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The purpose of this study was to find brewing yeast suitable for beer from the native. This study was conducted to investigate the brewing properties of beer made using different yeasts isolated from makgeolli or nuruk. Five strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae N9, N4, YM55, YM53, and YM22) were selected based on the ability to produce alcohol in maltose-containing media. These were then fermented in wort (11 °Brix) at different temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C) for approximately 7 days and then subjected to comparative analysis. The contents of alcohol and soluble solids were within 3.2-4.6 v/v% and 6.5-7.2 °Brix, respectively. S. cerevisiae YM22 produced more alcohol (4.0%) at 15°C while N4 produced more alcohol (4.6%) at 25°C. The pH was the lowest with N4 at 25°C (pH 3.74). Glycerol content was the highest with N9 at 25°C. Among organic acids, citric acid content was the highest in all treatments. In conclusion, yeast strains isolated from makgeolli or nuruk showed potential for beer making and optimal fermentation temperature varied depending on the yeast used.

This study aimed to compare nurses' perceptions of career ladder systems, job satisfaction and turnover intention in small- and medium-sized hospitals with and without a career ladder system.A cross-sectional, correlational, descriptive study was conducted.Data were collected using self-report surveys from 130-144 participants in small- and medium-sized hospitals with and without a career ladder system, respectively. The data were collected from July 1, 2019-July 31, 2019.The perception of the career ladder system was positively correlated with job satisfaction in hospitals with and without a career ladder system but negatively correlated with turnover intention in those with a career ladder system only. A positive perception of the system is associated with increased job satisfaction and lowered turnover intention. Hospitals should implement a career ladder system and improve nurses' perception by addressing the specific categories identified in this study.

We analyzed the physicochemical properties of commercially available top-fermented beer (ale) and bottom-fermented beer (lager) marketed in Korea to compare the quality characteristics. The following characteristics of beer were analyzed for their soluble solid content, pH, total acid content, alcohol content, volatile acid content, reducing sugar content, amino acidity, and color. As results, the pH ranged from 4.01 to 4.77, 0.10-0.23 (%) for total acid and 0.25-1.47 (mL/10 mL) for amino acidity. The alcohol content was in the range of 3.10-5.70 (%) for ale and 3.80-5.20 (%) for lager. The volatile acid content was in the range of 28.67-97.93 (mg/L) for ale and 32.80-78.87 (mg/L) for lager. Regarding the color, the EBC value of the ale beers was in the 4.78-93.98 range, and that of lager beers were in the 5.48-11.98 range. Comparison of the quality characteristics of the two types of beer, revealed differences in pH, amino acidity, total acid content, reducing sugar content, and color. In particular, total acid content (t=−3.782, p⟨0.05), reducing sugar content (t=−11.744, p⟨0.05), and color (t=−2.882, p⟨0.05) of ale beer showed significantly higher than those of lager beer.

This study demonstrated the effects of different commercially available Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts i.e., Fermivin®, La Parisienne, Songcheon, Ottogi, and Chungmoo, on the variation in the quality of yakju samples under accelerated aging (45°C, 14 d). The analyses of physicochemical properties of the yakju samples were performed for, soluble solid content (°Brix), pH, total acid content (%, as acetic acid), alcohol (v/v%), volatile acid (mg/L), reducing sugar content (mg/mL), amino acidity (mL), brownness (A430), and hunter color value before and after aging. By comparing the results, significant differences in the properties of the yakju samples before and after aging were observed. The yakju sample fermented with wine-yeast Fermivin® exhibited no significant change in color after aging; furthermore, the reducing sugar content (1.20±0.01-1.32±0.03 mg/mL) and amino acidity (4.06±0.07-4.80±0.04 mL) of this sample were lower than those of the other samples. The yeast of Fermivin® resulted in a negligible residual sugar content owing to complete fermentation, thereby minimizing the variation in quality during aging. The using of different yeasts for fermentation induced significant differences in the contents of organic acid, free nitrogenous components, and volatile components before and after aging. The obtained results indicated that the properties of yakju such as odor and browning, could be regulated based on the type of yeast used for fermentation.

Bullying makes learning difficult for nursing students, and using real-life scenarios during training can improve the understanding of workplace bullying. Thus, to mitigate bullying experienced by nurses, this study developed and evaluated a cognitive rehearsal education program that constituted of training nursing students through role-play simulations. A mixed-method research design was used to evaluate 39 nursing students from two universities. A quasi-experimental research design was applied to assess symptoms, knowledge, and perceptions of bullying, and a focus group interview was conducted with six participants. Quantitative analyses revealed that the program improved participants’ knowledge and perceptions, but not their symptoms. The focus group interview revealed that the program improved participants’ coping skills and desire for education. This program could be effective in raising awareness of workplace bullying and increasing relevant coping skills. It can be further developed as part of an overall strategy to manage workplace bullying and its consequences in hospital settings.

Objective To compare pressure injury (PI) incidence based on repositioning intervals and support surfaces in acute care settings. Methods This pragmatic, quasi-experimental trial recruited a total of 251 critically ill patients who were at low or moderate risk for PI development. Participants were assigned to three interventions: a 2-hour repositioning interval using an air mattress, a 2-hour repositioning interval using a foam mattress, or a 3-hour repositioning interval using a foam mattress. Data were collected by nurses every shift over the course of 14 days. Pressure injury incidence was analyzed using a χ2 test. Results There were no statistically significant differences in PI incidence between the groups with a 2-hour repositioning interval. However, the PI incidence in the group using a foam mattress with a 3-hour repositioning interval was significantly lower than in the group using an air mattress with a 2-hour repositioning interval (odds ratio, 0.481; 95% confidence interval, 0.410-0.565). Conclusions The findings showed that PIs decreased when the repositioning interval was extended from every 2 hours to every 3 hours while using foam mattresses. This study suggests that a 3-hour repositioning interval using a foam mattress could be applied to reduce the risk of PI development for patients at low or moderate risk.

Workplace cyberbullying has emerged as a new issue. This study aimed to explore individual and organizational factors that affect nurses' workplace cyberbullying in hospital settings. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-report questionnaire. Three tertiary and 18 general hospitals were selected from one city in Korea. A total of 270 nurses with 6 months to 10 years of experience in the current department were enrolled. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors associated with cyberbullying. Workplace cyberbullying was affected by self-labeled victimization due to face-to-face bullying, subjective health level, years of experience as a nurse (β = 0.148, p = 0.009), and relation-oriented nursing organizational culture. Face-to-face bullying must be addressed to prevent workplace cyberbullying. It is important to assist nurses to maintain good health-considering that, new nurses with less than 1 year of experience are vulnerable to being victimized. Effective prevention strategies should be prepared to control workplace cyberbullying in clinical practice.

This study investigated changes in the quality of the Korean sparkling rice wine, ‘Makgeolli’ prepared by independent two-step fermentation and stored at 10, 15, and 25°C for 91 days. The contents of total acid, volatile acid, and amino acidity increased as the storage period and temperature increased. The total acid content was 0.14% on day 0, and 0.33%, 0.35% and 0.40% at 91 days of storage at 10°C, 15°C, and 25°C, respectively. The pH was 3.86 on day 0 of storage and tended to decrease at all temperatures over the storage period, but the soluble solid and alcohol content did not significantly differ. Color significantly differed when stored at 15°C and 25°C (p

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the degrees of milling of rice (0-50%) on the physicochemical properties and enzymatic activities of rice ‘Nuruk’. As results, the contents of the general components of milled rice, except for the starch value (85.13-90.99%) decreased as the degree of milling increased. The moisture content of rice with different degrees of milling ranged from 11.04 to 12.68% and significantly decreased as the degree of milling increased. Furthermore, the hydration rate increased as the degree of milling increased. The pH of rice ‘Nuruk’ was the lowest at 5.32 in the 0% milled rice ‘Nuruk’ and highest at 5.98 in the 30% milled one, which indicated no correlation between pH and degree of milling. By contrast, the soluble solid and reducing sugar contents which are correlated with the starch value of rice increased as the degree of milling increased. For the enzymatic activities of each rice ‘Nuruk’, there was no clear trend for the α-amylase and acidic protease activities with respect to the degree of milling, whereas the glucoamylase activity decreased with increasing degree of milling. Correlation analyses indicated that the activity of glucoamylase decreased as the starch value of rice increased, but increased as the crude protein content of rice increased. The activity of acidic protease had a negative correlation with the crude lipid content of rice.

This study's aim was to discern the nursing organizational culture and job stress, induced by infection control nurses (ICNs)' working together, affects ICNs' turnover intentions. Job stress was the most significant factor affecting ICNs' turnover intention. To reduce ICNs' turnover intention, their task stress needs to be lowered and managed. In particular, efforts should be made to establish a relation-oriented organizational culture that values positive relationships while enhancing their community spirit at the organization level.

Aims The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of workplace cyberbullying on nurses' symptom experience and turnover intention. Background While face-to-face workplace bullying occurs frequently in nursing organisations, workplace cyberbullying has rarely been studied. Method This is a cross-sectional descriptive study using self-reporting surveys of 249 nurses from 20 hospitals. Results The prevalence of workplace cyberbullying was 8%, and the mean was 1.11 ± 0.31. Factors influencing symptom experience were workplace cyberbullying and perceived organisational support, while factors influencing turnover intention were workplace cyberbullying, perceived organisational support and educational level. Conclusions Workplace cyberbullying and perceived organisational support are factors that significantly influenced both symptom experience and turnover intention in nurses working in hospital settings. Managing workplace cyberbullying can reduce the negative effects on nurses' symptom experience and turnover intention. This suggests that the management of workplace cyberbullying by a nursing organisation is essential. Implications for nursing management Nursing managers need to focus on the control and prevention of workplace cyberbullying as well as traditional forms of bullying. Managing workplace cyberbullying can reduce negative effects on nurses' symptom experience. Interest in and prevention of workplace cyberbullying would decrease turnover intention and stabilize the nursing organisation and the workforce.

This study aims to evaluate the importance and performance level of knowledge about sanitary management among foodservice employees in childcare centers that were registered at Center for Children’s Food Service Management in Chungju city according to their work duration, type of childcare center, and number of enrolled children. The self-administered questionnaire was conducted to examine food safety attributes of sanitary management at 150 childcare centers without qualified dietitians registered at Center for Children’s Food Service Management of Chungju city. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions about perceived importance and performance regarding sanitation management (personal hygiene, ingredient control, temperature control of food, facility, equipment, and utensils sanitation) using IPA (importance–performance analysis). The results show that overall mean scores of the importance and performance of sanitary knowledge were 4.71 and 4.67 out of 5, respectively. ‘Checking the center temperature at 75 °C for 1 min in the thickest part of meat (3 times or more check for each serving)’ (p = 0.047) and ‘Keeping preserved meals (at least 100 g of each menu) for 144 h. with −18 °C or less’ (p < 0.001) show significantly lower scores of performance than those of importance. The results of importance and performance for sanitary management according to work duration of foodservice employees show that those who have worked more than 10 years had the highest scores of importance and performance for overall sanitary management among them. For the types of childcare centers, the overall performance scores of national/public employees for sanitary management were lower than those of private or home type (p < 0.001). Additionally, the result showed that the overall importance (p < 0.001) and performance scores (p < 0.001) of employees for sanitary management in centers with

Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has increased cyber communication, causing nursing students’ clinical practice to be held in cyberspace. Thus, it is essential to ensure that nursing students develop comprehensive cyber ethics awareness. Moreover, cyberbullying is becoming more widespread and is an increasingly relevant new concept. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the experiences of cyberbullying among nursing students during clinical practice and determine the effects of cyberbullying victimization and cyber environments on their cyber ethics awareness. Research design: Data for this descriptive cross-sectional study were collected in July 2020 using a self-reported questionnaire and analyzed using hierarchical regression. Participants and research context: The study included data from 291 nursing students with more than 6 months of clinical experience who were enrolled in two nursing universities in two cities in South Korea. Ethical considerations: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board of G University. Written, informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results: Cyberbullying victimization experiences during clinical practice were few. The most common cyberbullies of work- and person-related cyberbullying were nurses and classmates, respectively. Discussion: Cyber ethics awareness was affected by cyber anonymity and the perceived seriousness of cyberbullying; cyberbullying related to clinical practices was a new factor that significantly affected cyber ethics awareness. Conclusions: Hospitals and nursing universities should develop a multi-dimensional, comprehensive, and effective nursing intervention education program to be integrated into the nursing curriculum to enhance cyber ethics awareness and reduce cyberbullying of nursing students.

Backgrounds: Zika virus infection may cause severe complications in women of childbearing age. Female nursing college students, in the role of future nurses and women of childbearing age, can be ef...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the quality characteristics of the aronia cultivar ‘Viking’ as affected by cultivation region. Aronia cultivated in 5 different regions (Danyang, Geochang, Gangjin, Gochang, and Ganghwa) was collected. pH, total acid, soluble solid, redness, total anthocyanin, total polyphenol, tannin, and organic acids were analyzed. Correlation analysis was also performed to determine the relationship between the quality characteristics of aronia and meteorological factors in each cultivation region. All variable assessed differed significantly among samples. pH ranged between 3.86-4.06. The highest pH was recorded in aronia cultivated in Gochang. Aronia grown in Ganghwa had the highest total acid, soluble solid, and total anthocyanin content and the highest redness. Malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid were detected in all aronia samples, with malic acid being the predominant organic acid in the aronia cultivars. Correlation analysis revealed pH and soluble solid content to have significant positive correlations with sunshine duration. However, redness showed a significant negative correlation with precipitation. Therefore, it can be confirmed that cultivation region play an important role in determining the quality characteristics of aronia ‘Viking’ from the results of this study.

Vulvar self-examination (VSE) is an essential examination that all women should perform monthly, as it enables potential patients to discover vulvar cancer in early stage. In this study, a survey was conducted to identify the factors that affect Korean young women's willingness to conduct VSE. Willingness to conduct VSE was higher if the perceived benefit and the individual health motivation were higher. However, it was lower if the perceived barriers were higher. The systematic strategies should be included in VSE education programs to increase perceived benefits of, and health motivation for conducting VSE while reducing the perceived barriers to VSE.

Aims and objectives To identify Zika virus-related knowledge, attitudes to Zika virus and health motivations of pregnant women, women preparing for pregnancy and their partners, and to identify factors that influence preventive health behaviours for Zika virus infection. Background Prevention of Zika virus infection is becoming a major worldwide public health effort. The high-risk group for Zika virus infection comprises women who are pregnant or preparing for pregnancy. Few studies have addressed preventive health behaviours for Zika virus infection by gender. Design This study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Methods Participants (112 males and 147 females) were selected by convenience sampling from three obstetric clinics located in South Korea. Women and their partners who visited obstetric clinics during pregnancy or preparing for pregnancy were included as subjects. Results Factors associated with preventive health behaviours for Zika virus were checking infection status of Zika virus on destinations when planning a trip and attitudes to Zika virus in males and age, educational level, intention to travel to Zika virus endemic countries, attitudes to Zika virus and health motivation in females. Conclusions Factors that influence preventive health behaviours for Zika virus were different by gender. However, attitudes to Zika virus were influential to both genders. Gender differences should be considered in development of health policies to improve preventive health behaviours for Zika virus. Younger and less educated women are to be targeted, and health management programmes should be developed to promote health motivation. Relevance to clinical practice Pregnant women, women preparing for pregnancy and their partners need education and public health promotion to improve self-management during travel to places where Zika virus is endemic. Health policies and health management programmes considering age and educational background should be developed to promote health motivation in women of childbearing age.

This study was performed to investigate the association of knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices for the prevention of Zika virus infection. The study sample consisted of 185 pregnant women in Korea. The Zika virus-related knowledge and attitude of pregnant women significantly affected preventive practices. The younger pregnant women and pregnant women who had not taken the influenza vaccine had lesser preventive practices of the Zika virus, thereby necessitating educating them and emphasizing good preventive practices. Our results suggest that systematic education and effective prevention programs for Zika virus will contribute to the prevention of infection.

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of Yakju fermented using different 7 commercial yeasts; La parisienne (black), La parisienne (red), Fermivin, RC212, K1-V1116, D47, and EC1118. After completion of fermentation, the total acid content in Yakju ranged from 0.26 to 0.40%; the lowest and highest values corresponded to fermentation using La parisienne (red) and EC1118, respectively. The amino acidity of the different Yakju samples varied significantly in the range of 2.49 to 5.50. The Yakju fermented with K1-V1116, La parisienne (black), La parisienne (red) showed high amino acidity levels of 5.59, 5.55 and 5.34, respectively, but that fermented with Fermivin showed a low level of 2.49. EC1118 seemed to be most suitable for producing the dry type of alcoholic beverage because of the low reducing sugar content (0.19%) and soluble solid (7.2 °Brix). The main organic acids in Yakju were succinic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid and acetic acid. Further, the succinic acid content in Yakju fermented with La parisienne (black), La parisienne (red) was high (about 1,080 mg/L). The main volatile compounds were acetaldehyde, acetic acid and iso-amyl alcohol, and the acetaldehyde and acetic acid contents of the different Yakju samples varied substantially.

Because of globalization and growing immigrant populations, nursing students need to possess a high level of cultural competence to provide nursing care to patients from various cultural backgrounds. However, it has been reported that the current cultural education in nursing curriculums is not sufficient to improve students' cultural competence. Little is known about how nursing students' personal experiences of other cultures may impact their cultural competence. This study was conducted to identify the ways in which cultural education and personal experiences with other cultures affect nursing students' cultural competence. A questionnaire-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 236 Korean nursing students from four universities in South Korea. The explanatory power of cultural experiences and cultural education for nursing students' cultural competence was 8.1% and 7.1%, respectively. The present study revealed that the explanatory power of the variable for nursing students' cultural competence increased when cultural experiences were added to cultural education. Among cultural experiences, contact with people from other cultural areas influenced nursing students' cultural competence the most. Therefore, it is recommended to encourage nursing students to engage in extracurricular activities with people from other countries, adding this to organized lectures on cultural education.

Background Although bed rest is recommended after spinal anesthesia to prevent the occurrence of post-dural puncture headache, current literature suggests that periods of bed rest did not prevent headache as well as increase the risk of other complications such as backache. However, information is scarce regarding an appropriate period of bed rest following a dural puncture. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of post-dural puncture headache and backache after different periods of bed rest following spinal anesthesia. Methods This study was a pragmatic, parallel-group, blinded, and randomized controlled trial (trial registration number KCT0001797). A total of 119 patients who underwent surgery under spinal anesthesia participated in this study from December 2013 to June 2014. The participants were randomly allocated to three groups: the immediate mobilization group (n = 45), 4-hour bed rest group (n = 40), and 6-hour bed rest group (n = 34). The severity of headache and backache was measured using the Dittmann scale and a visual analogue scale, respectively. Data were collected for 5 consecutive days postoperatively by one researcher blind to the group allocation. Results No significant difference in the incidence of headache among the three groups was detected. However, the incidence of backache in the 6-hour bed rest group was higher and was significantly more severe than the other groups. Linking Evidence to Action Bed rest after spinal anesthesia did not prevent the occurrence of headache and increased the incidence of patients experiencing a backache and, therefore, is not recommended. The findings provide information for establishing evidence-based nursing practices for patients after a dural puncture.

BACKGROUND We explored the relationship between body mass index-for-age percentile, body image distortion, and unnecessary weight loss efforts in Korean adolescent girls who are underweight and normal weight and examined the mediating effect of body image distortion on weight loss efforts. METHODS This study used data from the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study sample comprised 29,633 Korean adolescent girls who are normal weight and underweight. Chi-square tests and correlations were used to assess bivariate relationships between the variables. To assess the mediating effect of body image distortion on the relationship between body mass index-for-age percentile and weight loss efforts, a 3-step regression analysis was used. RESULTS There was a significant correlation between body mass index-for-age percentiles and body image distortion, and both significantly correlated with weight loss efforts. In addition, a distorted perception of being overweight or obese was a significant mediating variable. CONCLUSIONS School-based health education and intervention programs are needed to promote the formation of a positive body image, not only for obese adolescents, but also for normal-weight and underweight adolescent girls.

The purpose of this study was to examine how nursing students' intention to comply with infection control practices (ICPs) is affected by their awareness of ICPs and by their observations of staff nurses' noncompliance with ICPs. The subjects were 350 nursing students from 8 universities in Korea. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the predictive factors of compliance intention with ICPs. We found that nursing students' awareness of ICPs was the most significant influencing factor affecting their compliance with ICPs. Students' observation of staff nurses' noncompliance with ICPs was the second most significant influencing factor.

This study examined female university students' menstrual-hygiene management and identified factors associated with genitourinary tract infections in this sample. This study was conducted as a descriptive survey. Participants were 383 female students from six universities in South Korea. Data were collected between April and June, 2017. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to access the factors associated with genitourinary-tract infections. Multiple logistic regression revealed that genitourinary tract infections were significantly associated with low socioeconomic level, history of sexual intercourse, and vaginal douching during menstruation. We evaluated menstrual hygiene practices and their relation to genitourinary tract infections. Korean college students were relatively good at managing menstrual hygiene. However, some menstrual hygiene behaviors were improper. Therefore, school and community health agencies should provide education to maintain adequate menstrual hygiene and correct erroneous hygiene practices to prevent genitourinary tract infections.

Aim This study was conducted in order to examine the intention of mothers to vaccinate their teenaged children against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, according to the children's sex. Based on the theory of planned behavior, the study identified the sex-specific predictors of mothers’ intention to vaccinate their teenaged children against HPV. Methods This was a descriptive survey study that included, as participants, 200 mothers whose teenaged children were not vaccinated against HPV. Results The mothers’ experience with HPV vaccination was a significant predictor of their childrens’ HPV vaccination status. For the mothers of sons, subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control were found to be significant predictors of intention of HPV vaccination, with an explanatory power of 69.5%. For those with daughters, only attitudes and subjective norms were significant predictors, with an explanatory power of 79.6%. Conclusion The application of the theory of planned behavior is an effective method to determine the predictors of children's HPV vaccination status. In order to improve the HPV vaccination rate of teenaged children, strategies for education and effective promotion that involve mothers should be developed.

Aims and objectives The aim of this study was to survey nursing students’ Middle East respiratory syndrome–related knowledge, preventive behaviours and risk perception to examine the correlations among the variables during a Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak. Background Middle East respiratory syndrome is a new viral respiratory illness. Nursing students who engage in clinical practice at hospitals may have been exposed to Middle East respiratory syndrome infection during the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak. Design This study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Methods Participants (n = 249) were nursing students in their third or fourth year of the programme who were engaged in clinical practice for eight hours per day at the tertiary hospitals with Middle East respiratory syndrome patients. Knowledge, preventive behaviours and risk perception related to Middle East respiratory syndrome were measured using scales developed through a preliminary survey and validity testing. Results The subjects’ knowledge level of Middle East respiratory syndrome was 84·4%; their practice of preventive behaviours was rated at 44·5%; and their risk perception rating was 2·4 out of 5. Middle East respiratory syndrome–related risk perception was significantly different according to gender and Middle East respiratory syndrome education. Middle East respiratory syndrome–related knowledge was significantly correlated with preventive behaviours and risk perception. Conclusion Considering the low scores for items regarding knowledge and preventive behaviours, it is necessary to develop effective and systematic publicity and education programmes for nursing students. Enhancing Middle East respiratory syndrome–related knowledge by considering cooperation between hospitals and universities will sharpen nursing students’ risk perception of the disease and effectively increase their preventive behaviours. Relevance to clinical practice Similar to other emerging infectious diseases, Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreaks may occur in other countries. The results of this study can be used to develop and apply efficient and feasible Middle East respiratory syndrome education programmes for nursing students during Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreaks.

Background: Whenever there has been a worldwide contagious disease outbreak, there have been reports of infection and death of healthcare workers. Particularly because emergency nurses have contact with patients on the front line, they experience ethical problems in nursing while struggling with infectious diseases in an unfavorable environment. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore emergency nurses’ ethical problems and to identify factors influencing these problems during the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus in Korea. Design and sample: For this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire survey was conducted with emergency nurses working in six hospitals selected through convenience sampling from the hospitals designated for Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus patients in the capital area. Methods: Data were collected from 169 emergency nurses in Korea during August 2015. Ethical considerations: This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board of G University in Korea. Results: The findings of this study suggest that during the Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus outbreak, emergency nurses experienced ethical problems tied to a mind-set of avoiding patients. Three factors were found to influence emergency nurses’ ethical problems (in order of influence): cognition of social stigmatization, level of agreement with infection control measures, and perceived risk. Conclusion: Through this study, we obtained information on emergency nurses’ ethical problems during the Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus outbreak and identified the factors that influence them. As found in this study, nurses’ ethical problems were influenced most by cognitions of social stigmatization. Accordingly, to support nurses confidently care for people during future health disasters, it is most urgent to promote appropriate public consciousness that encourages healthcare workers.

This study aimed to find an effective preservation method of lotus leaves for the preparation of lotus-leaf Yakjuthroughout the year. The characteristics of Yakju containing lotus leaves pretreated by blanching, steaming, roasting, and drying were investigated in this study. The chemical properties of Yakju (pH, amino acidity, alcohol content, and volatile acid content) were significantly different for all treatments, except for the total acid content. The polyphenol content ranging from 315.89 to 462.63 ppm (p