Search

We evaluated the potential genotoxic effects of the nutrient supplement SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 in vitro and in vivo. Genotoxicity tests were performed at the Korea Testing and Research Institute, a GLP certification institution. A bacterial reverse mutation test was performed using the pre-incubation method, while the in vitro chromosome aberration test was performed using a cultured Chinese hamster lung cell line in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The in vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mice. The bacterial reverse mutation test revealed that SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 did not induce genetic mutations at the tested doses in

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is becoming more prevalent worldwide and is one of the leading causes of death [1]. To lower CVD mortality, aggressive and comprehensive management of its risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking, are crucial [2]. The incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is rising in South Korea and although cerebral hemorrhage has declined since 2002, cerebral infarction is on the rise [3]. This is speculated to be due to the elevated prevalence of dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus with the growing obesity population, while hypertension is well-managed and smoking rate has reached a plateau [4]. Thus, aggressive diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia, the most important risk factor for atherosclerosis, are critical for lowering the incidence and mortality of CAD and cerebral infarction. To promote appropriate treatment of dyslipidemia, the Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis (KSo-LA) published the first guidelines for the management of hyperlipidemia in 1996, the second guideline in 2003, the second revision in 2009, and the third guidelines for treatment of dyslipidemia with added contents in 2015, in collaboration with 18 other relevant academic societies and organizations [5]. However, new guidelines were published in Europe in 2016 and in the United States in 2017 based on new study findings, and new drugs, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have been launched [6-8]. Therefore, the KSoLA Treatment Guideline Committee developed the fourth guidelines for treatment and management of dyslipidemia specific to Koreans based on evidence and expert opinions on the dynamically changing treatment modalities for dyslipidemia. The fourth guideline consists of information about the epidemiology of dyslipidemia, diagnosis and treatment criteria, lifestyle interventions, drug therapy, and dyslipidemia in specific patient groups. Finally, we present currently available data and the need to develop and validate scales to assess the risk of CVD specific to Koreans and CVD biomarkers appropriate for the Korean population. The level of evidence and strength of recommendations used in the fourth guideline are shown in Table 1. The fourth guideline is available in full text and an abstract form including tables and figures in Korean. This paper is an English summary of the full text. We hope the fourth guidelines for the treatment of dyslipidemia will be useful for health professionals treating dyslipidemia. Table 1. Levels of evidence: classes of recommendation

This study was conducted to investigate the potential toxicity of repeated oral dose of SUNACTIVE Zn–P240, a new type of zinc supplement, in Sprague-Dawley rats. SUNACTIVE Zn–P240 was administered once daily by gavage at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day for each group over a 28-day period. At 2000 mg/kg/day, there were increases in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase, liver weight, histopathological changes in stomach, liver, and pancreas and decreases in body weight, food consumption, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total protein (TP), and albumin. At 1000 mg/kg/day, there was an increase in the serum ALP level and there were decreases in the MCV, MCH, and TP. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in the 500 mg/kg/day group. Under the present experimental conditions, the target organs in rats were determined to be the stomach, pancreas, liver, and erythrocyte and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in rats was considered to be 500 mg/kg/day.

To reduce the prevalence of obesity and provide information on evidence-based obesity treatments, the Education Committee of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (KSSO) has developed and launched the first Obesity Educator Training Program (OETP). After the course, we analyzed the results of a survey from 110 participants, comprising medical doctors (n=58), nutrition specialists (n=19), exercise specialists (n=14), and students (n=6). Approximately half of the participants were recruited through the Internet (48%), followed by academic leaflets, such as conference posters (21%); the reasons for participation were to learn about evidence-based treatments for obesity (47%), to receive up-to-date knowledge on obesity treatments (39%), to obtain basic information on obesity (10%), and others (4%). More than half of the participants found the date, lecture time, process, and theme of the OETP favorable. The participants indicated that there should be an in-depth course, sharing of the presented files with attendees, a longer lecture time, and a broader OETP that includes other specialties such as nursing. To improve the OETP, the educational committee of the KSSO must develop an in-depth OETP that will reflect these participant’s feedback.

s Background Although previous studies have established a close relationship between caloric intake and metabolic syndrome, there is limited research exploring the impact of meal frequency adjusted by caloric intake on metabolic syndrome (MetS). Objective To evaluate the association of meal frequency and MetS after adjusting for confounding factors including caloric intake in Korean men and women. Methods We analyzed the national representative data of a total 12,389 adults (5171 men, 7218 women) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010–2012. Subjects were categorized as eating 3 meals/day (MF3) or 2 or fewer meals/day (MF ≤ 2). Daily caloric intake was calculated using CAN-Pro 4.0 (The Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul, Korea). Results The prevalence of components of MetS differed significantly according to meal frequency in both men and women. In an unadjusted analysis, the prevalence of MetS in women was significantly higher in the MF3 group than the MF ≤ 2 group (27.5% vs. 17.8%, P

As civil infrastructures become highly complex and interconnected, accidental events such as fire, explosion, dropped objects and collision tend to occur more frequently, and are causing critical structural damage and socio-economic costs. Therefore, accidental loads should be considered appropriately during the structural design. To achieve this goal, the paper presents a reliability-based structural design framework against accidental loads. The proposed framework employs a scenario-based simulation in which the occurrence of an accidental load event and the resulting structural loads are modelled probabilistically. The probabilistic distribution of accidental loads is then determined based on the occurrence probabilities of identified scenarios and the conditional probability of structural loads given each accident scenario. In order to estimate the structural responses under accidental loads, an appropriate type of structural analysis is carried out for the given limit states of the structural...

자격증이 남발되면서 정확한 정보가 국민에게 제공되지 못하여 혼동 을 주고 있다. 또한 잘못된 정보와 치료방법으로 인한 소비자의 불만 또한 늘어나고 있다. 이는 비만에 대한 제대로 된 교육 프로그램이 부 재한 상황에서 공인되지 않고, 근거가 약한 정보가 소비자에게 제공 되어 발생한 상황이다. 국외에서는 이러한 상황에 대처하고자, 의사 를 포함한 의료나 건강 관련 전문과정에서 6개월 이상의 비만관리 경 험이 있는 사람들을 대상으로 Specialist Certification of Obesity Professional Education (SCOPE)을 International association for the study of obesity (IASO)에서 관장하여 시행하고 있으며, 국내에서는 대한비만학회에서 2012년부터 SCOPE와 같은 국외 프로그램을 참고

Although distortions of horizontally curved box girder are more susceptible than which of the straight girder due to curvature effect, current domestic design standards does not present spacing of intermediate diaphragms for the curved box girder. In this study, parametric studies for straight and curved box girder considering distortional warping normal stresses based on linear finite element analysis were carried out. Single span curved girders were chosen for analysis based on current domestic bridge data with 1-6 of solid intermediate diaphragms, 0-30 degree of subtended angle, 30m and 60m of span length and 2-3m of flange width and web height. The adequate spacing of diaphragms for the box girder were suggested considering subtended angles and bending and distortional warping normal stress ratios with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The analysis results were also compared to a current design standard and suggested spacing of diaphragm were evaluated.

Esophagectomy can result in various postoperative nutrition-related complications that may impair the nutritional status of the patient. In our institution, we usually initiate 16-hour continuous jejunostomy feeding using an enteral feeding pump on postoperative day 2 as a routine protocol after esophagectomy. The target calorie intake was achieved in 6-7 days with this protocol, which is longer than that required with other recently reported feeding protocols. Accordingly, early jejunostomy feeding protocol, which starts on postoperative day 1 and continues for 24 hours was attempted. In the present report, we described 3 cases of early 24-hour continuous jejunostomy feeding after esophagectomy. The use of this new protocol reduced the duration required to achieve the target calorie intake as less than 5 days without any enteral feeding-related complications.

Graphical Abstract

We explored the association between the degree of adherence to recommendations and diabetes management in Korean adults who had type 2 diabetes for an average of 8 years. Subjects who met five or more lifestyle recommendations showed significantly lower blood lipid parameters and glycated hemoglobin than those who did not.

As design lifetimes being extended much longer than in the past, the importance of extreme events needs to be addressed. This paper presents a probabilistic design framework for evaluating very rare human-made hazards such as collisions and explosions. The proposed design against artificial hazards involves the development of an integrated design framework that is intended to simultaneously deal with the occurrence of an accidental event and the resulting resultant structural load using probabilistic scenariobased simulation. The proposed procedure consists of three steps. In the first step, event scenarios are identified and the probability of each occurrence is determined. The second step involves the construction of the conditional Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of the load on those events. Finally, using the total probability theorem, the CCDF of the load during a period encompasses by an accidental events is calculated, and the design load is determined by a specified criterion which is described as the exceedance probability or the recurrence period of an event. As a specific example of the proposed general framework, detailed procedures for determining the design load in the case of a ship-bridge collision design, with an application to a cable-stayed bridge, are presented. Analysis results show that the proposed method effectively provides reasonable design loads, considering the many uncertainties inherent in the nature of a vessel collision hazard.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the dietary intake of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and assess oral intake related nutrition problems. Fifty patients who had undergone kidney transplantation were included: 24 males, 26 females. The mean age was 46.8 ± 11.2 years, height was 161.3 ± 8.3 cm, and body weight was 60.5 ± 8.7 kg. We conducted nutrition education based on the diet guideline for KTRs (energy 32 kcal/kg of ideal body weight [IBW], protein 1.3 g/kg of IBW) and neutropenic diet guideline before discharge. Dietary intake of the patients at 1 month after transplantation was investigated by 3-day food records. Body weight and laboratory values for nutritional status and graft function were also collected. Body weight was significantly decreased from admission to discharge. Body weight from discharge to 1 month and 3 months after transplantation was increased but was not significant. Biochemical measurements were generally improved but the number of patients with hypophosphatemia increased. The daily dietary intake of energy and protein was adequate (33.1 kcal/kg, 1.5 g/kg, respectively). However, the dietary intake of calcium, folate, and vitamin C did not meet the Korean Recommended Nutrient Intake of vitamins and minerals (86.8%, 62.4%, and 88.0%, respectively). Patients with low intake of calcium, folate, and vitamin C presented low intake in milk and dairy products, vegetables, and fruits, and these foods were related to restricted food items in neutropenic diet. More attention should be paid on improving quality of diet, and reconsideration of present neutropenic diet guideline is necessary. These results can be used to establish evidence-based medical nutrition therapy guideline for KTRs.

Harvesting of marshfire glasswort (Salicornia europaea) by local people has been increased recently since this plant was known for a well-being food. Even though some harvesting sites are facing high risk of environmental pollution, Salicornia europaea is still harvested on a large scale. Therefore, to investigate safety of Salicornia europaea as a food resource, salt marsh environment, potential harvestable biomass, element and heavy metal accumulations in Salicornia europaea has been studied in three salt marshes, west-coast of Korea. Salicornia europaea showed 150 - 230g/m 2 /yr harvestable biomass. Biomass and nitrogen contents of Salicornia europaea were closely related to soil nitrogen and carbon concentrations. Average Na, Zn, Fe, Cr accumulations in Salicornia europaea were 41479, 18, 297, 1.5 (mg/kg), indicating valuable trace element contents. However, average heavy metal accumulations such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg accumulations were 1.5, 7.1, 4.2, 1.5, 0.1 (mg/kg), which were even or higher than national standards (0.5, 0.5, 2, 2, 0.1) of salts. These results imply that harvesting and eating of Salicornia europaea in west-coast research sites would be harmful because the contents would be much higher if it is calculated as only considering salts and minerals. Therefore, harvesting of Salicornia europaea from some salt marsh in west-coast of Korea should be done cautiously.

Acid phosphatases (APases) play a role in the release of phosphate in organic complexes in soil. We investigated tissue- and isoform-specific responses of APases to phosphorus (P) deficiency in three rice genotypes; Dasan-byeo, Sobi-byeo, and Palawan. The levels of shoot APase activity per protein were similar in the three genotypes. They significantly decreased with P deprivation that was longer than seven days. Root APase activity per protein was two- to three-fold higher in Dasan than in Sobi and Palawan. In all genotypes the APase activity increased in P-deficient plants, but the increase was higher in Sobi and Palawan. After 21 days of P deprivation, secreted APase activity increased more than eight-fold in Dasan and two-fold in Sobi and Palawan. Isoform profiles of shoot and root APases were most diverse in Dasan. The activities of the major isoforms in P-deficient shoots decreased in all three genotypes. Depending on the genotypes, further increases in constitutive isoforms and new induction of one to four isoforms occurred in P-deficient roots. The results indicate that tissue and genotype differences in the response of APase to P deficiency are primarily facilitated by the different responses of the isoforms.

Vessel collision is the one of the critical extreme events in designing a bridge over waterways for large ships. Due to inherent uncertainties, risk analysis methods have been mainly adopted in current design practices such as AASHTO guidelines or Eurocode. In these risk analysis method, the annual collapse probability of whole bridge system is evaluated. However, the risk analysis cannot deduce the explicit design collision load and the required design performance of the bridge after collision event. Therefore, in this paper, a new vessel collision design procedure and a collision load estimation process are proposed by considering the uncertainties in vessel-bridge collision scenarios. The design collision loads are determined through the probability distribution of collision load and a prescribed hazard level. All the uncertainties in collision scenario are considered to construct the probability distribution model. An illustrative example for a cable- stayed bridge is also presented to verify the proposed method.

As mass storage media is recently becoming more common due to spread of smart phones in which new technologies have been applied, data collected from digital crime has been increased a lot. At the time, if the investigator did not conduct the initial response properly, we may lose the value as the evidence. Thus, the collection of digital evidence in a short time is required. Therefore, this paper proposes the methods to collect data rapidly at the scene of the crime based on table related to criminal charges. Implemented application can collect data with a consideration of each feature of software and provide the rapid results through a pattern search.

In this paper, probability model estimations are presented for vessel trajectories passing beneath a sea-crossing long span bridge. Two methods are developed and compared, which are a model based on 3D vessel maneuvering simulations and one using real world Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) data. Both methods are found to be able to represent the human factor and site specific characteristics to vessel location distribution, which is resulted in a biased shape unlike simple probability distribution function typically assumed in design specifications. Nevertheless, there still exits some discrepancies between the results of two methods. Inadequate mass distribution of samples in VTS and 3D simulation is regarded as a reason for the discrepancy. Further studies on VTS data and research on the application for the vessel collision risk assessment will attain safe and reliable bridge design.

In designing a bridge crossing navigable waterway, ship-bridge collision is the one of the critical extreme events. Due to its inherent uncertainties, probabilistic design approaches have been mainly adopted, in which the probability of failure or collapse of the whole bridge system should be estimated. Therefore, it is crucial that appropriate probabilistic models should be employed for collision loads and resistances of the piers. In this paper, a method is presented for developing probabilistic load models for ship-bridge collision. The difficulties arise from the fact that the resultant collision force, which is a function of other random variables such as speed of a ship, collision angle and position, etc. Furthermore, statistical data of actual ship-bridge collision events are very rare. Thus, a simulation based approach is proposed for the probabilistic load model for ship-bridge collision. The collision force model is derived from the combination of the probability of the collision event and the conditional probability distribution of the impact load of each collision case. In this approach, models are also incorporated for initial ship position, aberrance probability and human intervention stopping ship before collision. For the impact load,uncertainties such as collision angles, velocities and the weight of colliding ship are also considered. The final probabilistiy distribution of collision load is constructed based on Monte Carlo simulation method. A numerical example of an actual cable-stayed bridge is presented for the demonstration of the proposed model.

A Beta-galactosidase-producing bacterium, strain KNOUC114 isolated from a hot spring was identified, and its gene of Beta-galactosidase and properties of the enzyme were studied. The strain KNOUC114 showed typical properties of genus Thermus with phenotypic characteristics of rod-shape (0.2x3.5 um), Gram negative, non-motile, endospore not observed, forming yellow-pigmented colonies, growing aerobically and optimally at 68-70 oC. The strain could grow at the temperature above 80 oC, which is a typical characteristic of Thermus thermophilus. The main cellular fatty acids of KNOUC114 were isobranched-C17:00 and C15:00 fatty acids that are the predomonant acyl chains of the strains of genus Thermus. In pylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence, the strain KNOUC114 was finally identified as Thermus thermophilus species, and named as Thermus thermophilus KNOUC114. The Beta-galactosidase gene of KNOUC114 (KNOUC114 Beta-gal) was cloned and expressed in Eschericia coli. KNOUC114 Beta-gal was composed of 1938bp encoding 645 a.a with deduced MW. of 72,784 dalton. The purified recombinant Beta-galactosidase of KNOUC114 (KNOUC114 Beta-gal) reacted optimally at pH 5.7 and 85 oC, possessed good activity at the pH of raw milk and the temperature of HTST for raw milk, and was stable at the temperature of HTST and at the pH of raw milk, meaning that KNOUC114 Beta-gal is suitable to be used for hydrolyzation of lactose in raw milk during HTST pasteurization of raw milk.

We aimed to explore the associations of dietary patterns with blood lipid profiles and obesity in adults with type 2 diabetes. The data were obtained from the Forth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2008. Adults 30 yr or older, from which had both biochemical and dietary data were obtained. Among them, 680 subjects were defined as having diabetes based on criteria of fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, anti-diabetic treatment, or previously diagnosed diabetes. Dietary data from a 24-hr recall were used to derive dietary patterns by factor analysis. Four dietary patterns by factor analysis were identified: 'Bread & Meat & Alcohol', 'Noodles & Seafood', 'Rice & Vegetables', and 'Korean Healthy' patterns. Serum cholesterol levels in the highest quartile of the 'Bread & Meat & Alcohol' pattern were significantly higher compared with those in the lowest quartile. In addition, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the highest quartile of the 'Korean Healthy' pattern were significantly lower after adjusting for potential confounders. Dietary patterns of adults with diabetes were found to be associated with blood lipid profiles. 'Korean Healthy' pattern including whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits could thus improve lipid profiles among those with type 2 diabetes.

The collision of ship embraces some uncertainties, such as a direction, velocity, and location of the aberrant vessel. These uncertainties may affect on the risk from the collision and the final design of bridge and protective structures against the collision of ship. The importance of accurate consideration for uncertainties is more obvious on the protected bridges by the dolphin, since it alters the motions during the collision. This paper considers the effect of collision point along the height of the pier that usually is ignored as using a simple twodimensional outline. In addition, it also analyzes the influence of the angle from the collision between vessel and pier. With the numerical example, it is possible to conclude that it is necessary to consider various vertical impact locations for safe design. Besides, it is sure to reduce the risk from the collision of ship, considering impact angle.

Purpose: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased in both the adult population and in adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted for adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors with high carbohydrate diet and high fat diet using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2009). Methods: Using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was greater than 70% and from fat was less than 15% were classified as the ‘High-carbohydrate & low-fat diet (HCLF)’ group and subjects whose energy intake from carbohydrate was less than 60% and from fat was 25% or more were classified as the ‘Low-carbohydrate & high-fat Diet (LCHF)’ group. Among 5,931 eligible subjects, HCLF included 853 subjects and LCHF included 1,084 subjects. Results: The mean age in both groups was 14 years and significant difference in age, BMI, sex, physical activity, and household income was observed between the HCLF and LCHF groups. Regarding the energy intake compared to Estimated Energy Requirement, the HCLF group met 79.0% and the LCHF group met 100.3%. Regarding nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal, carbohydrate, iron, potassium, and vitamin C intake in the HCLF group were significantly higher, but protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were significantly lower in the HCLF group compared to the LCHF group. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, study year, household income, physical activity, and energy intake, the serum triglycerides level and systolic blood pressure were slightly higher, while the serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in HCLF than LCHF. The odds ratio of metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between HCLF and LCHF. Conclusion: Our findings indicate an association of a high carbohydrate diet with increased risks for metabolic syndrome components. Conduct of future studies would be necessary in order to explore the underlying mechanism and to confirm our findings in a prospective study.

Koreans have undergone many changes in dietary patterns with economic growth. The purpose of this research was to examine changes in dietary patterns using data from the 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study included 21,525 subjects (8,295 from 1998, 6,880 from 2001, and 6,350 from 2005) who were 20 years or older and who participated in a 24-h diet recall. The percentage energy intake from 22 food groups was calculated, and a cluster analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Two dietary patterns emerged; the first pattern was characterized by high intake of white rice, legumes, vegetables, kimchi, and seaweeds, the so-called “traditional” pattern (53%), whereas the other pattern was characterized by high intake of other grains, noodle dumplings, floured bread, pizza, hamburgers, cereals and snacks, potatoes, sugared sweets, nuts, fruits, meat·its products, eggs, fish, milk and dairy products, oils, beverages and seasoning, or the so-called “modified” pattern. The modified pattern comprised a higher proportion of younger aged, metropolitan residents with more education and higher incomes. However, the gender distribution was not significantly different. The modified pattern had a significantly higher intake of all nutrients except carbohydrates and had a higher proportion of energy from fat and protein. No association with a risk for metabolic syndrome was found for either dietary pattern. After age was standardized, the traditional pattern included 52% of the respondents in 1998, 54% in 2001, and 50% in 2005. However, the modified pattern was significantly more prevalent in the younger age group (20-29 yr), whereas the traditional pattern increased significantly in the older age group (≥ 65 yr). In conclusion, a secular trend was found for dietary pattern by age group, suggesting that it is necessary to monitor the changes in dietary pattern by age group and to develop appropriate dietary education and guidelines. (Korean J Nutr 2011; 44(2): 152 ~ 161)

Dissection of the interventricular septum by aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva is a rare lesion and has poor prognosis. However, it can be diagnosed noninvasively with echocardiography and managed well by surgical repair. A 55 year old female was readmitted due to aggravated exertional dyspnea. She was implanted with permanent pacemaker due to complete atrioventricular (AV block of recent onset at a community hospital. Previous diastolic murmur near aortic area was changed to a new continuous murmur. The diagnosis of an aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva dissected into the interventricular septum was confirmed by routine two- dimensional echocardiography. The neck of the aneurysm was closed primarily with patch and aortic valve replacement was done. The prognosis was good. The finding of AV block of recent onset and obscure origin in a young patient should alert the physician to the possibility of an aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva and warrants systematic echocardiography. (Korean Circulation J 1999;29(6 :625-629

Coronary perforation is a rare, but potentially catastrophic complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. It rarely results in cardiac tamponade with the use of standard anticoagulant regimens. But spontaneous cardiac tamponade was reported recently during balloon angioplasty under the large dose of heparin infusion, and after stent implantation under powerful antiplatelet therapy including platelet IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor administration. We report a case of delayed cardiac tamponade complicated by guidewire manipulation under powerful anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, which recurred early after the first pericardiocentesis. (Korean Circulation J 1998;28(12):2051-2055)