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Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome in children is an uncommon, underreported condition. Onset of renal and ocular symptoms is often not simultaneous with nephritis which may precede uveitis by several months. A variable treatment response and a propensity for relapse characterize the syndrome. This is a case report of a previously healthy 14-year-old boy with TINU syndrome, emphasizing the need for long-term interdisciplinary treatment and monitoring. Also, the importance of repetitive screening of patients with uveitis for renal disease and ophthalmological evaluation of children with nephritis is emphasized.

In this prospective nationwide multicenter study from Denmark, myopericarditis after Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccination was identified in 13 males and 2 females between May 15 and September 15, 2021, among 133,477 vaccinated males and 127,857 vaccinated females 12-17 years of age, equaling 97 males and 16 females per million. In conclusion, the incidence of myopericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination among males appears higher than reports from the United States.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a novel disease that is associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).1 Until now, only one study has attempted to estimate the incidence of MIS-C among SARS-CoV-2-infected children and adolescents.2 This study from the New York State has reported an incidence of MIS-C of 2 per 100,000 persons younger than 21 years of age between 1 March and 10 May 2020. In the same period and population, the incidence of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was 322 per 100,000, equivalent to an incidence of MIS-C of one in 161 of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals.2 However, at this very early stage during the pandemic, access to SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing was very limited, particularly among asymptomatic children and adolescents. Thus, the estimated incidence from the New York State may have been overestimated. Based on seropositive individuals in Denmark, we aimed to estimate the incidence of MIS-C among SARS-CoV-2-infected children and adolescents during the first year of the pandemic.The study was a prospective nationwide cohort study of MIS-C using data from all 18 Danish paediatric departments, which serve 1,153,049 children and adolescents below 18 years of age. The study was carried out from 1 March 2020 to 28 February 2021. Each paediatric department had identified a principal investigator on 12 March 2020 as part of a nationwide paediatric COVID-19 research study. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Capital Region of Denmark (H-20028631) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (P-2019–29). Informed parental consent was provided before participation.We found that 23 patients had been diagnosed with MIS-C, based on the criteria devised by the World Health Organization and American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This equated to a yearly incidence of two per 100,000 individuals under 18. The patients had a median age of eight (range 2–17) years, nine patients were aged 12–17 and median hospitalisation was eight (3–24) days. We found that 13/23 (57%) had hypotension, five (22%) received vasopressor support, 12 (52%) were admitted to intensive care units. Twenty-one patients (91%) received intravenous immunoglobulin, 17 (74%) had steroids, and three (13%) were given anakinra while two cases were self-limiting. All the children survived. All cases had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection determined by either positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction prior to the diagnose of MIS-C (20 of 23 cases; 87%) (tested due exposure or symptoms) and/or positive SARS-CoV-2 serology (15 of 18 cases; 83%).The cumulative incidence of Danish children with SARS-CoV-2 was estimated from a nationwide seroprevalence surveillance study by the Statens Serum Institut of randomly selected individuals in March 2021.3 In this study, seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Danish population was determined since August 2020 in the non-vaccinated population after personal invitation to persons above 12 years of age. These data were representative for all regions in Denmark with equal distribution. Detection of total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum (WANTAI Ab ELISA®). The study found that 43/530 (8.1%) individuals aged 12–17 years had positive SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G in March 2021 (personal communication Laura Espenhain) and 7.0% (CI 6.6–7.4) of 10,631 adolescents and adults.3 This suggests an incidence of MIS-C of one in 3,700 in paediatrics patient aged above 12 years, based on nine MIS-C patients out of 33,183 positive for SARS-CoV-2. When we assumed the same seroprevalence for patients below 12 years of age, the overall incidence of MIS-C in children and adolescents was one in 4,100, based on 23 MIS-C patients out of 93,397 infected with SARS-CoV-2.This study provides an estimate of the risk of MIS-C after SARS-CoV-2 infection. MIS-C cases were determined by prospective nationwide data from all Danish paediatric departments, and we assume our case series was complete for several reasons. First, all cases underwent in-depth investigations for differential diagnoses. Second, all cases had either positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prior to MIS-C and/or positive SARS-CoV-2 serology. Third, children hospitalised with unexplained severe systemic inflammation in March and April 2020, before we became aware of MIS-C, were subsequently investigated with SARS-CoV-2 serology. However, as no unequivocal diagnostic criteria exist, milder self-limiting cases could have gone undiagnosed. In addition, hyperinflammatory conditions unrelated to SARS-CoV-2, but occurring in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, could have been diagnosed as MIS-C. Another limitation of this study was the relatively few MIS-C cases which probably was due to the relatively low SARS-CoV-2 infection rate in Denmark.With respect to Danish children and adolescents infected with SARS-CoV-2, we used nationwide seroprevalence data from children aged 12–17 years.3 These surveillance data included relatively few individuals encumbering the total number of SARS-CoV-2-infected children and adolescents with some uncertainty. The data were extrapolated to children below 12 years, as a previous nationwide Danish study in the same settings showed that the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was equal across all childhood age groups.4 However, a Swiss population-based study found a lower seroprevalence in children below 10 years of age.5 Thus, the one in 4,100 risk of MIS-C may have been underestimated in younger children. On the contrary, the risk could also have been overestimated as antibodies may wane. A strength of our study was the serology-based estimate of the SARS-CoV-2 incidence, as this was more reliable than using PCR-positive cases. The calculated number of infected individuals, determined by serology (93,397), was more than twice the number of PCR-positive children (38,877), according to national PCR-surveillance data from 1 March 2020 to 28 February 2021. Hence, the incidence was calculated to be as high as one in 1,700 individuals, versus one in 4,100, if counting to PCR-positive children only. This reflected the fact that PCR test capacity was limited in Denmark during the first wave and the possibility that a significant proportion of children were not tested due to no, or just mild, symptoms. Accordingly, the previous estimate of the incidence of MIS-C among SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals from the New York State in spring 2020 was based on PCR-positive cases and found a 25-fold higher incidence than the incidence estimated in our study (one in 161 versus one in 4,100 in our population).2 Thus, it may also reflect that asymptomatic children and adolescents may not have undergone PCR testing in the New York State at this early stage of the pandemic.SARS-CoV-2 was initially regarded as a mild infection in children, but the emergence of MIS-C means that it is now recognised as an infection with a significant risk for serious complications.1 We have previously reported that the risk of hospital admission due to acute COVID-19 was one in 1,250 SARS-CoV-2-infected children and that they were hospitalised for a median of only two days, without intensive care.6 In contrast, the children with MIS-C in this study were hospitalised for a median of eight days and more than half required intensive care.In conclusion, despite this population-based prospective study is encumbered with several uncertainties, it confirms that MIS-C is a rare but serious complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which occurred in one in 4,100 infected children.

This case report presents a three-month-old girl, previously healthy, who was admitted to the hospital due to a cyanotic episode during breastfeeding. The episode was initially interpreted as aspiration. She had recurrent generalised seizures, and blood tests revealed hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia. The electrolyte abnormalities were corrected by intravenous magnesium with subsequent normalisation of the calcium level. Genetic testing discovered a deletion in the TRPM6, which is associated with familial hypomagne-s-aemia with secondary hypocalcaemia. It is important to identify electrolyte disturbances in infants with afebrile seizures.

Purpose: We aim to describe the first case of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome reported in Scandinavia and to underline the importance of the syndrome, which should be better known among ophthalmologists. Methods: We report an 11-year-old boy who was admitted to hospital because of general fatigue and weight loss. Blood tests showed renal insufficiency and a renal biopsy revealed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. One week after admission the patient developed transitory blurred vision and flickering shadows in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination revealed bilateral anterior non-granulomatous uveitis and TINU syndrome was diagnosed. Results: Because of renal insufficiency the patient was treated with systemic prednisone 50 mg/day for 3 weeks. Evolution was favourable, and prednisone was tapered over 10 weeks. Uveitis was treated with topical steroid with good effect. The only complication after 18 months of follow-up was transitory cushingoid aspect. Conclusions: Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome is a rare syndrome that is probably underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Co-operation between ophthalmologists and nephrologists/paediatricians is crucial for early diagnosis and instigation of treatment. Uveitis may occur before tubulointerstitial nephritis or the renal symptoms may be so mild that the patient is unaware of them. Therefore, ophthalmologists play an important role in the initial discovery of patients with TINU syndrome. Tubulointerstitial nephritis tends to be self-limiting, whereas uveitis tends to relapse and recurrences tend to be more severe than the initial uveitis. Therefore, the patient must be ophthalmologically monitored very carefully.

Approximately 100 cases of meningococcal disease are reported annually in Denmark; 90% of these cases are confirmed by culture and serological methods. Real-time PCR was introduced in Denmark in 2005 as a diagnostic tool for meningococcal disease. We hereby report the first notified case of meningococcal sepsis in Denmark where real-time PCR was the primary positive microbiological result.

By renal ultrasound examination, urological anomalies may be demonstrated in 1-2% of fetuses and in about 0.5% of newborns. Boys have about twice the frequency of girls. Surgical treatment is indicated in about one fourth of these urological anomalies. If all pregnant women in Denmark were to have fetal ultrasound examination of the kidneys and the urinary tract, about 70 children would be born each year with a prenatally diagnosed urological anomaly for which surgical procedure is or will be indicated. This paper provides Danish guidelines for prenatal diagnosis, follow-up and intervention in cases of urological anomalies and guidelines for post-natal diagnosis, follow-up and treatment of these anomalies, especially hydronephrosis.

In two trials of measles vaccination in Guinea-Bissau, children were randomized to receive either the Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) virus at age 4–8 months or, as a control group, a standard dose (5000 p.f.u.) of the Schwarz (SW) virus at 9–12 months. In the first trial a medium dose of EZ virus (40 000 p.f.u.) was used and in the later trial a high dose (150 000 p.f.u.). Pre- and postvaccination blood samples were analysed with a haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For the ELISA the blood samples were collected on filter paper. Of 362 prevaccination specimens, 18 and 55%, respectively, were positive in the ELISA and HAI tests. At 18–20 months, the children who had received the EZ vaccine had a seropositivity of 91% by the ELISA method and one of 89% by the HAI method. The equivalent values for the SW group of children were 100 and 96% respectively. Antibody levels in the EZ group, as measured by either method, were significantly lower than the levels in the SW group. The serological results of the present study suggest that lowering the age at measles vaccination to below 9 months is feasible. However, further studies are needed to determine which virus strain, dosage and age at vaccination will prove to be optimal in countries where severe measles is common before the age of 9 months.

Approximately 100 cases of meningococcal disease are reported annually in Denmark; 90% of these cases are confirmed by culture and serological methods. Real-time PCR was introduced in Denmark in 2005 as a diagnostic tool for meningococcal disease. We hereby report the first notified case of meningococcal sepsis in Denmark where real-time PCR was the primary positive microbiological result. Udgivelsesdato: 2008-Sep-29

Udgivelsesdato: Juni