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This research aims to study the effect of climate change on the phenology, growth, and physiological traits of Silene capitataKom., a Korean endangered species II. This study increased CO2concentration in a closed glass greenhouse, with the daily mean temperature and CO2concentration respectively being 4.61 °C and 93.63 ppm higher than the outside temperature (ambient conditions, control). The seeds of S. capitatawere sown in control and treatment environments in March 2013 while seedlings were transplanted into individual pots in May 2013. To research phenological changes, the first day of the flowering and ripening of the plants transplanted in 2013 and first day of leafing in 2014 were observed. The growth and physiological responses of mature leaves were also studied in 2013. There was no difference in the first day of flowering, but the first day of ripening was earlier in the treatment group than the control group. There was no difference in the number of rosette leaves between the two groups, but leaf area was wider in the treatment group than the control group. Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were higher in the treatment group than the control group, chlorophyll content decreased, and photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were the same for both groups. As a result of simple regression analysis among the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and water use efficiency, stomatal conductance increased when transpiration rate increased. Stomatal conductance increased with photosynthetic rate in the control unlike in the treatment group. The photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency increased with transpiration rate in the control group unlike in the treatment group. Furthermore, water use efficiency increased as photosynthetic rate increased in both groups. Due to high CO2concentration, the photosynthetic rate was no longer controlled by the stomata, which appeared to suppress the excessive production of photosynthetic products by reducing chlorophyll content. It is believed that the phenological responses of S. capitataunder climate change conditions will advance and that stable growth will be difficult in regions lacking moisture due to the high transpiration rate.

In order to investigate organic carbon distribution, carbon budget, and cycling of the subalpine forest, we studied biomass, organic carbon distribution, litter production, forest floor litter, accumulated soil organic carbon, and soil respiration in Taxus cuspidataforest in Halla National Park from February 2012 to November 2013. Biomass was calculated by using allometric equation and the value was converted to CO2stocks. The amount of plant organic carbon was 13.60 ton C ha−1year−1in 2012 and 14.29 ton C ha−1year−1in 2013. And average organic carbon introduced to forest floor through litter production was 0.71 ton C ha−1year−1. Organic carbon distributed in forest floor litter layer was 0.73 ton C ha−1year−1on average and accumulated organic carbon in soil was 51.13 ton C ha−1year−1on average. In 2012, Amount of released CO2from soil to atmosphere was 10.93 ton CO2ha−1year−1. The net ecosystem production based on the difference between net primary production of organic carbon and soil respiration was −1.74 ton C ha−1yr−1releasing more carbon than it absorbed.

This study investigated the temporal variation in soil CO2efflux and its relationship with soil temperature and precipitation in the Quercus glaucaand Abies koreanaforests in Jeju Island, South Korea, from August 2010 to December 2012. Q. glaucaand A. koreanaforests are typical vegetation of warm-temperate evergreen forest zone and sub-alpine coniferous forest zone, respectively, in Jeju island. The mean soil CO2efflux of Q. glaucaforest was 0.7 g CO2m−2h−1at 14.3 °C and that of A. koreanaforest was 0.4 g CO2m−2h−1at 6.8 °C. The cumulative annual soil CO2efflux of Q. glaucaand A. koreanaforests was 54.2 and 34.2 t CO2ha−1, respectively. Total accumulated soil carbon efflux in Q. glaucaand A. koreanaforests was 29.5 and 18.7 t C ha−1for 2 years, respectively. The relationship between soil CO2efflux and soil temperate at 10 cm depth was highly significant in the Q. glauca(r2= 0.853) and A. koreanaforests (r2= 0.842). Soil temperature was the main controlling factor over CO2efflux during most of the study period. Also, precipitation may affect soil CO2efflux that appeared to be an important factor controlling the efflux rate. Soil CO2efflux was affected by soil temperature as the dominant control and moisture as the limiting factor. The difference of soil CO2efflux between of Q. glaucaand A. koreanaforests was induced by soil temperature to altitude and regional precipitation.

Background: Standing biomass, litter production, rate of litter decomposition, amount of litter on forest floor, and amount of soil organic carbon distribution were investigated from March 2016 to November 2018 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value through organic carbon distribution in the Pinus densifloraforest at Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City. Results: The amount of organic carbon in the Pinus densifloraforest was 261.09 ton C ha−1during the research period, and fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 3.2 ton C ha−1year−1. The organic carbon in plant was 62.77 ton C ha−1(24.04%), in litter on the forest floor was 3.65 ton C ha−1(1.40%), and in soil was 194.67 ton C ha−1(74.56%). The value of plant, litter on forest floor, and soil organic carbon distribution were each 6,277,000 won ha−1, 365,000 won ha−1, and 19,467,000 won ha−1. The value per ton of fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 320,000 won ha−1year−1and the value of ecosystem services stored in carbon in the Namsan forest ecosystem was about 26.1 million won ha−1for 3 years. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the pine forests of Namsan rapidly decompose leaves due to the high atmospheric temperature and accumulate a large amount of organic carbon in the soil to provide climate control regulatory service function.