DEB 1745496. Jerry Franklin’sdata remain accessible through NSF LTER DEB-1440409. USDA Forest Service and USGSresearch was funded by those agencies, Qiu, Tong [0000-0003-4499-437X], Andrus, Robert [0000-0003-0968-8377], Aravena, Marie-Claire [0000-0002-4493-4396], Ascoli, Davide [0000-0002-0546-4467], Bergeron, Yves [0000-0003-3707-3687], Berretti, Roberta 0000-0002-1944-8855][, Berveiller, Daniel [0000-0001-7461-6420], Bogdziewicz, Michal [0000-0002-6777-9034], Bonal, Raul [0000-0002-6084-1771], Bragg, Don C [0000-0002-5207-8606], Caignard, Thomas [0000-0001-5009-4613], Calama, Rafael [0000-0002-2598-9594], Camarero, J Julio [0000-0003-2436-2922], Chang-Yang, Chia-Hao [0000-0003-3635-4946], Cleavitt, Natalie L [0000-0003-0425-2486], Courbaud, Benoit [0000-0002-3050-9559], Courbet, Francois [0000-0002-9438-6746], Curt, Thomas [0000-0002-2654-3009], Adrian, Das [0000-0002-3937-2616], Daskalakou, Evangelia [0000-0002-5190-1023], Davi, Hendrik [0000-0001-8828-3145], Delpierre, Nicolas [0000-0003-0906-9402], Delzon, Sylvain [0000-0003-3442-1711], Dietze, Michael [0000-0002-2324-2518], Calderon, Sergio Donoso [0000-0002-4599-4702], Dormont, Laurent [0000-0002-2021-0625], Espelta, Josep [0000-0002-0242-4988], Fahey, Timothy J [0000-0003-1283-1162], Farfan-Rios, William [0000-0002-3196-0317], Gehring, Catherine A [0000-0002-9393-9556], Gilbert, Gregory S [0000-0002-5195-9903], Gratzer, Georg [0000-0002-6355-6562], Greenberg, Cathryn H [0000-0002-2831-0989], Guo,Qinfeng [0000-0002-4375-4916], Hacket-Pain, Andrew [0000-0003-3676-1568], Hampe, Arndt [0000-0003-2551-9784], Han, Qingmin [0000-0001-6063-6068], Hoshizaki, Kazuhiko [0000-0001-7654-9129], Ibáñez, Inés[0000-0002-1054-0727], Johnstone, Jill F [0000-0001-6131-9339], Journé, Valentin [0000-0001-7324-7002], Kabeya, Daisuke [0000-0002-3420-199X], Kilner, Christopher L [0000-0001-8808-8868], Kitzberger, Thomas [0000-0002-9754-4121], Knops, Johannes M H [0000-0002-9647-9209], Kobe, Richard K [0000-0002-0943-9613], Kunstler, Georges [0000-0002-2544-1940], Lageard, Jonathan G A [0000-0001-8971-0444], LaMontagne, Jalene M [0000-0001-7713-8591], Ledwon, Mateusz [0000-0003-3017-6376], Lefèvre, François [0000-0003-2242-7251], Leininger, Theodor [0000-0002-4939-3656], Limousin, Jean-Marc [0000-0002-2734-2495], Lutz, James A [0000-0002-2560-0710], McIntire, Eliot J B [0000-0002-6914-8316], Moran, Emily [0000-0003-4624-1910], Motta, Renzo [0000-0002-1631-3840], Myers, Jonathan A [0000-0002-2058-8468], Nagel, Thomas A [0000-0002-4207-9218], Ourcival, Jean-Marc [0000-0002-3557-3496], Parmenter, Robert [0000-0002-2099-6824], Pearse, Ian S [0000-0001-7098-0495], Perez-Ramos, Ignacio M [0000-0003-2332-7818], Piechnik, Lukasz [0000-0002-3958-7393], Poulsen, John [0000-0002-1532-9808], Poulton-Kamakura, Renata [0000-0002-2516-8702], Redmond, Miranda D [0000-0002-4657-7943], Reid, Chantal D [0000-0002-3811-4076], Rodman, Kyle C [0000-0001-9538-8412], Rodriguez-Sanchez, Francisco [0000-0002-7981-1599], Schlesinger, William H [0000-0002-1391-0885], Seget, Barbara [0000-0002-7872-926X], Silman, Miles [0000-0003-4152-2844], Stephenson, Nathan L [0000-0003-0208-7229], Sun, I-Fang [0000-0001-9749-8324], Sutton, Samantha [0000-0002-1491-7763], Swenson, Jennifer J [0000-0002-2069-667X], Thomas, Peter A [0000-0003-3115-3301], Uriarte, Maria [0000-0002-0484-0758], Vacchiano, Giorgio [0000-0001-8100-0659], Veblen, Thomas T [0000-0002-3037-640X], Wion, Andreas P [0000-0002-0701-2843], Wright, Boyd [0000-0002-6322-4904], Wright, S Joseph [0000-0003-4260-5676], Zimmerman, Jess K [0000-0002-8179-0731], Zhu, Kai [0000-0003-1587-3317], and Zywiec, Magdalena [0000-0002-5992-4051]

Subjects
Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], General Physics and Astronomy, Forests, Q1, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Trees, reproductive potential, Plant seed, Forest, pridelava semen, Plant ecology, SB, SD, Multidisciplinary, Reproduction, Contraception/Reproduction, Botánica, production control, food and beverages, General Chemistry, Biodiversity, Ecología, Fertility, natural disasters, nadzor pridelave, seed production, Seeds, reprodukcijski potencial, Forest ecology, udc:630*23, ujme, Tree
Abstract

12 Pág., The relationships that control seed production in trees are fundamental to understanding the evolution of forest species and their capacity to recover from increasing losses to drought, fire, and harvest. A synthesis of fecundity data from 714 species worldwide allowed us to examine hypotheses that are central to quantifying reproduction, a foundation for assessing fitness in forest trees. Four major findings emerged. First, seed production is not constrained by a strict trade-off between seed size and numbers. Instead, seed numbers vary over ten orders of magnitude, with species that invest in large seeds producing more seeds than expected from the 1:1 trade-off. Second, gymnosperms have lower seed production than angiosperms, potentially due to their extra investments in protective woody cones. Third, nutrient-demanding species, indicated by high foliar phosphorus concentrations, have low seed production. Finally, sensitivity of individual species to soil fertility varies widely, limiting the response of community seed production to fertility gradients. In combination, these findings can inform models of forest response that need to incorporate reproductive potential., The project has been funded continuously since 1992 by National Science Foundation grants to J.S.C, most recently DEB-1754443, and by the Belmont Forum (1854976), NASA (AIST16-0052, AIST18-0063), and the Programme d’Investissement d’Avenir under project FORBIC (18-MPGA-0004)(Make Our Planet Great Again). Puerto Rico data were funded by NSF grants to M.U., most recently, DEB 0963447 and LTREB 11222325. Data from the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group were funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and NSF LTREB 1754647 to M.S. Additional funding to M.Z. came from the W.Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish National Science Foundation (2019/33/B/NZ8/0134). M.B. was supported by the Polish National Science Centre grant no. 2019/35/D/NZ8/00050, and Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Bekker programme PPN/BEK/2020/1/00009/U/00001. J.M.L. was supported by NSF grant DEB 1745496. Jerry Franklin’s data remain accessible through NSF LTER DEB-1440409. USDA Forest Service and USGS research was funded by those agencies.

Published
2022
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35. Globally, tree fecundity exceeds productivity gradients

Author

Valentin Journé, Robert Andrus, Marie‐Claire Aravena, Davide Ascoli, Roberta Berretti, Daniel Berveiller, Michal Bogdziewicz, Thomas Boivin, Raul Bonal, Thomas Caignard, Rafael Calama, Jesús Julio Camarero, Chia‐Hao Chang‐Yang, Benoit Courbaud, Francois Courbet, Thomas Curt, Adrian J. Das, Evangelia Daskalakou, Hendrik Davi, Nicolas Delpierre, Sylvain Delzon, Michael Dietze, Sergio Donoso Calderon, Laurent Dormont, Josep Maria Espelta, Timothy J. Fahey, William Farfan‐Rios, Catherine A. Gehring, Gregory S. Gilbert, Georg Gratzer, Cathryn H. Greenberg, Qinfeng Guo, Andrew Hacket‐Pain, Arndt Hampe, Qingmin Han, Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki, Ines Ibanez, Jill F. Johnstone, Daisuke Kabeya, Roland Kays, Thomas Kitzberger, Johannes M. H. Knops, Richard K. Kobe, Georges Kunstler, Jonathan G. A. Lageard, Jalene M. LaMontagne, Theodor Leininger, Jean‐Marc Limousin, James A. Lutz, Diana Macias, Eliot J. B. McIntire, Christopher M. Moore, Emily Moran, Renzo Motta, Jonathan A. Myers, Thomas A. Nagel, Kyotaro Noguchi, Jean‐Marc Ourcival, Robert Parmenter, Ian S. Pearse, Ignacio M. Perez‐Ramos, Lukasz Piechnik, John Poulsen, Renata Poulton‐Kamakura, Tong Qiu, Miranda D. Redmond, Chantal D. Reid, Kyle C. Rodman, Francisco Rodriguez‐Sanchez, Javier D. Sanguinetti, C. Lane Scher, Harald Schmidt Van Marle, Barbara Seget, Shubhi Sharma, Miles Silman, Michael A. Steele, Nathan L. Stephenson, Jacob N. Straub, Jennifer J. Swenson, Margaret Swift, Peter A. Thomas, Maria Uriarte, Giorgio Vacchiano, Thomas T. Veblen, Amy V. Whipple, Thomas G. Whitham, Boyd Wright, S. Joseph Wright, Kai Zhu, Jess K. Zimmerman, Roman Zlotin, Magdalena Zywiec, James S. Clark, National Science Foundation (US), NASA Astrobiology Institute (US), Belmont Forum, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, Journé, Valentin [0000-0001-7324-7002], Camarero, Jesús Julio [0000-0003-2436-2922], Dietze, Michael [0000-0002-2324-2518], Espelta, Josep Maria [0000-0002-0242-4988], Kays, Roland [0000-0002-2947-6665], Hampe, Arndt [0000-0003-2551-9784], Kunstler, Georges [0000-0002-2544-1940], Ibáñez, Inés [0000-0002-1054-0727], Pérez-Ramos, Ignacio Manuel [0000-0003-2332-7818], Scher, C. Lane [0000-0003-3689-5769], Uriarte, María [0000-0002-0484-0758], Wright, S. Joseph [0000-0003-4260-5676], Zhu, Kai [0000-0003-1587-3317], Zywiec, Magdalena [0000-0002-5992-4051], Clark, James S. [0000-0002-5677-9733], Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), University of Colorado [Boulder], Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Western Ecological Research Center, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO Demeter), Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Cornell University [New York], Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of California (UC), USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), University of Liverpool, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Departement Erdwissenschaften [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Akita University, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University [Suzhou], Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), DePaul University [Chicago], USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Utah State University (USU), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Pacific Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Colby College, University of California [Merced] (UC Merced), University of Ljubljana, National Park Service, United States Geological Survey (USGS), Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Duke University [Durham], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla, Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Wake Forest University, Wilkes University, Partenaires INRAE, State University of New York (SUNY), Keele University [Keele], Columbia University [New York], Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), University of New England (UNE), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico (UPR), Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, National Science Foundation (NSF)DEB-1754443National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)AIST16-0052AIST18-0063Belmont Forum1854976, ANR-18-MPGA-0004,FORBIC,Prévision du changement de la biodiversité(2018), Journé, Valentin, Camarero, Jesús Julio, Dietze, Michael, Espelta, Josep Maria, Kays, Roland, Hampe, Arndt, Kunstler, Georges, Ibáñez, Inés, Pérez-Ramos, Ignacio Manuel, Scher, C. Lane, Uriarte, María, Wright, S. Joseph, Zhu, Kai, Zywiec, Magdalena, Clark, James S., and McGlinn, Daniel

Subjects
S1, Climate, Forests, Regenerative Medicine, Forest regeneration, Trees, Seed consumption, Species interactions, climate, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, SD, tree fecundity, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Evolutionary Biology, species interactions, Ecology, competition, forest regeneration, seed consumption, Biodiversity, Fertility, Seeds, Competition, Ecological Applications, Tree fecundity
Abstract

12 páginas.- 5 figuras.- 67 referencias.- Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of the article at the publisher’s website .- The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/ele.14012 .- All data and code supporting our results are archived on the Zenodo Repository at the following link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6381799, Lack of tree fecundity data across climatic gradients precludes the analysis of how seed supply contributes to global variation in forest regeneration and biotic interactions responsible for biodiversity. A global synthesis of raw seedproduction data shows a 250-fold increase in seed abundance from cold-dry to warm-wet climates, driven primarily by a 100-fold increase in seed production for a given tree size. The modest (threefold) increase in forest productivity across the same climate gradient cannot explain the magnitudes of these trends. The increase in seeds per tree can arise from adaptive evolution driven by intense species interactions or from the direct effects of a warm, moist climate on tree fecundity. Either way, the massive differences in seed supply ramify through food webs potentially explaining a disproportionate role for species interactions in the wet tropics., The project has been funded by grants to JSC from the National Science Foundation, most recently DEB-1754443, and by the Belmont Forum (1854976), NASA (AIST16-0052, AIST18-0063) and the Programme d’Investissement d’Avenir under project FORBIC (18-MPGA-0004) (Make Our Planet Great Again). Jerry Franklin’s data remain accessible through NSF LTER DEB-1440409. Puerto Rico data were funded by NSF grants, most recently, DEB 0963447 and LTREB 11222325. Data from the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group were funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and NSF LTREB 1754647. MB was supported by grant no. 2019/35/D/NZ8/00050 from the (Polish) National Science Centre, and Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Bekker programme PPN/BEK/2020/1/00009/U/00001. Research by the USDA Forest Service and the USGS was funded by these agencies. Any use of trade, firm or product names does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

Published
2022
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36. Characterization of Dry-Season Phenology in Tropical Forests by Reconstructing Cloud-Free Landsat Time Series

Author

Sean Fleming, Humfredo Marcano-Vega, Jiaqi Tian, Jess K. Zimmerman, David Gwenzi, Melissa Collin, Elvia J. Meléndez-Ackerman, Eileen H. Helmer, and Xiaolin Zhu

Subjects
Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, tropical forests, Phenology, Science, Tropics, phenology, dry season, Shadow, Dry season, Landsat, time series, PhenoCam, phenology metrics, tropical dry forest, tropical humid forests, cloud mask, shadow mask, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Satellite imagery, Bidirectional reflectance distribution function, Leaf area index, Remote sensing
Abstract

Fine-resolution satellite imagery is needed for characterizing dry-season phenology in tropical forests since many tropical forests are very spatially heterogeneous due to their diverse species and environmental background. However, fine-resolution satellite imagery, such as Landsat, has a 16-day revisit cycle that makes it hard to obtain a high-quality vegetation index time series due to persistent clouds in tropical regions. To solve this challenge, this study explored the feasibility of employing a series of advanced technologies for reconstructing a high-quality Landsat time series from 2005 to 2009 for detecting dry-season phenology in tropical forests; Puerto Rico was selected as a testbed. We combined bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) correction, cloud and shadow screening, and contaminated pixel interpolation to process the raw Landsat time series and developed a thresholding method to extract 15 phenology metrics. The cloud-masked and gap-filled reconstructed images were tested with simulated clouds. In addition, the derived phenology metrics for grassland and forest in the tropical dry forest zone of Puerto Rico were evaluated with ground observations from PhenoCam data and field plots. Results show that clouds and cloud shadows are more accurately detected than the Landsat cloud quality assessment (QA) band, and that data gaps resulting from those clouds and shadows can be accurately reconstructed (R2 = 0.89). In the tropical dry forest zone, the detected phenology dates (such as greenup, browndown, and dry-season length) generally agree with the PhenoCam observations (R2 = 0.69), and Landsat-based phenology is better than MODIS-based phenology for modeling aboveground biomass and leaf area index collected in field plots (plot size is roughly equivalent to a 3 × 3 Landsat pixels). This study suggests that the Landsat time series can be used to characterize the dry-season phenology of tropical forests after careful processing, which will help to improve our understanding of vegetation–climate interactions at fine scales in tropical forests.

Published
2021

37. The growth−survival and stature−recruitment trade-offs structure the majority of tropical forests

Author

Stephan Kambach, Duncan Thomas, Takuo Yamakura, Rolando Pérez, Savitri Gunatilleke, Lilian Rodriguez, Jill Thompson, Mohizah Mohamad, S. Joseph Wright, Edwino S. Fernando, George B. Chuyong, Nadja Rüger, Sisira Ediriweera, Renato Valencia, Shu-Hui Wu, María Uriarte, Tzeleong Yao, Sylvester Tan, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, I-Fang Sun, Stuart J. Davies, Richard Condit, Helge Bruelheide, David Kenfack, Christian Wirth, Akira Itoh, Nantachai Pongpattananurak, Salomón Aguilar, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Stephen P. Hubbell, Jess K. Zimmerman, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Yiching Lin, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, Nimal Gunatilleke, Yu-Yun Chen, and Jean-Remy Makana

Subjects
Ecology, Negative relationship, Trade offs, Biology, Tropical forest
Abstract

All species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among trees, evolution has resulted in different strategies of partitioning resources to these key demographic processes, i.e. demographic trade-offs. It is unclear whether the same demographic trade-offs structure tropical forests worldwide. Here, we used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest plots to estimate the principal trade-offs in growth, survival, recruitment, and tree stature at each site. For ten sites, two trade-offs appeared repeatedly. One trade-off showed a negative relationship between growth and survival, i.e. the well-known fast−slow continuum. The second trade-off distinguished between tall-statured species and species with high recruitment rates, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. Thus, the fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring most tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and strategies across forest types in three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.

Published
2021
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38. Consistency of demographic trade-offs across tropical forests

Author

Stephen P. Hubbell, Jess K. Zimmerman, George B. Chuyong, Nadja Rüger, Jill Thompson, Shu-Hui Wu, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, María Uriarte, Rolando Pérez, Christian Wirth, Nantachai Pongpattananurak, Yiching Lin, Stephan Kambach, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, Akira Itoh, Mohizah Mohamad, Edwino S. Fernando, Stuart J. Davies, Lilian Rodriguez, Sisira Ediriweera, Nimal Gunatilleke, David Kenfack, Renato Valencia, Sylvester Tan, I-Fang Sun, Helge Bruelheide, Duncan Thomas, Takuo Yamakura, Tzeleong Yao, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Richard Condit, S. Joseph Wright, Yu-Yun Chen, Jean-Remy Makana, Savitri Gunatilleke, Salomón Aguilar, and Corneille E. N. Ewango

Subjects
Tree (data structure), Geography, Negative relationship, Ecology, Consistency (statistics), Trade offs, Tropical forest
Abstract

All species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among trees, evolution has resulted in different strategies of partitioning resources to these key demographic processes, i.e. demographic trade-offs. It is unclear whether the same demographic trade-offs structure tropical forests worldwide. Here, we used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest plots to estimate the principal trade-offs in growth, survival, recruitment, and tree stature at each site. For ten sites, two trade-offs appeared repeatedly. One trade-off showed a negative relationship between growth and survival, i.e. the well-known fast−slow continuum. The second trade-off distinguished between tall-statured species and species with high recruitment rates, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. Thus, the fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring most tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and strategies across forest types in three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.

Published
2021
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39. Developing a growth and yield model for planted big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) at advanced age in subtropical moist forest in Puerto Rico

Author

Sheila Ward, Elvia J. Meléndez Ackerman, Edgardo González, Jess K. Zimmerman, Frank H. Wadsworth, Luis Santiago, Carlos A. Lee, and Jimena Forero-Montaña

Subjects
Agroforestry, Yield (finance), media_common.quotation_subject, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Forest management, Reforestation, Forest plantations, Forestry, Natural regeneration, Subtropics, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, Tree growth modeling, System dynamics, SD1-669.5, Optimal rotation age, Competition (biology), Swietenia macrophylla, QK900-989, Plant ecology, Silviculture, media_common, Big leaf mahogany
Abstract

The ability to predict growth and potential yield is essential for planning forest management. Here we developed a narrow size-class diameter model to simulate growth in a mature plantation (age 42 years) of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) in a subtropical moist forest in Puerto Rico. We calculated optimal rotation age by means of the biological and economic criteria. The analyses involved diameter measurements over 31 years and a variety of contrasting economic scenarios, which were evaluated by means of the Faustman formula and sensitivity analyses. The optimal biological rotation was 90 years while the optimal economic rotation was 42 years in most of the scenarios, regardless of wood prices and costs of reforestation. Conspicuous changes in the optimal economic rotation were only observed under low interest rates, in which it was prolonged to around 80 years, close to the optimal biological rotation. Abundant natural regeneration and a prolonged biological rotation suggest that other silvicultural systems, rather than traditional clear-cutting and replanting could be adopted. However, to evaluate alternative silvicultural strategies we would need to improve our ability to predict growth. This would require expansion of our database to include information on growth conditions of individual trees and young tree dynamics, as well as size and growth of other species, to model natural regeneration and competition.

Published
2021

40. Is there tree senescence? The fecundity evidence

Author

Catherine A. Gehring, Tong Qiu, Kai Zhu, Richard K. Kobe, María Uriarte, James A. Lutz, Connie J. Clark, S. Joseph Wright, William Farfan-Rios, Sylvain Delzon, Thomas G. Whitham, Robert A. Andrus, Georges Kunstler, John R. Poulsen, Marie-Claire Aravena, Cathryn H. Greenberg, Andreas P. Wion, Ian S. Pearse, Amy V. Whipple, Miranda D. Redmond, Shubhi Sharma, Michał Bogdziewicz, Thomas A. Nagel, James S. Clark, Christopher L. Kilner, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki, Valentin Journé, Jalene M. LaMontagne, Margaret Swift, C. D. Reid, Jonathan Myers, Thomas T. Veblen, Benoît Courbaud, Walter D. Koenig, Kyle C. Rodman, Inés Ibáñez, Rafael Calama, Chase L. Nuñez, C. Lane Scher, Barbara Seget, Mateusz Ledwoń, Łukasz Piechnik, J. Julio Camarero, Qinfeng Guo, Thomas Boivin, Davide Ascoli, Janneke Hille Ris Lambers, Jennifer J. Swenson, Raúl Bonal, Sergio Calderón, Renata Poulton-Kamakura, Jess K. Zimmerman, Giorgio Vacchiano, Magdalena Żywiec, Miles R. Silman, Gregory S. Gilbert, Thomas Caignard, Harald Schmidt Van Marle, Roberta Berretti, Yves Bergeron, Renzo Motta, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University [Durham], Universidad de Chile, University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue (UQAT), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Missouri Botanical Garden, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California, US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, US Forest Service, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Akita University, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, University of California [Berkeley], DePaul University [Chicago], Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University (USU), Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), University of Ljubljana, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Fort Collins Science Center (FORT), US Geological Survey [Fort Collins], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS)-United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wake Forest University, Columbia University [New York], Department and Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, (DiSAA), University of Milan, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico (UPR), National Science Foundation (NSF) : 1754443, Belmont Forum : 1854976, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Advanced Information Systems Technology) : 16-0052 AIST18-0063, National Science Foundation (NSF) : DEB-1440409, W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Foundation for Polish Science : 2019/33/B/NZ8/0134, National Science Foundation (NSF) : DEB 0963447 11222325 LTREB 1754647, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)United States Forest Service, and ANR-18-MPGA-0004,FORBIC,Prévision du changement de la biodiversité(2018)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Senescence, Crown architecture, Biology, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Models, Biological, Trees, tree senescence, Tree life history, Models, Regeneration, Tree senescence, Architectural change, Allometric scaling, tree fecundity, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, crown architecture, Crown (botany), Regression analysis, 15. Life on land, Biological Sciences, Fecundity, Biological, Rate of increase, Fertility, Tree fecundity, Tree (set theory), Allometry, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, allometric scaling, 010606 plant biology & botany, tree life history
Abstract

International audience; Despite its importance for forest regeneration, food webs, and human economies, changes in tree fecundity with tree size and age remain largely unknown. The allometric increase with tree diameter assumed in ecological models would substantially overestimate seed contributions from large trees if fecundity eventually declines with size. Current estimates are dominated by overrepresentation of small trees in regression models. We combined global fecundity data, including a substantial representation of large trees. We compared size–fecundity relationships against traditional allometric scaling with diameter and two models based on crown architecture. All allometric models fail to describe the declining rate of increase in fecundity with diameter found for 80% of 597 species in our analysis. The strong evidence of declining fecundity, beyond what can be explained by crown architectural change, is consistent with physiological decline. A downward revision of projected fecundity of large trees can improve the next generation of forest dynamic models.

Published
2021
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41. Wet and dry tropical forests show opposite successional pathways in wood density but converge over time

Author

Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Horacio Paz, Daniel Piotto, Maria das Dores Magalhães Veloso, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Silvio Nolasco de Oliveira Neto, Naomi B. Schwartz, Dylan Craven, Francisco Mora, Danaë M. A. Rozendaal, Susana Ochoa-Gaona, Vanessa de Souza Moreno, G. Bruce Williamson, Edwin Lebrija-Trejos, Jarcilene S. Almeida-Cortez, Masha T. van der Sande, Marc K. Steininger, José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni, María C. Fandiño, Sebastião Venâncio Martins, Erika Marin-Spiotta, Ricardo Gomes César, Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa, Madelon Lohbeck, Lucía Sanaphre-Villanueva, Sandra M. Durán, Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Frans Bongers, Jorge Ruiz, Marisol Toledo, William Wayt Thomas, Juan Manuel Dupuy, Marielos Peña-Claros, S. Joseph Wright, Sandra Cristina Müller, Francisco S. Álvarez, Jess K. Zimmerman, Elisa Díaz García, Vanessa Granda Moser, Rita C. G. Mesquita, André Braga Junqueira, Jérôme Chave, Robert Muscarella, Susan G. Letcher, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Justin M. Becknell, Luis Felipe Arreola Villa, Catarina C. Jakovac, Tony Vizcarra Bentos, Daisy H. Dent, Patricia Balvanera, Hans F. M. Vester, Michiel van Breugel, Eben N. Broadbent, Rodrigo Muñoz, Luis P. Utrera, Jefferson S. Hall, Mark Westoby, Lourens Poorter, Robin L. Chazdon, José Luis Andrade, Kátia Janaina Zanini, Paulo Eduardo dos Santos Massoca, Bryan Finegan, Pedro Manuel Villa, Radika Bhaskar, Omar R. Lopez, María Uriarte, Julie S. Denslow, Ben H. J. de Jong, Deborah K. Kennard, Gabriel Dalla Colletta, Mário M. Espírito Santo, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes, Hans van der Wal, Saara J. DeWalt, Vanessa K. Boukili, Jorge A. Meave, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medicine [New York], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica [Vitoria] (Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo) (UFES ), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Columbia University [New York], Conservation International, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Dpt Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie University, and Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Secondary succession, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Drought tolerance, Ecological succession, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Forest restoration, Trees, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Tropical climate, Dry season, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Ecology, Reforestation, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Wood, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Plant Production Systems, FLORESTAS TROPICAIS, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Crop and Weed Ecology
Abstract

Tropical forests are converted at an alarming rate for agricultural use and pastureland, but also regrow naturally through secondary succession. For successful forest restoration, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of secondary succession. These mechanisms may vary across forest types, but analyses across broad spatial scales are lacking. Here, we analyse forest recovery using 1,403 plots that differ in age since agricultural abandonment from 50 sites across the Neotropics. We analyse changes in community composition using species-specific stem wood density (WD), which is a key trait for plant growth, survival and forest carbon storage. In wet forest, succession proceeds from low towards high community WD (acquisitive towards conservative trait values), in line with standard successional theory. However, in dry forest, succession proceeds from high towards low community WD (conservative towards acquisitive trait values), probably because high WD reflects drought tolerance in harsh early successional environments. Dry season intensity drives WD recovery by influencing the start and trajectory of succession, resulting in convergence of the community WD over time as vegetation cover builds up. These ecological insights can be used to improve species selection for reforestation. Reforestation species selected to establish a first protective canopy layer should, among other criteria, ideally have a similar WD to the early successional communities that dominate under the prevailing macroclimatic conditions.

Published
2019
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42. Drought and the interannual variability of stem growth in an aseasonal, everwet forest

Author

Nathan G. Swenson, Sean M. McMahon, Sean T. Michaletz, Vanessa Buzzard, Jill Thompson, Brian J. Enquist, J. Aaron Hogan, and Jess K. Zimmerman

Subjects
Ecology, Phenology, fungi, food and beverages, Biology, Tropical forest, Ecology and Environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Linking drought to the timing of physiological processes governing tree growth remains one limitation in forecasting climate change effects on tropical trees. Using dendrometers, we measured fine-scale growth for 96 trees of 25 species from 2013 to 2016 in an everwet forest in Puerto Rico. Rainfall over this time span varied, including an unusual, severe El Niño drought in 2015. We assessed how growing season onset, median day, conclusion, and length varied with absolute growth rate and tree size over time. Stem growth was seasonal, beginning in February, peaking in July, and ending in November. Species growth rates varied between 0 and 8 mm/year and correlated weakly with specific leaf area, leaf phosphorus, and leaf nitrogen, and to a lesser degree with wood specific gravity and plant height. Drought and tree growth were decoupled, and drought lengthened and increased variation in growing season length. During the 2015 drought, many trees terminated growth early but did not necessarily grow less. In the year following drought, trees grew more over a shorter growing season, with many smaller trees showing a post-drought increase in growth. We attribute the increased growth of smaller trees to release from light limitation as the canopy thinned because of the drought, and less inferred hydraulic stress than larger trees during drought. Soil type accounted for interannual and interspecific differences, with the finest Zarzal clays reducing tree growth. We conclude that drought affects the phenological timing of tree growth and favors the post-drought growth of smaller, sub-canopy trees in this everwet forest.

Published
2019
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43. Potential of second-growth Neotropical forests for forestry: the example of Puerto Rico

Author

Humfredo Marcano-Vega, Jess K. Zimmerman, Jimena Forero-Montaña, and Thomas J. Brandeis

Subjects
040101 forestry, Forest inventory, Agroforestry, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 021107 urban & regional planning, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Tree density, Sustainable forestry, Geography, Climate change mitigation, Sustainable management, Ethnobotany, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Secondary forest, Forest transition
Abstract

The development of appropriate strategies towards the sustainable management of tropical second-growth forests is essential for human well-being and climate change mitigation. The well-documented p...

Published
2019
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44. Arbuscular mycorrhizal trees influence the latitudinal beta-diversity gradient of tree communities in forests worldwide

Author

Alexandre Adalardo de Oliveira, George D. Weiblen, Feng Liu, Xugao Wang, Juyu Lian, Han Xu, Amanda Uowolo, Michael O'Brien, Keping Ma, Xue Yin, Nianxun Xi, Hu Du, Xiangcheng Mi, Min Cao, Vojtech Novotny, Guangze Jin, Pavel Šamonil, Youshi Wang, Xiankun Li, Kristina J. Aderson-Teixeira, Fangliang He, Pulchérie Bissiengou, Kun Xu, Jill Thompson, Weiguo Sang, Norm Bourg, Luxiang Lin, Fuping Zeng, Gregory S. Gilbert, Mingjian Yu, Mingxi Jiang, Hervé Memiaghe, Haibao Ren, Glen Reynolds, Buhang Li, Kuo-Jung Chao, Wei-Chun Chao, Yadvinder Malhi, Yu Liu, Yonglin Zhong, William J. McShea, David A. Orwig, Stephen P. Hubbell, Li Zhu, Hui Tang, Zhihong Wu, Jan den Ouden, Songyan Tian, Guochun Shen, Xihua Wang, Lian-Ming Gao, María Uriarte, Geoffrey G. Parker, Iveren Abiem, Michael D. Morecroft, Zhanqing Hao, Yu-Yun Chen, Xiujuan Qiao, Sean M. McMahon, Jess K. Zimmerman, Joseph A. LaManna, James A. Lutz, Wanhui Ye, David Janík, Chengjin Chu, Fuchen Luan, Xinghua Sui, Jonas Stillhard, David Kenfack, Bin Wang, Guo-Zhang Michael Song, Christian P. Giardina, Nathalie Butt, Yingming Zhang, Ya-Huang Luo, Zhiqiang Shen, Yankun Liu, Susan Cordell, I-Fang Sun, David A. Coomes, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, Alfonso Alonso, Zhiyao Su, Andy Hector, David F. R. P. Burslem, Minhua Zhang, Patrick A. Jansen, Jonathan Myers, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Wusheng Xiang, Yide Li, Stuart J. Davies, Hazel M. Chapman, Kai Zhu, Andrew J. Larson, Suqin Fang, Kamil Král, Zhong, Yonglin [0000-0002-0521-4601], Chu, Chengjin [0000-0002-0606-449X], Myers, Jonathan A. [0000-0002-2058-8468], Gilbert, Gregory S. [0000-0002-5195-9903], Lutz, James A. [0000-0002-2560-0710], Stillhard, Jonas [0000-0001-8850-4817], Zhu, Kai [0000-0003-1587-3317], Thompson, Jill [0000-0002-4370-2593], Baltzer, Jennifer L. [0000-0001-7476-5928], He, Fangliang [0000-0003-0774-4849], LaManna, Joseph A. [0000-0002-8229-7973], Aderson-Teixeira, Kristina J. [0000-0001-8461-9713], Burslem, David F.R.P. [0000-0001-6033-0990], Alonso, Alfonso [0000-0001-6860-8432], Wang, Xugao [0000-0003-1207-8852], Gao, Lianming [0000-0001-9047-2658], Orwig, David A. [0000-0001-7822-3560], Abiem, Iveren [0000-0002-0925-0618], Butt, Nathalie [0000-0003-1517-6191], Chang-Yang, Chia-Hao [0000-0003-3635-4946], Chapman, Hazel [0000-0001-8509-703X], Fang, Suqin [0000-0002-1324-4640], Hector, Andrew [0000-0002-1309-7716], Jansen, Patrick A. [0000-0002-4660-0314], Kenfack, David [0000-0001-8208-3388], Liu, Yu [0000-0001-9869-2735], Luo, Yahuang [0000-0002-0073-419X], Ma, Keping [0000-0001-9112-5340], Malhi, Yadvinder [0000-0002-3503-4783], McMahon, Sean M. [0000-0001-8302-6908], Mi, Xiangcheng [0000-0002-2971-5881], Morecroft, Mike [0000-0002-7978-5554], Novotny, Vojtech [0000-0001-7918-8023], O’Brien, Michael J. [0000-0003-0943-8423], Ouden, Jan den [0000-0003-1518-2460], Ren, Haibao [0000-0002-8955-301X], Sang, Weiguo [0000-0002-7131-896X], Uriarte, María [0000-0002-0484-0758], Xi, Nianxun [0000-0002-1711-3875], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Myers, Jonathan A [0000-0002-2058-8468], Gilbert, Gregory S [0000-0002-5195-9903], Lutz, James A [0000-0002-2560-0710], Baltzer, Jennifer L [0000-0001-7476-5928], LaManna, Joseph A [0000-0002-8229-7973], Aderson-Teixeira, Kristina J [0000-0001-8461-9713], Burslem, David FRP [0000-0001-6033-0990], Orwig, David A [0000-0001-7822-3560], Jansen, Patrick A [0000-0002-4660-0314], McMahon, Sean M [0000-0001-8302-6908], and O'Brien, Michael J [0000-0003-0943-8423]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Science, Biogeography, Beta diversity, Biodiversity, General Physics and Astronomy, Biology, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ecology and Environment, Latitude, Trees, Mycorrhizae, FLORESTAS, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Plant Dispersal, Soil Microbiology, Multidisciplinary, Host Microbial Interactions, Ecology, General Chemistry, respiratory system, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, 631/158/852, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Nestedness, Tree (set theory), Arbuscular mycorrhizal, human activities, 631/158/670, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associations are critical for host-tree performance. However, how mycorrhizal associations correlate with the latitudinal tree beta-diversity remains untested. Using a global dataset of 45 forest plots representing 2,804,270 trees across 3840 species, we test how AM and EcM trees contribute to total beta-diversity and its components (turnover and nestedness) of all trees. We find AM rather than EcM trees predominantly contribute to decreasing total beta-diversity and turnover and increasing nestedness with increasing latitude, probably because wide distributions of EcM trees do not generate strong compositional differences among localities. Environmental variables, especially temperature and precipitation, are strongly correlated with beta-diversity patterns for both AM trees and all trees rather than EcM trees. Results support our hypotheses that latitudinal beta-diversity patterns and environmental effects on these patterns are highly dependent on mycorrhizal types. Our findings highlight the importance of AM-dominated forests for conserving global forest biodiversity., The relationship of mycorrhizal associations with latitudinal gradients in tree beta-diversity is unexplored. Using a global dataset approach, this study examines how trees with arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations contribute to latitudinal beta-diversity patterns and the environmental controls of these patterns.

Published
2021

46. Biodiversity and climate determine the functioning of Neotropical forests

Author

Jill Thompson, Masha T. van der Sande, Nataly Ascarrunz, Beatriz Salgado-Negret, Peter van der Hout, Eric Arets, Ivan Schiavini, Brian J. Enquist, Juan Carlos Licona, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Jorge Rodríguez-Velazques, Jamir Prado-Junior, Alexandre Adalardo de Oliveira, Christopher J. Nytch, Marielos Peña-Claros, Rodrigo Muñoz, Elkin A. Tenorio, Eduardo A. Pérez-García, Jorge A. Meave, Nathan G. Swenson, Marisol Toledo, Bryan Finegan, Ademir Roberto Ruschel, Jess K. Zimmerman, Lucas Mazzei, María Uriarte, Lourens Poorter, Lourens Poorter, Wageningen University and Research, Masha T. van der Sande, Wageningen University and Research, Eric J. M. M. Arets, Wageningen University and Research, Nataly Ascarrunz, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), FCA-UAGRM, Brian Enquist, University of Arizona, Bryan Finegan, CATIE, Juan Carlos Licona, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), FCA-UAGRM, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, LUCAS JOSE MAZZEI DE FREITAS, CPATU, Jorge A. Meave, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Rodrigo Muñoz, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Christopher J. Nytch, University of Puerto Rico, Alexandre A. de Oliveira, USP, Eduardo A. Pérez-García, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Jamir Prado-Junior, UFU, Jorge Rodríguez-Velázques, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ADEMIR ROBERTO RUSCHEL, CPATU, Beatriz Salgado-Negret, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt / Universidad del Norte, Ivan Schiavini, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Nathan G. Swenson, University of Maryland, Elkin A. Tenorio, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt / Calima: Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico, Jill Thompson, University of Puerto Rico / Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Marisol Toledo, UAGRM, Maria Uriarte, Columbia University, Peter van der Hout, Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, Jess K. Zimmerman, University of Puerto Rico, and Marielos Peña-Claros, Wageningen University and Research.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversity, Biomassa, Produtividade, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Floresta Tropical, Forest and Landscape Ecology, biodiversity, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, Forest dynamics, Agroforestry, soil fertility, Biodiversidade, PE&RC, Geography, Productivity (ecology), ecosystem functioning, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Dinâmica da floresta, forest dynamics, tropical forest, productivity, Biogeography, Ecology (disciplines), water, complex mixtures, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, Carbono, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Vegetatie, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Vegetation, biomass, carbon, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Ecossistema, Água, Environmental science, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Fertilidade do Solo, Species richness, Soil fertility
Abstract

Aim: Tropical forests account for a quarter of the global carbon storage and a third of the terrestrial productivity. Few studies have teased apart the relative importance of environmental factors and forest attributes for ecosystem functioning, especially for the tropics. This study aims to relate aboveground biomass (AGB) and biomass dynamics (i.e., net biomass productivity and its underlying demographic drivers: biomass recruitment, growth and mortality) to forest attributes (tree diversity, community-mean traits and stand basal area) and environmental conditions (water availability, soil fertility and disturbance). Location: Neotropics. Methods: We used data from 26 sites, 201 1-ha plots and >92,000 trees distributed across the Neotropics. We quantified for each site water availability and soil total exchangeable bases and for each plot three key community-weighted mean functional traits that are important for biomass stocks and productivity. We used structural equation models to test the hypothesis that all drivers have independent, positive effects on biomass stocks and dynamics. Results: Of the relationships analysed, vegetation attributes were more frequently associated significantly with biomass stocks and dynamics than environmental conditions (in 67 vs. 33% of the relationships). High climatic water availability increased biomass growth and stocks, light disturbance increased biomass growth, and soil bases had no effect. Rarefied tree species richness had consistent positive relationships with biomass stocks and dynamics, probably because of niche complementarity, but was not related to net biomass productivity. Community-mean traits were good predictors of biomass stocks and dynamics. Main conclusions: Water availability has a strong positive effect on biomass stocks and growth, and a future predicted increase in (atmospheric) drought might, therefore, potentially reduce carbon storage. Forest attributes, including species diversity and community-weighted mean traits, have independent and important relationships with AGB stocks, dynamics and ecosystem functioning, not only in relatively simple temperate systems, but also in structurally complex hyper-diverse tropical forests.

Published
2017
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47. Arthropods are not declining but are responsive to disturbance in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico

Author

Manoj Pandey, Jess K. Zimmerman, Steven J. Presley, Michael R. Willig, and Timothy D. Schowalter

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Secondary succession, Cyclonic Storms, Ecology, Climate Change, Population Dynamics, Puerto Rico, Context (language use), Experimental forest, Ecological succession, Understory, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, The Global Decline of Insects in the Anthropocene Special Feature, 03 medical and health sciences, Habitat destruction, Disturbance (ecology), Abundance (ecology), Animals, Arthropods, Ecosystem, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

A number of recent studies have documented long-term declines in abundances of important arthropod groups, primarily in Europe and North America. These declines are generally attributed to habitat loss, but a recent study [B.C. Lister, A. Garcia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, E10397–E10406 (2018)] from the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) in Puerto Rico attributed declines to global warming. We analyze arthropod data from the LEF to evaluate long-term trends within the context of hurricane-induced disturbance, secondary succession, and temporal variation in temperature. Our analyses demonstrate that responses to hurricane-induced disturbance and ensuing succession were the primary factors that affected total canopy arthropod abundances on host trees, as well as walkingstick abundance on understory shrubs. Ambient and understory temperatures played secondary roles for particular arthropod species, but populations were just as likely to increase as they were to decrease in abundance with increasing temperature. The LEF is a hurricane-mediated system, with major hurricanes effecting changes in temperature that are larger than those induced thus far by global climate change. To persist, arthropods in the LEF must contend with the considerable variation in abiotic conditions associated with repeated, large-scale, and increasingly frequent pulse disturbances. Consequently, they are likely to be well-adapted to the effects of climate change, at least over the short term. Total abundance of canopy arthropods after Hurricane Maria has risen to levels comparable to the peak after Hurricane Hugo. Although the abundances of some taxa have declined over the 29-y period, others have increased, reflecting species turnover in response to disturbance and secondary succession.

Published
2021
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48. ForestGEO : Understanding forest diversity and dynamics through a global observatory network

Author

David A. Orwig, Alfonso Alonso, Daoguang Zhu, Sean C. Thomas, Ana Andrade, Sean M. McMahon, Konstantinos Papathanassiou, Patrick J. Baker, Lauren Krizel, Yves Basset, Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang, Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Alexandre Adalardo de Oliveira, Matthew Scott Luskin, Sandra L. Yap, Shawn K. Y. Lum, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Dairon Cárdenas, David Kenfack, Hongwei Ni, Kuo-Jung Chao, Richard P. Phillips, Fangliang He, William J. McShea, Keping Ma, George B. Chuyong, Sylvester Tan, Peter S. Ashton, Norman A. Bourg, Thomas W. Giambelluca, Jessica Shue, Stephen P. Hubbell, Kamariah Abu Salim, Rebecca Ostertag, Tomáš Vrška, Gregory S. Gilbert, David F. R. P. Burslem, Keith Clay, Wei Chun Chao, Geoffrey G. Parker, Michael O'Brien, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, C.V.S. Gunatilleke, Joseph S. Wright, Hans Pretzsch, Han Xu, Marco D. Visser, Amy Wolf, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, Minhua Zhang, Weiguo Sang, Jonah Filip, Rolando Pérez, Xiaojun Du, Mohizah Mohamad, Patrick A. Jansen, Xihua Wang, Christian P. Giardina, Zhanqing Hao, H. S. Dattaraja, Sisira Ediriweera, Min Cao, Vojtech Novotny, Erle C. Ellis, Liza S. Comita, Creighton M. Litton, Raman Sukumar, Pulchérie Bissiengou, Jill Thompson, Robin B. Foster, Jan den Ouden, Stephanie A. Bohlman, Ryan A. Chisholm, Susan Cordell, I-Fang Sun, David Allen, Suzanne Lao, Jess K. Zimmerman, Xugao Wang, Richard Condit, Gunter A. Fischer, Lawren Sack, Li Wan Chang, Robert W. Howe, Jonathan Myers, Andy Jones, Yu Liu, Mingjian Yu, Mingxi Jiang, Natalia Norden, Hong Truong Luu, George D. Weiblen, Andreas Huth, Ivette Perfecto, Alvaro Duque, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Daniel Zuleta, Alberto Vicentini, Erika Gonzalez-Akre, Li Zhu, Logan Monks, David Janík, Yadvinder Malhi, Xiankun Li, Iveren Abiem, Anudeep Singh, Mamoru Kanzaki, Chengjin Chu, Duncan Thomas, Guo Zhang M. Song, Amanda Uowolo, Haibo Ren, Shirong Liu, Jean-Remy Makana, Christopher W. Dick, James A. Lutz, Paul M. Musili, Faith Inman-Narahari, Edwino S. Fernando, Akira Itoh, Kang Min Ngo, María Uriarte, Warren Y. Brockelman, Wanhui Ye, Renato Valencia, Yu Yun Chen, Hazel M. Chapman, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Tze Leong Yao, Billy C.H. Hau, Daniel J. Johnson, Salomón Aguilar, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, I. A. U. N. Gunatilleke, Nathan G. Swenson, Matteo Detto, Shameema Esufali, Benjamin L. Turner, Yide Li, Stuart J. Davies, Hervé Memiaghe, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Nantachai Pongpattananurak, Matthew E. Baker, Gabriel Arellano, Xiangcheng Mi, John Vandermeer, Andrew J. Larson, Sabrina E. Russo, David Mitre, Caly McCarthy, Kamil Král, Adam R. Martin, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, Glen Reynolds, and Anuttara Nathalang

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Capacity strengthening, Tropical forests, Network science, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Forest plot, Ecosystem, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Demography, Species diversity, Abiotic component, Forest dynamics, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Taiga, Environmental resource management, PE&RC, Forest plots, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Earth system science, Geography, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Tree growth and mortality, business
Abstract

ForestGEO is a network of scientists and long-term forest dynamics plots (FDPs) spanning the Earth's major forest types. ForestGEO's mission is to advance understanding of the diversity and dynamics of forests and to strengthen global capacity for forest science research. ForestGEO is unique among forest plot networks in its large-scale plot dimensions, censusing of all stems ≥1 cm in diameter, inclusion of tropical, temperate and boreal forests, and investigation of additional biotic (e.g., arthropods) and abiotic (e.g., soils) drivers, which together provide a holistic view of forest functioning. The 71 FDPs in 27 countries include approximately 7.33 million living trees and about 12,000 species, representing 20% of the world's known tree diversity. With >1300 published papers, ForestGEO researchers have made significant contributions in two fundamental areas: species coexistence and diversity, and ecosystem functioning. Specifically, defining the major biotic and abiotic controls on the distribution and coexistence of species and functional types and on variation in species' demography has led to improved understanding of how the multiple dimensions of forest diversity are structured across space and time and how this diversity relates to the processes controlling the role of forests in the Earth system. Nevertheless, knowledge gaps remain that impede our ability to predict how forest diversity and function will respond to climate change and other stressors. Meeting these global research challenges requires major advances in standardizing taxonomy of tropical species, resolving the main drivers of forest dynamics, and integrating plot-based ground and remote sensing observations to scale up estimates of forest diversity and function, coupled with improved predictive models. However, they cannot be met without greater financial commitment to sustain the long-term research of ForestGEO and other forest plot networks, greatly expanded scientific capacity across the world's forested nations, and increased collaboration and integration among research networks and disciplines addressing forest science.

Published
2021

49. Functional recovery of secondary tropical forests

Author

Juan Manuel Dupuy, José Luis Andrade, Kátia Janaina Zanini, Lucía Sanaphre-Villanueva, Mário M. Espírito Santo, Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa, Bryan Finegan, Saara J. DeWalt, Sandra M. Durán, Michiel van Breugel, Jorge A. Meave, Danaë M. A. Rozendaal, Sandra Cristina Müller, Luis P. Utrera, José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni, Catarina C. Jakovac, Vanessa Granda Moser, Vanessa Boukili, Robin L. Chazdon, Daisy H. Dent, Lourens Poorter, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Erika Marin-Spiotta, Ricardo Gomes César, Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes, Dylan Craven, Frans Bongers, Robert Muscarella, Susana Ochoa-Gaona, Marisol Toledo, Maria das Dores Magalhães Veloso, Edwin Lebrija-Trejos, Madelon Lohbeck, Jess K. Zimmerman, Radika Bhaskar, Miguel Martínez-Ramos, Vanessa de Souza Moreno, Horacio Paz, Jefferson S. Hall, Mark Westoby, Justin M. Becknell, Jérôme Chave, Rodrigo Muñoz, Masha T. van der Sande, Luis Felipe Arreola Villa, S. Joseph Wright, Francisco Mora, Deborah K. Kennard, Gabriel Dalla Colletta, Rafael S. Oliveira, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Francisco S. Álvarez, Susan G. Letcher, Omar R. Lopez, Ben H. J. de Jong, Elisa Díaz García, de Jarcilene S. Almeida, María Uriarte, and Julie S. Denslow

Subjects
Rainfall, Conservation of Natural Resources, Secondary succession, Chronosequence, Drought tolerance, Ecological succession, Forests, Biology, Models, Biological, Forest restoration, Tropical forest, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Shade tolerance, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Community assembly, USO DO SOLO, Biological Sciences, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Deciduous, Plant Production Systems, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, Crop and Weed Ecology, Functional traits
Abstract

One-third of all Neotropical forests are secondary forests that regrow naturally after agricultural use through secondary succession. We need to understand better how and why succession varies across environmental gradients and broad geographic scales. Here, we analyze functional recovery using community data on seven plant characteristics (traits) of 1,016 forest plots from 30 chronosequence sites across the Neotropics. By analyzing communities in terms of their traits, we enhance understanding of the mechanisms of succession, assess ecosystem recovery, and use these insights to propose successful forest restoration strategies. Wet and dry forests diverged markedly for several traits that increase growth rate in wet forests but come at the expense of reduced drought tolerance, delay, or avoidance, which is important in seasonally dry forests. Dry and wet forests showed different successional pathways for several traits. In dry forests, species turnover is driven by drought tolerance traits that are important early in succession and in wet forests by shade tolerance traits that are important later in succession. In both forests, deciduous and compound-leaved trees decreased with forest age, probably because microclimatic conditions became less hot and dry. Our results suggest that climatic water availability drives functional recovery by influencing the start and trajectory of succession, resulting in a convergence of community trait values with forest age when vegetation cover builds up. Within plots, the range in functional trait values increased with age. Based on the observed successional trait changes, we indicate the consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling and propose an ecologically sound strategy to improve forest restoration success.

Published
2021

50. Integration of ecosystem science into radioecology: A consensus perspective

Author

James C. Beasley, Cara N. Love, Garth Gladfelder, Nicole E. Martinez, Austin Coleman, Teresa J. Mathews, E. A. Pryakhin, Travis C. Glenn, Arthur McKee, Steve Mihok, David S. White, François Bréchignac, Amelia K. Ward, Gary L. Mills, Jess K. Zimmerman, Caitlin Condon, Olin E. Rhodes, Ben Parrott, Robert A. Kennamer, William J. McShea, Lawrence W. Barnthouse, Dean E. Fletcher, Bernard Clément, Maryna Shkvyria, Carmel Mothersill, David E. Scott, John A. Arnone, Susan P. Hendricks, Michael Wood, Timothy A. DeVol, Ulrik Kautsky, Stacey L. Lance, Doug P. Aubrey, Lindsay R. Boring, Krista A. Capps, Clare Bradshaw, Albert L. Bryan, Ken Ishida, Thomas G. Hinton, Lisa Manglass, Colin Seymour, Gennadiy Laptyev, Tim Jannik, John C. Seaman, Brian A. Powell, Wendy W. Kuhne, Wes Flynn, Fanny Coutelot, Larry Kapustka, Guha Dharmarajan, Andrea Bonisoli-Alquati, Ann L. Rypstra, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL), University of Georgia [USA], Södertörn University College, University College Cork (UCC), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoressources et environnement, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne, and McMaster Univ, Med Phys & Appl Radiat Sci Dept, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Subjects
Ecosystem health, medicine.medical_specialty, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem health Ecotoxicology Radioecology Radionuclides Risk assessment, Inference, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, 16. Peace & justice, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Radioecology, 13. Climate action, Radiological weapon, Causal inference, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecosystem ecology, Risk assessment, Psychology, Waste Management and Disposal, Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; In the Fall of 2016 a workshop was held which brought together over 50 scientists from the ecological and radio- logical fields to discuss feasibility and challenges of reintegrating ecosystem science into radioecology. There is a growing desire to incorporate attributes of ecosystem science into radiological risk assessment and radioecological research more generally, fueled by recent advances in quantification of emergent ecosystem at- tributes and the desire to accurately reflect impacts of radiological stressors upon ecosystem function. This paper is a synthesis of the discussions and consensus of the workshop participant's responses to three primary questions, which were: 1) How can ecosystem science support radiological risk assessment? 2) What ecosystem level endpoints potentially could be used for radiological risk assessment? and 3) What inference strategies and associated methods would be most appropriate to assess the effects of radionuclides on ecosystem structure and function? The consensus of the participants was that ecosystem science can and should support radiological risk assessment through the incorporation of quantitative metrics that reflect ecosystem functions which are sensi- tive to radiological contaminants. The participants also agreed that many such endpoints exit or are thought to exit and while many are used in ecological risk assessment currently, additional data need to be collected that link the causal mechanisms of radiological exposure to these endpoints. Finally, the participants agreed that ra- diological risk assessments must be designed and informed by rigorous statistical frameworks capable of reveal- ing the causal inference tying radiological exposure to the endpoints selected for measurement.

Published
2020
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