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Background and objective: The depth of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline after androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI) treatment combined with androgen deprivation therapy for patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) may affect prognosis. The primary objective in our study was the correlation between the PSA response at 3 mo and radiologic progression-free survival (rPFS) at 24 mo. Three groups were defined according to the PSA decline: complete response (PSA ≤0.02 ng/ml), partial response (PSA >0.02 and ≤0.2 ng/ml), and incomplete response (PSA >0.2 ng/ml). Secondary objectives were correlation between the PSA response at 3 mo and overall survival, and the development of a model predicting complete PSA response. Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study of patients with mHSPC treated with apalutamide from May 2018 to September 2023 registered in the Real-World Evidence APA registry across 20 centers. Key findings and limitations: We included 633 patients with mHSPC. The median age at diagnosis was 68 yr (interquartile range [IQR] 63–75) and median PSA was 16 ng/ml (IQR 7.5–64). Some 63% of the short had low-volume disease, 51% had de novo disease, 48% had recurrent disease. At 3 mo, 27% had a complete response, 42% a partial response, and 31% an incomplete response, with corresponding rRFS rates at 24 mo of 92%, 86%, and 63%. According to the predictive model, a complete PSA response at 3 mo was associated with the use of next-generation imaging and PSA

In this work, we present the exact equations for the back and effective focal lengths of a plano-concave thick lens. These equations are derived through a detailed ray-tracing approach, calculating the meridional ray’s path parallel to the optical axis while taking into account lens thickness, refractive index, and surface curvature. Our analysis bridges the gap between paraxial approximations and exact ray behavior, highlighting how traditional models (e.g., thin-lens equations) can be extended to thick lenses. Additionally, we review recent advancements in negative refraction and surface phase manipulation techniques to demonstrate how our equations compare to modern numerical methods and metacoating-enhanced designs. This work provides a comprehensive and exact framework for understanding the optical properties of plano-concave thick lenses, offering new insights into their application in precision optics.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To validate the Barcelona magnetic resonance imaging predictive model (BCN-MRI PM) in men with pre-biopsy multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) reported with the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) v2.1, followed by transrectal and transperineal prostate biopsies. Materials and Methods: Prospective analysis of 3,264 men with PSA >3.0 ng/mL and/or abnormal digital rectal examination who were referred to ten participant centers in the csPCa early detection program of Catalonia (Spain), between 2021 and 2023. MpMRI was reported with the PI-RADS v2.1, and 2- to 4-core MRI-transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion-targeted biopsy of suspected lesions and/or 12-core systematic biopsy were conducted. 2,295 (70.3%) individuals were referred to six centers for transrectal prostate biopsies, while 969 (39.7%) were referred to four centers for transperineal prostate biopsies. CsPCa was classified whenever the International Society of Urologic Pathology grade group was 2 or higher. Results: CsPCa was detected in 41% of transrectal prostate biopsies and in 45.9% of transperineal prostate biopsies (p

Quality control of programs for detection of significant prostate cancer (sPCa) could be defined by the correlation between observed and reference 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) categories. We used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the Barcelona magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predictive model to screen the quality of ten participant centers in the sPCa opportunistic early detection program in Catalonia. We set an AUC of 3.0 ng/ml and/or a suspicious digital rectal examination who underwent multiparametric MRI and two- to four-core targeted biopsies of PI-RADS ≥3 lesions and/or 12-core systematic biopsy, AUC values ranged from 0.527 to 0.914 and were

Purpose: To relate the prostate volume category (PVC) assessed with digital rectal examination (DRE)—small, median, and large—and the prostate volumes (PVs) assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). To compare the clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) discrimination ability of two predictive models based on DREPVC and MRI-PV. Materials and Methods: A prospective trial of 2,090 men with prostate-specific antigen >3 ng/mL and/or PCa suspicious DRE were prospectively recruited in 10 centers from Catalonia (Spain), between 2021 and 2022, in whom DRE-PVC was assessed. Pre-biopsy MRI, and 12-core TRUS-random biopsy was always performed after 2- to 6-core TRUS-fusion targeted biopsy of prostate imaging-report and data system >3 lesions. In 370 men (17.7%) the DRE-PVC was unconclusive. Among the 1,720 men finally analyzed the csPCa (grade group >2) detection was 42.4%. Results: The median (interquartile range) of TRUS and MRI-PVs of small prostates were 33 mL (19–37 mL) and 35 mL (23–30 mL), p=0.410; in median prostates they were 51 mL (38–58 mL) and 55 mL (48–63 mL) respectively, p

En la actualidad, el balonmano es una disciplina que no se encuentra adaptada a personas con Parálisis Cerebral o Daño Cerebral Adquirido. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar una propuesta de adaptación del reglamento de balonmano para este colectivo, tomando como referencia la normativa y clasificación funcional del Fútbol a 7, adaptado a estos jugadores. La base del proceso de adaptación ha sido el reglamento de la Federación Internacional de Balonmano y la clasificación funcional de otro deporte adaptado a personas con parálisis cerebral y daño cerebral adquirido, el Fútbol a 7. Es necesario realizar una adaptación del material, los aspectos técnicos y tácticos, así como de las instalaciones deportivas en función de las capacidades motrices de los participantes. La práctica de actividad física-deportiva presenta múltiples beneficios a nivel social, afectivo, físico y psicológico, por lo que incluir un deporte colectivo más, al único que ya existe para esta población, que es el Fútbol a 7, ampliaría sus opciones de participación deportiva.

Background: A transperineal approach to prostate biopsy is now recommended to reduce the risk of infectious complications associated with the transrectal route. Our aim is to compare the efficacy of transrectal- and transperineal-guided biopsies involving the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of index lesions in detecting significant prostate cancer (sPCas), and to evaluate the role of systematic biopsies. Methods: In a prospective and multicenter trial conducted in an opportunistic early detection program for sPCa in Catalonia (Spain), between 2021 and 2023, 4029 men suspected of having PCa underwent multiparametric MRI followed by guided and systematic biopsies. From this cohort, we retrospectively selected 1376 men with reports of the size and localization of their index lesions. A matched group of 325 pairs of men subjected to transrectal and transperineal biopsy were chosen to account for confounding variables. We compared sPCa detection rates determined via index lesions and systematic biopsies, as well as by lesion localization. Results: Transperineal and transrectal biopsies detected sPCa in 49.5% vs. 40.6% overall (p = 0.027), 44.6% vs. 30.8% from index lesions (p = 0.001), and 24.3% vs. 35.1% from systematic biopsies (p = 0.003). SPCa detection rates were higher in transperineal biopsies across all index lesion localizations, with significant increases in the anterior zone (47.8% vs. 20.8% at the mid-base, p = 0.039, and 52.9% vs. 24.2% at the apex, p = 0.024) and central zone (33.3% vs. 5.9%, p = 0.003). With regards to SPCa detected only in systematic biopsies, 10.5% of cases were detected in transrectal biopsies and 4.9% of cases were detected in transperineal biopsies (p = 0.012). Conclusions: Targeted biopsies conducted via the transperineal route showed higher sPCa detection rates than transrectal biopsies, particularly for anterior and apical lesions, with systematic biopsies showing reduced utility.

Understanding and embracing positive attitudes toward disability are crucial for inclusive practices. Universities play a key role in shaping these attitudes, making higher education critical for promoting inclusion and understanding diversity. This study investigates the influence of career selection and academic progression on university students’ attitudes toward disability and the associated impact on their future professional practices. A total of 446 university students from Extremadura, studying across physical activity and sports science, occupational therapy, and early childhood education, participated in this comparative study. The Spanish Attitudes Toward People with Disabilities Scale for Professionals was administered to students in their first and final years of study. The results revealed significant variations in attitudes toward disability among the different disciplines and academic years. Early childhood education and occupational therapy students exhibited more positive attitudes compared to physical activity and sports sciences students in their first year. The attitudes improved significantly across all the disciplines from the first to the final year, with notable positive changes among early childhood education and occupational therapy students. This study highlights the role of educational pathways and practical experiences in fostering positive attitudes. Tailored coursework and practical training can promote better healthcare and inclusive educational practices in future health and education professionals. Furthermore, this study highlights the need to improve the approach to competences in the analyzed university programs.

El cáncer es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo, siendo sus principales factores de riesgo el envejecimiento y los estilos de vida poco saludables. Los pacientes con cáncer requieren de tratamientos intensos y prolongados que provocan un deterioro de su calidad de vida. La práctica de ejercicio físico ha sido identificada como una de las estrategias fundamentales en el campo de la prevención del cáncer siendo, a su vez, una terapia coadyuvante para la rehabilitación integral. El propósito de este estudio es determinar el efecto de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico sobre la capacidad funcional, composición corporal, función hemodinámica y calidad de vida, en pacientes sobrevivientes de cáncer. La muestra estuvo formada por 22 mujeres (54,2 ± 10,9 años, peso 71,3 ± 10,4 kg, altura 157,8 ± 4 cm) que participaron en el Proyecto Ejercicio Físico para Pacientes con Cáncer (EFIPACA), de la Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI) de la Universidad Nacional (UNA). El programa de entrenamiento aeróbico individualizado tuvo una duración de 16 semanas, con una frecuencia de tres veces por semana, cada sesión iniciaba con una fase de movilidad articular, una fase de calentamiento de 5 minutos a muy baja intensidad en banda sin fin o cicloergómetro, y una parte principal de ejercicio aeróbico en banda sin fin y en cicloergómetro, con una duración de 30 a 50 minutos, a una intensidad del 50% hasta el 85% del VO2máx de reserva. Al finalizar se tenía una fase de recuperación de 2 minutos a muy baja intensidad y se realizaba un pequeño estiramiento de miembros inferiores y superiores. Los pacientes supervivientes de cáncer que realizan ejercicio físico de forma continuada presentan mejorías en la reducción del peso y del IMC. La participación en el programa produce una mejoría en la percepción de la calidad de vida, así como un aumento de la densidad mineral ósea. Por ello se recomienda desarrollar sesiones de impacto con carga de peso para mejorar la aptitud física, evitar fracturas o problemas óseos y mejorar la calidad de vida. Palabras Claves: Cicloergómetro; Entrenamiento; Consumo máximo de oxígeno; Cáncer; Mujeres. Abstract. Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with aging and unhealthy lifestyles being the main risk factors. Cancer patients require intense and prolonged treatments that lead to a deterioration in their quality of life. The practice of physical exercise has been identified as one of the fundamental strategies in the field of cancer prevention, being, at the same time, a coadjuvant therapy for comprehensive rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an aerobic exercise program on functional capacity, body composition, hemodynamic function, and quality of life in cancer survivors. The sample consisted of 22 women (54.2 ± 10.9 years, weight 71.3 ± 10.4 kg, height 157.8 ± 4 cm) who participated in the Physical Exercise for Cancer Patients Project (EFIPACA) of the School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life (CIEMHCAVI) of the National University (UNA). The individualized aerobic training program lasted 16 weeks, with a frequency of three times a week, each session began with a joint mobility phase, a warm-up phase of 5 minutes at very low intensity on a treadmill or cycloergometer, and a main part of aerobic exercise on a treadmill and cycloergometer, lasting 30 to 50 minutes, at an intensity of 50% to 85% of VO2max reserve. In the end, there was a 2-minute recovery phase at very low intensity and a short stretching of the lower and upper limbs. Cancer survivors who engage in continuous physical exercise show improvements in weight and BMI reduction. Participation in the program produces an improvement in the perception of quality of life, as well as an increase in bone mineral density. It is therefore recommended to develop weight-bearing impact sessions to improve physical fitness, avoid fractures or bone problems and improve quality of life. Key words: Cycloergometer; Training; Maximal oxygen uptake; Cancer; Women.

En el ámbito educativo, la inclusión implica entender la equidad como la igualdad de situaciones y oportunidades para el alumnado tanto en el inicio como al final del proceso de enseñanza en función de sus particularidades. Dicha inclusión, se debe promover en todas las áreas curriculares existentes. A través de la Educación Física, se desarrollan diferentes habilidades y valores relacionados con la inclusión, los cuales pueden ser trabajados desde un punto de vista lúdico a través del juego y el deporte. Debido a la importancia de la inclusión en el ámbito educativo, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar una revisión bibliométrica de la literatura relacionada con los términos “Inclusive education” y “Physical education”, mediante la búsqueda de documentos publicados hasta 31 de diciembre de 2022, en la base de datos Web of Science. Los resultados mostraron un crecimiento exponencial del 82% en el número de publicaciones en los últimos 9 años, siendo España, el país con mayor número de citas y documentos publicados debido a su gran longevidad de investigación en el ámbito de la educación inclusiva, derivado de los diferentes estudios que se han realizado en la Universidad de Castilla la Mancha. En consonancia con estos datos, resulta necesario llevar a cabo programas de calidad relacionados con el fomento de actitudes, conocimientos y habilidades para las personas implicadas en el proceso educativo. Los docentes deben dotarse de conocimientos y herramientas para el desarrollo de sesiones que fomenten de forma plena la inclusión. Palabras clave: accesibilidad, herramientas, metodologías, innovación, inclusión Abstract. In education, inclusion implies understanding equity as equality of situations and opportunities for pupils both at the beginning and at the end of the education process according to their particularities. Such inclusion should be carried out in all existing curricular areas. Through Physical Education, different skills and values related to inclusion are developed, which can be worked on from a playful point of view through games and sports. Due to the importance of inclusion in the field of education, this study aimed to carry out a bibliometric review of the literature related to the terms "Inclusive education" and "Physical education", by searching for documents published up to 31 December 2022 in the Web of Science database. The results showed an exponential growth of 82% in the number of publications in the last 9 years, with Spain being the country with the highest number of citations and published documents due to its great longevity of research in the field of inclusive education, due to the different studies that have been carried out at the University of Castilla la Mancha. In line with these data, there is a need to implement quality programmes promoting attitudes, knowledge, and skills for those involved in the educational process. Teachers must be equipped with knowledge and tools to develop sessions that fully promote inclusion. Keywords: accessibility, tools, methodologies, innovation, inclusion

Recently found documents show that, in June 1933, when the persecution of Jews in Germany was forcing Hans Kelsen to leave the country, the University of Barcelona appointed him professor of the Faculty of Law. The study of the documents allows us to point to José Ramón Xirau, Full Professor of Procedural Law, Dean of the Faculty and one of the main promoters of the project of autonomy of the University of Barcelona, as the one who made this appointment possible.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of apalutamide prostate cancer compared to the pivotal trials patients and to identify the first subsequent therapy in a real‐world setting. Methods The study is prospective and observational based on real‐world evidence, performed by different medical disciplines and eight academics centres around Barcelona, Spain. It included all patients with metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) and high‐risk non‐metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) treated with apalutamide from June 2018 to December 2022. Results Of 227 patients treated with apalutamide, 10% had ECOG‐PS 2, and 41% were diagnosed with new‐generation imaging. In the mHSPC group (209 patients), 75 years was the median age, 53% had synchronous metastases, and 22% were M1a. In the nmCRPC (18 patients), 82 years was the median age, and 81% ≤6 months had PSA doubling time. Patients achieved PSA90 in 92% of mHSPC and 50% of nmCRPC and PSA ≤0.2 in 71% of mHSPC and 39% of nmCRPC. Treatment‐related adverse events occurred in 40.1% of mHSPC and 44.4% of nmCRPC. After discontinuation of apalutamide due to disease progression, 54.5% in mHSPC and 75% in nmCRPC started chemotherapy, while after discontinuation because of adverse events, 73.3% in mHSPC and 100% in nmCRPC continued with other hormonal‐therapies. Conclusions The efficacy and safety of apalutamide were similar to that described in the pivotal trials, despite including an older and more comorbid population. Usually, subsequent therapies after apalutamide differed depending on the reason for discontinuation: by disease progression started chemotherapy and by adverse events hormonal sequencing.

The role of digital rectal examination (DRE) in the early detection of significant prostate cancer (PCa) is being questioned in the era of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, some men with suspected PCa may still be identified solely through DRE, even with low serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Additionally, most predictive models designed to improve significant PCa diagnostic pathways incorporate DRE findings. We assessed the role of DRE among 5005 men with serum PSA levels > 3.0 ng/mL and/or suspicious DRE findings, who underwent pre-biopsy MRI and targeted and/or systematic biopsies, as part of the significant PCa opportunistic screening program in Catalonia (Spain) between 2016 and 2023. Significant PCa, defined as grade group > 2, was detected in 2097 men (41.9%). Suspicion of PCa was based solely on DRE in 206 cases (4.1%) with significant PCa detected in 50 of them (2.4%). Two pathways using the Barcelona predictive models, before and after MRI, with and without DRE findings showed specificities of 52.8 and 38.7%, respectively (p < 0.001), after fixing sensitivity at 90%. Prostate biopsy was avoided in 35.1 and 26.7%, respectively (p < 0.001), while its efficacy increased from 52.8 to 58%. We conclude that DRE improved the effectiveness of an opportunistic significant PCa-screening program.

Forest cover is deteriorating rapidly due to anthropogenic causes, making its restoration urgent. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) could offer a viable solution to ensure successful reforestation efforts. This study aimed to select bacterial strains with mechanisms that promote plant growth and enhance seedling development. The bacterial strains used in this study were isolated from the rhizosphere and endophyte regions of Pinus montezumae Lamb. and Pinus patula Schl. et Cham., two Mexican conifer species commonly used for reforestation purposes. Sixteen bacterial strains were selected for their ability to produce auxins, chitinase, and siderophores, perform nitrogen fixation, and solubilize inorganic phosphates; they also harbored genes encoding antimicrobial production and ACC deaminase. The adhesion to seeds, germination rate, and seedling response of P. montezumae and P. patula were performed following inoculation with 10 bacterial strains exhibiting high plant growth-promoting potential. Some strains demonstrated the capacity to enhance seedling growth. The selected strains were taxonomically characterized and belonged to the genus Serratia, Buttiauxella, and Bacillus. These strains exhibited at least two mechanisms of action, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid, biological nitrogen fixation, and phosphate solubilization, and could serve as potential alternatives for the reforestation of affected areas.

Biomechanical analysis has been one of the most used procedures when aiming to improve performance in sports and is also very relevant and decisive in the final classification of competitive events in sports such as gymnastics. Hence, this study sought to provide an overview of the number of scientific literature publications related to biomechanics research in gymnastics. The document search was completed in March 2023 and reflected a bibliometric analysis considering the published manuscripts up to 31 December 2022. Data collection was performed on the Web of Science, following the bibliometric analysis law, using Microsoft Excel and VosViewer Software (v1.6.19) for analysis and data processing. A total of 325 documents related to the topic under study were located. The results highlight that the older manuscripts date from 1980, with a growing trend of publications from that moment until now and a very visible increase in 2015, and that Sport Science is the category associated with more published manuscripts. A total of 30 manuscripts have 30 or more citations, 746 authors and co-authors are associated with the publications, and 58 co-authorships have published one or more studies. Moreover, 47 countries or regions have been associated with the topic under study, with the USA, England, and Australia being the countries with the most published articles and citations. The study also found that the highest frequency keywords are: “gymnastics” (n = 122), “biomechanics” (n = 73), “simulation” (n = 27), and “performance” (n = 25), considering the average year of publication of the documents, “balance” (n = 11), “artistic gymnastic” (n = 14) and “training” (n = 25) are the most frequently used terms. This study reveals that the topic of biomechanics in gymnastics has shown sustained growth and deserves the attention of the scientific community, but at the same time, there is still much room for research development.

El modelo de Educación Inclusiva se define como un modelo de enseñanza que aboga por la igualdad de oportunidades para todos los estudiantes, especialmente aquellos con discapacidad o necesidades específicas. La trascendencia de la actitud del docente hacia la discapacidad y la inclusión es fundamental en el proceso de Educación Inclusiva, requiriendo de un estudio meta-analítico integral y actualizado que ofrezca una visión panorámica a la comunidad científica y educativa. Esto se puede lograr mediante un enfoque bibliométrico que analice datos y metadatos de artículos especializados existentes. Este documento proporciona una visión empírica de los estudios sobre las actitudes hacia la discapacidad y la inclusión en los profesores de educación física. Los manuscritos extraídos se examinaron utilizando un enfoque bibliométrico, aprovechando los datos de 161 registros almacenados en la base de datos Web of Science desde 1995 hasta septiembre de 2023, aplicando principios bibliométricos tradicionales y empleando VOSviewer para el procesamiento de datos y metadatos. Entre los resultados, estos documentos destacan un aumento exponencial de la producción científica durante las últimas dos décadas, con concentración en sólo 17 revistas específicas. Es evidente el predominio de Estados Unidos y España dentro de redes de coautoría de relevancia global, junto con distinciones temáticas y temporales dentro de los conceptos bajo análisis. Este análisis bibliométrico actual subraya la tendencia predominante en la investigación sobre la inclusión, principalmente a través del desarrollo de intervenciones y programas educativos que aborden las actitudes hacia la discapacidad. Como uno de los principales medios para mejorar las actitudes hacia las personas con discapacidad en el campo de la educación, los programas de capacitación específicos y la promoción de actividades en las que los participantes puedan experimentar y aprender sobre la discapacidad tienen una importancia significativa. Palabras clave: Educación Inclusiva; Actitudes; Discapacidad; Inclusión; Educación Física. Abstract. The Inclusive Education model is defined as a teaching model that advocates equal opportunities for all students, especially those with disabilities or specific requirements. The significance of the teacher's attitude toward disability and inclusion is essential in the Inclusive Education process, requiring a comprehensive and up-to-date meta-analytical study that offers a panoramic view to the scientific and educational communities. This can be achieved through a bibliometric approach that analyzes data and metadata from existing specialized articles. This article provides an empirical overview of studies on attitudes toward disability and inclusion in physical education teachers. The extracted articles were examined using a bibliometric approach, leveraging data from 161 records stored in the Web of Science database from 1995 to September 2023, while applying traditional bibliometric principles and employing VOSviewer for data and metadata processing. Among the results, these articles highlight an exponential increase in scientific production over the last two decades, with a concentration in only 17 specific journals. The dominance of the USA and Spain within co-authorship networks of global relevance is evident, along with thematic and temporal distinctions within the concepts under examination. This current bibliometric analysis underscores the prevailing trend in research regarding inclusion, primarily through the development of interventions and educational programs addressing attitudes toward disability. As one of the primary means of enhancing attitudes toward individuals with disabilities in the field of education, specific training programs and the promotion of activities in which participants can experience and learn about disability hold significant importance. Keywords: Inclusive Education; Attitudes; Disability; Inclusion; Physical Education.

Although whistleblowing is thought to represent an effective mechanism for detecting and uncovering doping in sport, it has yet to become a widely adopted practice. Understanding the factors that encourage or discourage whistleblowing is of vital importance for the promotion of this practice and the development of pedagogical material to enhance the likelihood of whistleblowing. The current study employed a qualitative methodology to explore the personal and organisational factors that underpin intentions to blow the whistle or that may lead to engagement in whistleblowing behaviours in sport. Thirty-three competitive athletes across a range of sports took part in a semi-structured interview which sought to explore what they would do should they encounter a doping scenario. Content analysis revealed that whistleblowing is a dynamic process characterised by the interaction of a range of personal and organisational factors in determining the intention to report PED use. These factors included moral reasoning, a desire to keep the matter “in-house”, perceived personal costs, institutional attitudes to doping, and social support. Analysis revealed a number of “intervening events”, including a perceived lack of organisational protection (e.g., ethical leadership) within some sporting sub-cultures, which present an important obstacle to whistleblowing. The intention to report doping was underpinned by a “fairness-loyalty trade-off” which involved athletes choosing to adhere to either fairness norms (which relate to a sense that all people and groups are treated equally) or loyalty norms (which reflect preferential treatment towards an in-group) when deciding whether they would blow the whistle. The promotion of fairness norms that emphasise a group's collective interests might encourage athletes to view whistleblowing as a means of increasing group cohesiveness and effectiveness and thereby increase the likelihood of this practice.

Global biodiversity is negatively affected by anthropogenic climate change. As species distributions shift due to increasing temperatures and precipitation fluctuations, many species face the risk of extinction. In this study, we explore the expected trend for plant species distributions in Central America and southern Mexico under two alternative Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) portraying moderate (RCP4.5) and severe (RCP8.5) increases in greenhouse gas emissions, combined with two species dispersal assumptions (limited and unlimited), for the 2061-2080 climate forecast. Using an ensemble approach employing three techniques to generate species distribution models, we classified 1924 plant species from the region's (sub)tropical forests according to IUCN Red List categories. To infer the spatial and taxonomic distribution of species' vulnerability under each scenario, we calculated the proportion of species in a threat category (Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered) at a pixel resolution of 30 arc seconds and by family. Our results show a high proportion (58-67%) of threatened species among the four experimental scenarios, with the highest proportion under RCP8.5 and limited dispersal. Threatened species were concentrated in montane areas and avoided lowland areas where conditions are likely to be increasingly inhospitable. Annual precipitation and diurnal temperature range were the main drivers of species' relative vulnerability. Our approach identifies strategic montane areas and taxa of conservation concern that merit urgent inclusion in management plans to improve climatic resilience in the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot. Such information is necessary to develop policies that prioritize vulnerable elements and mitigate threats to biodiversity under climate change.

Abstract Protected area (PA) extent has increased significantly over the last 150 years globally, but it is yet unclear whether progress in expanding coverage has been accompanied by improved performance in ecological representation. Here, we explore temporal trends in the performance of PA networks in representing > 16,000 vertebrate and plant species in tropical Andean countries based on species bioclimatic niche modelling. We use a randomization analysis to assess whether representation gains over time (1937–2015) are the expected consequence of increasing the overall area of the network or the result of better designed networks. We also explore the impact of climate change on protected-area representation based on projected species distributions in 2070. We found that PAs added in the last three to four decades were better at representing species diversity than random additions overall. Threatened species, amphibians and reptiles are the exception. Species representation is projected to decrease across PAs under climate change, although PA expansions over the last decade (2006–2015) better represented species' future bioclimatic niches than did sites selected at random for most evaluated groups. These findings indicate an unbalanced representation across taxa, and raises concern over under-represented groups, including threatened species, and species’ representation under climate change scenarios. However, they also suggest that decisions related to locating protected areas have become more strategic in recent decades and illustrate that indicators tracking representativeness of networks are crucial in PA monitoring frameworks.

El Goalball es un deporte paralímpico creado específicamente para personas con discapacidad visual, y en el área de Educación Física es empleado como contenido didáctico, que además fomentar la inclusión del alumnado. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura relacionada con el Goalball en la Educación Física. Para ello, se emplearon las palabras clave: “Goalball” y “Physical Education”, y las bases de datos de Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus y PubMed. Se obtuvieron un total de 7 documentos publicados hasta diciembre de 2022. Los documentos seleccionados fueron evaluados por expertos con la finalidad de determinar la calidad de los manuscritos, analizando la fiabilidad intra-observador (p = .98), e inter-observador (p = .94). Los estudios analizados resaltan la importancia de trabajar las actitudes positivas hacia la discapacidad, para lo que es muy útil la práctica de deportes adaptados en contexto educativos. En conclusión, se deberían desarrollar más estudios que analicen los beneficios de los deportes para personas con discapacidad en Educación Física, considerando las diferentes etapas educativas.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar una revisión sistemática, basada en los resultados encontrados en torno a los términos Salud oral y Olimpiadas Especiales para deportistas con Discapacidad Intelectual. Para llevar a cabo la búsqueda de los documentos, se emplearon las siguientes palabras clave: “Oral Health” y “Intellectual Disability”. Los documentos fueron localizados en las bases de datos de Scopus y Web of Science. Con el objetivo de ajustar la búsqueda al objeto de estudio, se establecieron una serie de criterios de inclusión: i) Seleccionar cualquier tipo de documento científico, ii) Describir al menos alguna característica de la influencia de la salud oral en los deportistas competidores en Olimpiadas Especiales (mínimo 50 palabras), iii) Estar escrito en inglés, portugués o español, y iv) Estar disponible el texto completo o disponer del resumen, siendo elegibles los manuscritos publicados desde el año 2000 hasta octubre de 2022. Los documentos sobre la salud oral en deportistas con discapacidad intelectual que participan en Olimpiadas Especiales muestran un estado de salud oral inferior al resto de la población y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de promover y fomentar programas de tratamiento y prevención para este grupo de población. Palabras clave: Salud oral; Olimpiadas Especiales; Higiene dental; Calidad de vida. Abstract. The aim of the present study was developing a structured systematic review, based on the results found around the terms Oral Health and Special Olympics for athletes with Intellectual Disability. To carry out the search of the documents, the following keywords were used: "Oral Health" and "Intellectual Disability". The documents were searched in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. In order to adjust the search to the object of study, a series of inclusion criteria were established: i) Select any type of scientific document, ii) Describe at least some characteristic of the influence of oral health on competing athletes in Special Olympics (minimum 50 keywords), iii) Be written in English, Portuguese or Spanish, iv) Be available in full text or only have the abstract, manuscripts published from 2000 to October 2022 being eligible. The documents on oral health in athletes with intellectual disabilities who participate in Special Olympics show a lower oral health status than the rest of the population and highlight the need to promote and promote treatment and prevention programs for this population group. Keywords: Oral health; Special Olympics; Dental hygiene; Quality of life.

Concerns exist regarding the effects of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) on multipa-rametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) detection. Our objective is to analyze the effect of 5-ARI on the prostate imaging–reporting and data system (PI-RADS) distribution and csPCa and insignificant PCa (iPCa) detection. Among 2212 men with serum prostate-specific antigen levels of >3.0 ng/mL and/or suspicious digital rectal examinations who underwent mpMRI and targeted and/or systematic biopsies, 120 individuals exposed to 5-ARI treatment for over a year were identified. CsPCa was defined when the grade group (GG) was >2. The overall csPCa and iPCa detection rates were 44.6% and 18.8%, respectively. Since logistic regression revealed independent predictors of PCa, a randomized matched group of 236 individuals was selected for analysis. The PI-RADS distribution was comparable with 5-ARI exposure (p 0.685). The CsPCa detection rates in 5-ARI-naïve men and 5-ARI-exposed men were 52.6% and 47.4%, respectively (p 0.596). IPCa was detected in 37.6 and 62.5%, respectively (p 0.089). The tumor GG distribution based on 5-ARI exposure was similar (p 0.149) to the rates of csPCa and iPCa across the PI-RADS categories. We conclude that exposure to 5-ARI in suspected PCa men did not change the PI-RADS distribution and the csPCa and iPCa detection rates.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as the main cause of dementia, affects millions of people around the world, whose diagnosis is based mainly on clinical criteria. Unfortunately, the diagnosis is obtained very late, when the neurodegenerative damage is significant for most patients. Therefore, the exhaustive study of biomarkers is indispensable for diagnostic, prognostic, and even follow-up support. AD is a multifactorial disease, and knowing its underlying pathological mechanisms is crucial to propose new and valuable biomarkers. In this review, we summarize some of the main biomarkers described in AD, which have been evaluated mainly by imaging studies in cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples. Furthermore, we describe and propose neuronal precursors derived from the olfactory neuroepithelium as a potential resource to evaluate some of the widely known biomarkers of AD and to gear toward searching for new biomarkers. These neuronal lineage cells, which can be obtained directly from patients through a non-invasive and outpatient procedure, display several characteristics that validate them as a surrogate model to study the central nervous system, allowing the analysis of AD pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the ease of obtaining and harvesting endows them as an accessible and powerful resource to evaluate biomarkers in clinical practice.

Many bacteria have the ability to survive in challenging environments; however, they cannot all grow on standard culture media, a phenomenon known as the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Bacteria commonly enter the VBNC state under nutrient-poor environments or under stressful conditions. This review explores the concept of the VBNC state, providing insights into the beneficial bacteria known to employ this strategy. The investigation covers different chemical and physical factors that can induce the latency state, cell features, and gene expression observed in cells in the VBNC state. The review also covers the significance and applications of beneficial bacteria, methods of evaluating bacterial viability, the ability of bacteria to persist in environments associated with higher organisms, and the factors that facilitate the return to the culturable state. Knowledge about beneficial bacteria capable of entering the VBNC state remains limited; however, beneficial bacteria in this state could face adverse environmental conditions and return to a culturable state when the conditions become suitable and continue to exert their beneficial effects. Likewise, this unique feature positions them as potential candidates for healthcare applications, such as the use of probiotic bacteria to enhance human health, applications in industrial microbiology for the production of prebiotics and functional foods, and in the beer and wine industry. Moreover, their use in formulations to increase crop yields and for bacterial bioremediation offers an alternative pathway to harness their beneficial attributes.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo desarrollar una revisión sistemática exploratoria estructurada, basada en los resultados encontrados en torno a los términos “Balonmano” y “Discapacidad”. Para llevar a cabo la búsqueda de los documentos, se emplearon las siguientes palabras clave: “Handball” y “Disability”. Los documentos fueron buscados en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science, obteniendo un número final de 6 documentos válidos para llevar a cabo la revisión, siendo estos publicados previamente a septiembre de 2021. Con el objetivo de ajustar la búsqueda al objeto de estudio, se establecieron una serie de criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Como resultados concluyentes, se observa como los estudios más repetidos son Estudios Empíricos con Metodología Cualitativa en los cuales se llevan a cabo estudios del rendimiento de jugadores de Balonmano en Silla de Ruedas. En conclusión, los documentos sobre el balonmano para personas con discapacidad muestran que el Balonmano en Silla de Ruedas puede ser beneficioso en la mejora de la calidad de vida, la funcionalidad, la independencia y la adquisición de estilos de vida saludables.

The types of five taxa described with material from northern Africa have been revised, yielding the following results: Barbula commutata var. erosa Corb. is synomyzed with Streblotrichum convolutum var. commutatum; Bryum trabutii Thér. with Ptychostomum rubens; Thamnium alopecurum var. decipiens Corb. with Scorpiurium circinatum; and Trichostomum mediterraneum var. algeriae Müll. Hal. ex Geh. with Hydrogonium bolleanum. Funaria altissima Dixon is recognized as a distinct species, for which we provide a full description, photographs, and a key to the more closely species. Lectotypes have been designated for all names except for F. altissima. The identity of two nomina nuda is also resolved: Funaria hygrometrica var. dentata Corb. ex Maire & Werner, corresponds to typical Funaria hygrometrica, and Zygodon dimorphus Thér. ex Jelenc is here identified as Grimmia torquata¸ an interesting addition to the bryophyte flora of Morocco and continental Africa. Ptychostomum rubens is reported for the first time from Algeria.

La Fibromialgia provoca una disminución en la función física, en la calidad de vida y una mayor prevalencia de enfermedades vinculadas a la salud mental. El tratamiento farmacológico es el más empleado en pacientes con fibromialgia, pero un correcto abordaje del proceso terapéutico debe incluir la práctica de ejercicio físico. La actividad física provoca mejoras en la sintomatología, la capacidad aeróbica, la función física y la percepción subjetiva de bienestar general y autoeficacia. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio es desarrollar una actualización del estado del arte relacionado con el ejercicio acuático en pacientes con Fibromialgia, así como conocer los principales beneficios de este tipo de intervenciones. Para la búsqueda, recopilación y selección de artículos, se emplearon las palabras clave: “fibromyalgia” y “aquatic exercise”, que fueron introducidas en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science y PubMed. Para ajustar la búsqueda al objeto de estudio, se establecieron una serie de criterios de inclusión de las publicaciones científicas. Los estudios analizados muestran que el ejercicio acuático es una alternativa eficaz y complementaria a la terapia convencional. Entre los beneficios del ejercicio acuático destacan la disminución del estrés, la reducción de la fatiga y la mejora de los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, así como una disminución del dolor y de los problemas de insomnio. A la vista de estos resultados, parece que los programas acuáticos de ejercicio físico son un tipo de tratamiento no farmacológico para tener en cuenta en el tratamiento de pacientes con fibromialgia, mejorando la sintomatología y la calidad de vida. Palabras clave: Fibromialgia; Ejercicio Acuático; Calidad de vida Abstract. Fibromyalgia causes a decrease in physical function, quality of life and a higher prevalence of mental health-related diseases. Pharmacological treatment is the most used in patients with fibromyalgia, but a correct approach to the therapeutic process should include the practice of physical exercise. Physical activity causes improvements in symptomatology, aerobic capacity, physical function and subjective perception of general well-being and self-efficacy. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to develop an update of the state of the art related to aquatic exercise in patients with fibromyalgia, as well as to know the main benefits of this type of interventions. For the search, compilation and selection of articles, the keywords "fibromyalgia" and "aquatic exercise" were used, which were entered in the Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. To adjust the search to the object of study, a series of inclusion criteria were established for the scientific publications. The studies analyzed show that aquatic exercise is an effective and complementary alternative to conventional therapy. Among the benefits of aquatic exercise are a decrease in stress, a reduction in fatigue and an improvement in symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as a decrease in pain and insomnia problems. In view of these results, it seems that aquatic physical exercise programs are a type of non-pharmacological treatment to be considered in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia, improving symptoms and quality of life. Keywords: Fibromyalgia; Aquatic exercise; Quality of life

El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar una revisión sistemática sobre el lanzamiento en Baloncesto en Silla de Ruedas. Para la búsqueda de los documentos, se utilizaron las siguientes palabras clave: “Basketball”, “Wheelchair” y “Shooting”. Las bases de datos empleadas fueron Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed y SPORTDiscus, incluyendo todos los manuscritos publicados hasta enero de 2023, garantizando así los documentos más recientes. Para la búsqueda, se establecieron una serie criterios de inclusión: i) Seleccionar cualquier tipo de documento científico, ii) Incluir aquellos documentos que analicen el lanzamiento en BSR, y, su incidencia en el rendimiento (mínimo 50 palabras), iii) Estar escrito en inglés, español o portugués, y, por último, iv) Estar disponible a texto completo o disponer del resumen, obteniéndose un número final de veinte documentos manuscritos. Los manuscritos seleccionados se caracterizan por ser Estudios empíricos con una metodología cuantitativa. Como conclusión, parece que el lanzamiento es uno de los principales indicadores de rendimiento en Baloncesto en Silla de Ruedas, pero no se ha investigado la influencia de la Clasificación Funcional en la efectividad y el Tipo de lanzamientos, lo que permitiría conocer y analizar el rendimiento de los jugadores en función de su capacidad motriz. Palabras clave: deporte; rendimiento; discapacidad; clasificación funcional. Abstract. The aim of the present study was to carry out a systematic review in relation to the shot in Wheelchair Basketball. To search for the documents, the following keywords were used: "Basketball", "Wheelchair”, and "Shooting". The databases were used: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and SPORTDiscus, considering all the documents published up to January of 2023, thus guaranteeing the updating of the results. To refine the search, a series of inclusion criteria were established: i) Select any type of scientific document, ii) Include those documents which analyses basket shoot in Wheelchair Basketball, and its influence on performance (minimum 50 words), iii) Be written in English, Spanish or Portuguese, and, finally, iv) Be available in full text or only have the abstract, obtaining a final number of fourteen documents. The selected documents are characterized by being empirical studies with a quantitative methodology. In conclusion, it seems that the shot is one of the main performance indicators in Wheelchair Basketball, but the influence of the Functional Classification on the effectiveness and the Type of shots has not been investigated, which would allow knowing and analyzing the performance. of the players according to their motor skills Key words: sport; performance, disability; functional classification.

Boccia is a Paralympic sport, also practiced in a recreational perspective by the population. Performance in this parasport involves complexity. Hence, the aim of this study was to conduct a review of the literature on Boccia, specifically in the field of sports performance. Keywords “Boccia” and “Performance” were used as descriptors in the references search. The words in English were introduced in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. 669 documents were found using the word “Boccia” and after including the word “Performance” results reduced to 26 documents. Three exclusion criteria were applied: i) Documents not published in scientific journals; ii) Documents do not mention in title or abstract both “Boccia” and “Performance”; and iii) Documents are thesis, chapters of books, conference resumes or abstract. Finally, 9 documents were selected that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria until February 2022. Results confirmed that research in Boccia is scarce compared to other sports to persons with disabilities. Therefore, the Paralympic sport has been analysed from a great diversity of disciplines perspective, however, regarding the discipline “Coaching Science” there is a great space and need for further research, in order to improve training conditions and optimize sports performance. Keywords: Paralympic sport, disability, cerebral palsy.

Patients with prostate cancer (PCa) on androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) are at high risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. We aimed to provide some practical insights into the delivery of optimal bone health care for PCa patients, particularly those on ADT. An interdisciplinary group of experts, including urologists and rheumatologists developed recommendations based on their expertise, current evidence and guidelines. The multidisciplinary group’s main recommendations are: fragility fracture risk should be assessed in all PCa patient, especially, in those under ADT. FRAX® tool may be incorporated into clinical practice to identify patients at high risk of fracture. Bone mineral density (BMD) should be measured routinely by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in all patients scheduled for or on ADT. Thoracic and lumbar spine X-ray may be performed at the initial evaluation of patients with the diagnosis of osteoporosis and in case of suspected clinical vertebral fracture. Basic laboratory tests are recommended to exclude secondary osteoporosis. Treatment with bisphosphonates or denosumab should be considered in patients on ADT with fragility fracture, osteoporosis (BMD T-score ≤-2.5), or high risk of fracture according to FRAX®. Referral to a bone metabolism specialist should be contemplated in some cases. The recommendations provided in this document, tailored for clinicians treating PCa patients, may be of help to identify and treat patients at high risk of fracture.

The study aims to conduct a systematic review based on the results found around the Walking football, in order to know the sport rules and the benefits of it practice for health and general well-being in older adults. The search phrases were always introduced in English and computerized databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Academy. Two search phrases were used: "Walking football - And - Older adults" and "Walking soccer – And - Older adults”. To limit the search, a series of inclusion and exclusion criteria were established in order to select the most appropriate documents on the subject. After the review, 18 manuscripts published up to November 2020, which met the inclusion criteria, were selected. The selected documents show that the Walking Football has benefits on a social, psychological, and physiological level. In addition, the Walking Football regulations are adapted to each training group, in order to minimize the risk of injury in older adults during its practice. Finally, the documents related to the subject are mainly Journal articles, published in 2019, and are found in the Google Academic database.

Freshwater systems are among the most affected by the introduction of exotic species. The pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus, a centrarchid native to eastern North America, is listed among the top ten introduced freshwater fishes with the greatest ecological impact globally. Despite this, genetic and evolutionary studies of the species are still scarce. Here, we analyzed the genetic variability of introduced populations of L. gibbosus using three mitochondrial genes (COI, d-loop, and ND1). In addition, we used species distribution modeling to compare the niche of introduced versus native populations to assess the present and potential future distribution of the species under different climate change scenarios. Compared with the native populations, introduced ones present a lower level of genetic variability, indicating these populations originated from a small number of individuals from the native (Atlantic) population in the USA and Canada. The low variability was likely driven by a founder effect and subsequent bottleneck, as often occurs in invasive species. Our modeling results suggest not only that L. gibbosus modified its niche during the invasion process in Europe but also the possible global expansion of the species under future climatic conditions, which could facilitate its establishment in almost all continents.

Este artículo reseña: Cintia FARACO y Simona LANGELLA (ed.). Francisco Suárez (1617-2017) Atti del convegno in occasione del IV centenario della morte. Capua: Artetetra 2019. 312 pp.

En la actualidad, la adquisición y el perfeccionamiento de las habilidades técnico-tácticas tiene un importante papel en el fútbol en edad escolar. Por ello, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron conocer en primera instancia el Perfil autodefinido y, posteriormente, analizar el Modo de actuación de dos entrenadores de fútbol en edad escolar (sub-12), durante un periodo competitivo de dos meses y medio. Se analizaron un total de 22 sesiones de entrenamiento de cada entrenador. Para determinar el perfil autodefinido, se utilizaron los cuestionarios i) Orientación de los Entrenadores; ii) Escala de Conocimientos y Capacidades; iii) Estilos de Decisión en el Deporte, y iv) Estilo de Planificación Deportiva, mientras que, para conocer el modo de actuación, se empleó la herramienta SIATE. Los estadísticos Chi cuadrado (χ2), Coeficiente Phi (φc) de Crammer y Residuos Tipificados Corregidos (RTC), fueron empleados para identificar las relaciones y grado de asociación entre variables. Los resultados muestran que estos entrenadores presentan un Perfil autodefinido mixto, y utilizan diferentes Variables Pedagógicas y Variables de Carga Externa, así como la existencia de diferencias relacionadas con la Densidad y el Espacio Juego. Por tanto, los entrenadores de Fútbol en edad escolar deberán utilizar un amplio abanico de procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, así como utilizar distintas variables para diseñar sus tareas de entrenamiento. Abstract. At present, the acquisition and improvement of technical-tactical skills play an important role in school-age football. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to know the self-defined profile and to analyse the way of acting of two school-age football coaches (under-12), during two and a half months of competitive period. Twenty-two training sessions developed by each coach were analysed. To determine the self-defined profile, different questionnaires were used i) Orientation of the Trainers; ii) Scale of Knowledge and Capabilities; iii) Styles of Decision in Sports; and iv) Sports Planning Style, while, to know the way of acting, the SIATE tool was used. Statistical test Chi-square (χ2), Crammer´s Phi Coefficient (φc) and Adjusted Standardized Residuals (ASR) were used to identify differences and degree of association between variables. Results show that the coaches have a mixed self-defined profile, use a wide variety of pedagogical and external load variables, as well as there are different ones among the technicians related to density and game space. Therefore, football, in school age, must use a wide range of teaching-learning processes, as well as a wide variety of variables to design their training tasks.

Abstract Most existing protected area networks are biased to protect charismatic species or landscapes. We hypothesized that conservation networks designed to include unseen biodiversity—species rich groups that consist of inconspicuous taxa, or groups affected by knowledge gaps—are more efficient than networks that ignore these groups. To test this hypothesis, we generated species distribution models for 3006 arthropod species to determine which were represented in three networks of different sizes and biogeographic origin. We assessed the efficiency of each network using spatial prioritization to measure its completeness, the increment needed to achieve conservation targets, and its specificity, the extent to which proposed priority areas to maximize unseen biodiversity overlap with existing networks. We found that the representativeness of unseen biodiversity in the studied protected areas, or extrinsic representativeness, is low, with ~ 40% of the analyzed unseen biodiversity species being unprotected. We also found that existing networks should be expanded ~ 26% to 46% of their current area to complete targets, and that existing networks do not efficiently conserve the unseen biodiversity given their low specificity (as low as 8.8%) unseen biodiversity. We conclude that information on unseen biodiversity must be included in systematic conservation planning approaches to design more efficient and ecologically representative protected areas.

Reseña a: Ramis Barceló, Rafael. El nacimiento de la Filosofía del derecho. De la Philosophia iuris a la Rechtsphilosophie. Madrid: Dykinson 2021.

In Mexico, cacao production is endangered by pathogenic fungi, such as Phytophthora spp. and Moniliophthora rorei, that cause black pod rot and moniliasis, respectively. In this study the biocontrol agent Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 was tested in cacao fields against the previous diseases. The treatments applied were shade management, inoculation of the bacterial strain with or without an adherent, and use of chemical control. The statistical analysis showed that the incidence of black pod rot in tagged cacao trees diminished when the bacterium was applied (reduction of 44.24 to 19.11%). The same result was observed with moniliasis when the pods were tagged (reduction of 66.6 to 27%). The use of Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 with an integrated management might be a solution to cacao diseases and to having a sustainable production of cacao in Mexico.

El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura en torno a la influencia que tienen las lesiones y la Clasificación Funcional en el rendimiento de los jugadores de Baloncesto en Silla de Ruedas. Para la búsqueda de los documentos se utilizaron las siguientes palabras clave: “Basketball”, “Wheelchair”, “Injury” y “Functional Classification”, que fueron introducidas en diferentes bases de datos: Web of Science, PubMed, SportDiscus y Scopus, considerándose aquellos documentos publicados hasta marzo de 2022. Con la finalidad de refinar la búsqueda, se establecieron los siguientes criterios de inclusión: i) Seleccionar cualquier tipo de documento científico, ii) Describir al menos algún tipo de lesión en BSR (mínimo 50 palabras), iii) Estar escrito en inglés, español o portugués, y, por último, iv) Estar disponible el texto completo o el resumen. La revisión sistemática finalmente se conformó con ocho manuscritos relacionados con las lesiones y la clasificación funcional en el Baloncesto en Silla de Ruedas, clasificados en función de diferentes variables: Variables Generales, Variables Específicas de los documentos, Variables relacionadas con la temática de estudio y Variables de calidad de los documentos, donde el Tipo de Lesión y la Clasificación Funcional de los jugadores fueron las subvariables más relevantes para el estudio. En conclusión, las lesiones son un factor limitante del rendimiento deportivo. Por ello, es importante incrementar las sesiones de fortalecimiento del tronco y de las extremidades superiores en los jugadores de Baloncesto en Silla de Ruedas, para disminuir el número y el impacto negativo de las lesiones, antes, durante y después de que se produzcan, puesto que después de padecer una lesión, la probabilidad de recaer es elevada, debido a la debilidad de la zona, así como la necesidad de rehabilitación por parte de profesionales. Abstract. The study aims are developed a systematic review of the literature on the influence of injuries and Functional Classification on the performance of Wheelchair Basketball players. The following keywords were used as descriptors: "Basketball", "Wheelchair", "Injury" and "Functional Classification". The keywords were always introduced in English, in the following computerized databases: Web of Science, PubMed, SportDiscus and Scopus, considering the search for documents carried out until March 2022. To limit the search, four inclusion criteria were established: i) Select any type of scientific document, ii) Describe at least one type of injury in BSR (minimum 50 words), iii) Be written in English, Spanish or Portuguese, and finally, iv) Be available in full text or only have the summary. The systematic review finally consisted of eight manuscripts related to injuries and the Functional Classification in Wheelchair Basketball, classified according to different variables: General Variables, Specific Variables of the documents, Variables related to the subject of study and Quality Variables of the documents, where the Type of Injury and the Functional Classification of the players were the most relevant sub variables for the study. In conclusion, injuries are a limiting factor in sports performance. So, it is important to increase trunk and upper extremity strengthening sessions in wheelchair basketball players to reduce the number and the negative impact of injuries, before, during and after it occurs, after suffering an injury, the probability of relapse is high, due to the weakness of the area, as well as the need for rehabilitation by professionals.

La gestión de eventos deportivos es un área en continuo desarrollo, que busca, a través de sus propuestas, llegar al mayor número de participantes. En la actualidad, existe una corriente novedosa de diseño de actividades para todo tipo de público, sin importar las capacidades de los usuarios. Teniendo en cuenta esto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura en torno a los eventos deportivos inclusivos en edad escolar, adultos y mayores. Para ello, se utilizaron las bases de datos Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Dialnet, Sportdiscus y Google Académico. Las palabras clave utilizadas en la búsqueda de documentos fueron “Gestión deportiva”, “Evento deportivo” e “Inclusivo”. El booleano utilizado fue “And”. Para mejorar la calidad de la búsqueda, se establecieron una serie de criterios de inclusión y exclusión de manuscritos. Tras la revisión de manuscritos hasta diciembre del 2021, se seleccionaron diez documentos que cumplían con los criterios seleccionados. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los eventos deportivos inclusivos que se realizan en la actualidad están financiados con fondos públicos. Además, los participantes de este tipo de eventos suelen ser personas con y sin discapacidad, en igualdad de condiciones. Por último, la revisión sistemática de la literatura relacionada con los eventos deportivos inclusivos en edad escolar, adultos y mayores ha permitido tener un mayor conocimiento sobre las características básicas de los mismos. Abstract. The management of sporting events is a continuous advance area that seeks, through its proposals, to reach the largest number of participants. Currently, there is a new trend of design activities for all types of public, regardless of the capabilities that they present. Taking this into account, the aim of the present study was to carry out an systematic review of the literature on inclusive sporting events in school age, adults and the elderly. Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Dialnet, Sportdiscus, and Google Scholar databases were used. The keywords selected to find the documents were “Sports management”, “Sports event” and “Inclusive”. The boolean used was – “And”. To improve the quality of the search, a series of manuscript inclusion and exclusion criteria were established. After reviewing the manuscripts until December 2021, ten documents were selected that met the selected criteria. The results indicate that most of the inclusive sporting events that take place are publicly funded. In addition, participants in this type of event are usually people with and without disabilities, on equal terms. Lastly, the systematic review of the literature related to inclusive sporting events in school age, adults and the elderly has allowed us to have a better understanding of their basic characteristics.

Abstract Purpose Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a desiccation-sensitive bacterium that loses culturability after 15 days of air desiccation. We have previously shown that P. putida KT2440 can develop a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state after being exposed to desiccation stress and eventually recover when desiccated cells are rehydrated for at least 24 h. Methods To determine which genes of transport, oxidation-reduction, and transcription processes could be involved in the return of P. putida KT2440 to the culturable state, a transcriptome analysis was carried out comparing the gene expression of non-desiccated samples with samples subjected to desiccation followed by 20 min of rehydration or desiccation followed by 24 h of rehydration. Results Desiccation stress triggered a VBNC state of P. putida. The major response was detected after 24 h of rehydration with 148 upregulated and 42 downregulated genes. During the VBNC state, P. putida activated transmembrane transport processes like that of siderophores through a TonB-dependent transporter and putative polyhydric alcohol transport systems. Prolonged rehydration with distilled water resuscitated P. putida KT2440 cells activating the catabolism of phenylalanine/tyrosine to provide energy and carbon for ubiquinone biosynthesis while maintaining a reduced protein synthesis. On the other hand, the interruption of the TonB-dependent receptor gene (PP_1446) increased desiccation survival of the mutant strain. Conclusion The activation of the iron transport system (TonB-dependent siderophore receptor) and alcohol transport can be helping the VBNC state of P. putida. Activation of catabolism of phenylalanine/tyrosine and reduced protein synthesis was needed for resuscitation from the VBNC state.

Background: Determining the prevalence of doping in sport might be useful for anti-doping authorities to gauge the effectiveness of anti-doping policies implemented to prevent positive attitudes toward doping. Using questionnaires and personal interviews, previous investigations have found that the prevalence of doping might be different among different sports disciplines; however, there is no sport-specific information about the proportion of adverse and atypical findings (AAF) in samples used for doping control. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the differences in the frequency of adverse analytical and atypical findings among sports using the data made available by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Methods: The data included in this investigation were gathered from the Testing Figures Reports made available annually from 2003 to 2015 by the World Anti-Doping Agency. These Testing Figures Reports include information about the number of samples analyzed, the number of AAFs reported, and the most commonly found drugs in the urine and blood samples analyzed. A total of 1,347,213 samples were analyzed from the individual sports selected for this investigation, and 698,371 samples were analyzed for disciplines catalogued as team sports. Results: In individual sports, the highest proportions of AAF were 3.3% ± 1.0% in cycling, 3.0% ± 0.6% in weightlifting, and 2.9% ± 0.6% in boxing. In team sports, the highest proportions of AAF were 2.2% ± 0.5% in ice hockey, 2.0% ± 0.5% in rugby, and 2.0% ± 0.5% in basketball. Gymnastics and skating had the lowest proportions at (≤1.0%) for individual sports, and field hockey, volleyball and football had the lowest proportions for team sports (≤1.4%). Conclusion: As suggested by the analysis, the incidence of AAF was not uniform across all sports disciplines, with the different proportions pointing to an uneven use of banned substances depending on the sport. This information might be useful for increasing the strength and efficacy of anti-doping policies in those sports with the highest prevalence in the use of banned substances. Keywords: Anti-doping, Attitude, Banned drugs, Elite athlete, Type of sport

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática exploratoria relacionada con las lesiones en el fútbol a 5 en personas con discapacidad visual. Para la búsqueda de documentos, se emplearon las siguientes palabras clave: “Football 5-a-side” e “Injury”. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron Web Of Science, Pubmed y Scopus. Para limitar la búsqueda de manuscritos, se establecieron una serie de criterios de inclusión y exclusión con la finalidad de seleccionar documentos adecuados. Tras el procedimiento de búsqueda y análisis de documentos hasta enero del 2021, se seleccionaron nueve manuscritos, siete investigaciones y dos revisiones bibliográficas vinculadas de forma general o específica con las lesiones en el fútbol en personas ciegas. En conclusión, existe evidencia de que las lesiones se producen principalmente en las extremidades inferiores como consecuencia del terreno de juego (espacio reducido con vallas laterales), por el contacto con otros jugadores y, sobre todo, por jugar en ausencia de la visión. Siendo, las zonas más afectadas por las lesiones: el pie, la cadera, las rodillas y los cuádriceps. A partir de estos resultados se recomienda realizar entrenamientos de carácter preventivo antes, durante y después de las competiciones, con la finalidad de evitar posibles lesiones deportivas. Abstract. The present study aims to exploratory systematic review related to injuries in football 5-a-side for people with visual impairment. For the document search, the following keywords were used: “Football 5-a-side” and “Injury”. The databases used were Web of Science, Pubmed and Scopus. To limit the search for manuscripts, a series of inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to select suitable documents. After the document search and analysis procedure until January 2021, nine manuscripts, seven investigations, and two bibliographic reviews were selected, related in a general or specific way, to football injuries for blind people. In conclusion, there is evidence that injuries mainly occur in the lower extremities due to the playground characteristics (reduced space with side fences), by contact with other players, and, above all, by playing in the absence of vision. The most affected body segments by injuries are the foot, hip, knees, and quadriceps. Based on these results, it is recommended to carry out preventive training before, during, and after competitions, to avoid possible sports injuries.

El objetivo del presente documento de investigación fue realizar una revisión sistemática exploratoria estructurada basada en los resultados encontrados en torno al término Hipoterapia y Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad. Para la búsqueda de publicaciones científicas, se utilizaron como descriptores las siguientes palabras clave: Hippotherapy y “ADHD”. Los términos fueron introducidos en las bases de datos en lengua inglesa, y se utilizaron las bases de datos informatizadas Scopus, Web Of Science, y Pubmed. Además, sólo se consideraron los Artículos de revista científicas hasta marzo del 2021. Para limitar la búsqueda se introdujeron cuatro criterios de inclusión: i) Seleccionar solamente Artículos de revista científicas, ii) Mencionar al menos alguna de las características de la Hipoterapia para personas con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en edad escolar (mínimo 50 palabras), iii) Estar escrito en idioma español, inglés o portugués y, iiii) estar a texto completo o con disponibilidad de resumen. Tras el Procedimiento de registro para los trabajos de investigación y análisis de datos, se seleccionaron once documentos relacionados con la temática que muestran que las terapias ecuestres son una herramienta beneficiosa para las personas con TDAH en edad escolar. Además, principalmente los documentos son Estudios experimentales con metodología cuantitativa (n=9), y Estudio teóricos (n=2). Por último, los beneficios de la Hipoterapia tienen relación directa con la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas con TDAH en edad escolar. Abstract. This research document aimed to carry out a structured exploratory systematic review based on the results found around the term Hippotherapy and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. For the search for scientific publications, the following keywords were used as descriptors: Hippotherapy and “ADHD”. The terms were entered in computerized databases Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed. Also, only Scientific journal articles up to March 2021 were considered. To limit the search, four inclusion criteria were introduced: i) Select the only article from scientific journals, ii) Mention at least some of the characteristics of Hippotherapy for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (minimum 50 words), iii) Be in writing in Spanish, English or Portuguese and, iiii) be in full text or with abstract availability. After the Registration Procedure for the studies and data analysis, eleven documents related to the subject were selected that show equestrian therapies are a beneficial tool for people with ADHD in school age. Also, mainly the documents are Experimental studies with quantitative methodology (n=9), and Theoretical studies (n=2). Finally, the benefits of Hippotherapy are directly related to improving the quality of life of people with ADHD in school age.

In Canadian boreal forests, bryophytes represent an essential component of biodiversity and play a significant role in ecosystem functioning. Despite their ecological importance and sensitivity to disturbances, bryophytes are overlooked in conservation strategies due to knowledge gaps on their distribution, which is known as the Wallacean shortfall. Rare species deserve priority attention in conservation as they are at a high risk of extinction. This study aims to elaborate predictive models of rare bryophyte species in Canadian boreal forests using remote sensing-derived predictors in an Ensemble of Small Models (ESMs) framework. We hypothesize that high ESMs-based prediction accuracy can be achieved for rare bryophyte species despite their low number of occurrences. We also assess if there is a spatial correspondence between rare and overall bryophyte richness patterns. The study area is located in western Quebec and covers 72,292 km2. We selected 52 bryophyte species with 0.5) for 73% of the modeled species, with AUC values > 0.8 for 19 species, which confirmed our hypothesis. In fact, ESMs provided better predictions for the rarest bryophytes. Likewise, our study revealed a spatial concordance between rare and overall bryophyte richness patterns in different regions of the study area, which have important implications for conservation planning. This study demonstrates the potential of remote sensing for assessing and making predictions on inconspicuous and rare species across the landscape and lays the basis for the eventual inclusion of bryophytes into sustainable development planning.

This paper presents a comparison of mathematical and cinematic motion analysis regarding the accuracy of the detection of alterations in the patterns of positional sequence during biceps-curl lifting exercise. Two different methods, one with and one without metric data from the environment, were used to identify the changes. Ten volunteers performed a standing biceps-curl exercise with additional loads. A smartphone recorded their movements in the sagittal plane, providing information on joints and barbell sequential position changes during each lift attempt. An analysis of variance revealed significant differences in joint position (p < 0.05) among executions with three different loads. Hidden Markov models were trained with data from the bi-dimensional coordinates of the joint positional sequence to identify meaningful alteration with load increment. Tests of agreement tests between the results provided by the models with the environmental measurements, as well as those from image coordinates, were performed. The results demonstrated that it is possible to efficiently detect changes in the patterns of positional sequence with and without the necessity of measurement and/or environmental control, reaching an agreement of 86% between each other, and 100% and 86% for each respective method to the results of ANOVA. The method developed in this study illustrates the viability of smartphone camera use for identifying positional adjustments due to the inability to control limbs in an adequate range of motion with increasing load during a lifting task.

El trabajo tiene por objetivo revisar la evidencia científica relacionada con el fútbol para personas amputadas. Para la búsqueda de referencia, se utilizó como descriptores las siguientes palabras clave: “Football” y “Amputee”. Los términos fueron introducidos en inglés en las siguientes bases de datos informatizadas: SPORTDiscus, PUBMED, Web Of Science y SCOPUS, considerando todos los documentos publicados hasta septiembre del 2020. Para limitar la búsqueda, se introdujeron cuatro criterios de inclusión: 1) Seleccionar documentos disponibles a texto completo o con resumen, 2) Contar con suficiente información relevante sobre el fútbol para personas con amputaciones (Mínimo 50 palabras), 3) Aportar información relacionada con la condición física, entrenamiento, lesiones y/o aspectos sociales de los jugadores de fútbol para personas con amputaciones, y 4) Estar escrito en español, inglés o portugués. La revisión sistemática exploratoria contó con diez documentos relacionados con el fútbol para personas con amputaciones. Los documentos existentes relacionados con la temática son escasos como consecuencia de la falta de evolución de esta modalidad. Estos manuscritos, en su mayoría, tratan aspectos como la fuerza y la resistencia. Además, un sólo documento habla de la utilización de dispositivos inerciales en sus mediciones. Por tanto, surge la necesidad de realizar nuevas investigaciones en el ámbito de fútbol para personas con amputaciones. Abstract. The study aims to review the scientific evidence related to football for amputees. For the reference search, the following keywords were used as descriptors: “Football” and “Amputee”. The terms were entered in English in the following computerized databases: SPORTDiscus, PUBMED, Web of Science and SCOPUS, considering all the documents published up to September 2020. To limit the search, four inclusion criteria were introduced: 1) Select documents available in full text or with abstract, 2) Have enough relevant information about soccer for amputees (Minimum 50 words), 3) Provide information related to the physical condition, training, injuries and / or social aspects of the players of soccer for people with amputations, and 4) Be written in Spanish, English or Portuguese. The exploratory systematic review featured ten football related documents for amputees. The existing documents related to the subject are scarce as a consequence of the lack of evolution of this modality. These manuscripts, for the most part, deal with aspects such as strength and endurance. Furthermore, only one document talks about the use of inertial devices in their measurements. Therefore, there is a need for further research in the field of football for amputees.

Abstract Background Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) is the standard surgical technique for the treatment of rectal cancer. However, rates of sexual dysfunction ofup to 50% have been described after TME, and rates of urinary dysfunction of up to 30%. Although other factors are involved, the main cause of postoperative genitourinary dysfunction is intraoperative injury to the pelvic autonomic nerves. The risk is particularly high in the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). The aim of this study is to compare pre- and post-TME sexual dysfunction, depending on the surgical approach usedin the inferior mesenteric vessels: either directly on the IMA, or from the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) to the IMA. Methods Prospective, randomized,controlled study of patients with rectal adenocarcinoma with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, who will be randomly assigned to one of two groups depending on the surgical approach to the inferior mesenteric vessels. The main variable is pre- and postoperative sexual dysfunction; secondary variables are visualization and preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves, pre- and postoperative urinary dysfunction, and pre- and postoperative quality of life. The sample will comprise 90 patients, 45 per group. Discussion The aim is to demonstrate that the dissection route from the IMV towards the IMA favors the preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves and thus reducesrates of sexual dysfunction post-surgery. Trial registration Ethical and Clinical Research Committee, Parc Taulí University Hospital: ID 017/315. ClinicalTrials.gov TAU-RECTALNERV-PRESERV-2018 (TRN: NCT03520088) (Date of registration 04/03/2018).

Los microorganismos son de gran interés porque colonizan todo tipo de ambiente, sin embargo, uno de los problemas al que nos enfrentamos para conocer su diversidad biológica es que no todos los microorganismos son cultivables. El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías como la generación de vectores de clonación aunado al desarrollo de técnicas de secuenciación de alto rendimiento ha favorecido el surgimiento de una nueva herramienta llamada metagenómica, la cual nos permite estudiar genomas de comunidades enteras de microorganismos. Debido a que ningún ambiente es idéntico a otro, es importante mencionar que dependiendo del tipo de muestra a analizar será el tipo de reto al cual nos enfrentaremos al trabajar con metagenómica, en el caso específico del suelo existen diversas variantes como la contaminación del suelo con metales pesados o diversos compuestos químicos que podrían limitar los estudios. Sin embargo, pese a las limitaciones que el mismo ambiente presenta, la metagenómica ha permitido tanto el descubrimiento de nuevos genes como la caracterización de las comunidades microbianas que influyen positivamente en el desarrollo de plantas, lo cual en un futuro podría generar un gran impacto en la agricultura. En este artículo se realizó una revisión de diversas investigaciones que han empleado metagenómica, reportadas en las bases de datos de PudMed y Google Schoolar, con el objetivo de examinar los beneficios y limitaciones de las diversas metodologías empleadas en el tratamiento del ADN metagenómico de suelo y el impacto de la metagenómica en la agricultura.

The success of beneficial bacteria in improving the crop growth and yield depends on an adequate plant-bacteria interaction. In this work, the capability of Azospirillium brasilense Sp7, Pseudomonas putida KT2440, Acinetobacter sp. EMM02, and Sphingomonas sp. OF178A to interact with six maize varieties was evaluated by both single-bacterium application and consortium application. The bacterial consortium efficiently colonized the rhizosphere of the autochthonous yellow and H48 hybrid varieties. Bacterial colonization by the consortium was higher than under single-bacterium colonization. The two maize varieties assayed under greenhouse conditions showed increased plant growth compared to the control. The effect of consortium inoculation plus 50% fertilization was compared with the 100% nitrogen fertilization under field conditions using the autochthonous yellow maize. Inoculation with the consortium plus 50% urea produced a similar grain yield compared to 100% urea fertilization. However, a biomass decrease was observed in plants inoculated with the consortium plus 50% urea compared to the other treatments. Furthermore, the safety of these bacteria was evaluated in a rat model after oral administration. Animals did not present any negative effects, after bacterial administration. In conclusion, the bacterial consortium offers a safety alternative that can reduce chemical fertilization by half while producing the same crop yield obtained with 100% fertilization. Decreased chemical fertilization could avoid contamination and reduce the cost in agricultural practices.