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Using the novel concept of behavioural instability in order to determine if distinct personalities are present within captive populations of Rothschild giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) is a hitherto unprecedented undertaking. This study aims to prove the presence of recognizable personalities, as well as to investigate whether visitor numbers affect the behavioural expressions of these personalities. Attaining statistically supported proof of individual personality would indicate a high level of behavioural diversity, which is a crucial feature of captive populations intended to potentially repopulate wild habitats. Attaining this proof was accomplished by filming the six individuals in Aalborg Zoo, and subsequently analysing the recordings. The procured data was then analysed using a series of tests primarily focusing on behavioural reaction norms. The results gathered have displayed statistical significance confirming the proposition that distinct personalities exist within groups of Rothschild giraffes. However, the number of visitors exhibited no statistical significance upon the behaviour of the individuals. It can thereby be concluded that specimens of Rothschild giraffes possess unique personality traits which are worth defining in order to ensure behavioural diversity. Using the novel concept of behavioural instability in order to determine if distinct personalities are present within captive populations of Rothschild giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) is a hitherto unprecedented undertaking. This study aims to prove the presence of recognizable personalities, as well as to investigate whether visitor numbers affect the behavioural expressions of these personalities. Attaining statistically supported proof of individual personality would indicate a high level of behavioural diversity, which is a crucial feature of captive populations intended to potentially repopulate wild habitats. Attaining this proof was accomplished by filming the six individuals in Aalborg Zoo, and subsequently analysing the recordings. The procured data was then analysed using a series of tests primarily focusing on behavioural reaction norms. The results gathered have displayed statistical significance confirming the proposition that distinct personalities exist within groups of Rothschild giraffes. However, the number of visitors exhibited no statistical significance upon the behaviour of the individuals. It can thereby be concluded that specimens of Rothschild giraffes possess unique personality traits which are worth defining in order to ensure behavioural diversity.

This study is based on two African wild dogs (AWD) (Lycaon pictus), a male and a female, in Aalborg Zoo, Denmark. The female has never raised any of her litters and all cubs have died soon after birth. Zoo staff hypothesized, that this could be due to several management factors including stress induced from the parking lot/road situated just outside the enclosure and the female’s lack of experience with raising cubs. A willow fence was put up to isolate the dogs visually from the outside. The purpose of this study was to analyze if habitat enrichment and olfactory enrichment could affect the behavioral reaction patterns of the AWDs. Individual behavior patterns are an indicator of differences in personality and a measure of welfare. The study was divided into a control period, a habitat enrichment period and an olfactory enrichment period each consisting of 3 days with 8 hours of video recording per day. An ethogram, based on previous observations of the AWD and a pilot study, was composed, and all behaviors observed were categorized. Various analysis and plots showed that, although some differences in specific behaviors and behavioral reaction patterns were present, the AWDs did not have a clear difference in personality. A difference in behavioural instability was found between the two dogs when introduced to the enrichments. I Based on activity changes, it was concluded that the male reacted more positively to the habitat enrichment while the female reacted more positively when introduced to the olfactory enrichment. Several other categories of behaviour were observed in this study but, due to a low degree of data saturation, only data for behaviours “locomotion” and “standing still” were considered saturated enough to be used for data analysis. This study is based on two African wild dogs (AWD) (Lycaon pictus), a male and a female, in Aalborg Zoo, Denmark. The female has never raised any of her litters and all cubs have died soon after birth. Zoo staff hypothesized, that this could be due to several management factors including stress induced from the parking lot/road situated just outside the enclosure and the female’s lack of experience with raising cubs. A willow fence was put up to isolate the dogs visually from the outside. The purpose of this study was to analyze if habitat enrichment and olfactory enrichment could affect the behavioral reaction patterns of the AWDs. Individual behavior patterns are an indicator of differences in personality and a measure of welfare. The study was divided into a control period, a habitat enrichment period and an olfactory enrichment period each consisting of 3 days with 8 hours of video recording per day. An ethogram, based on previous observations of the AWD and a pilot study, was composed, and all behaviors observed were categorized. Various analysis and plots showed that, although some differences in specific behaviors and behavioral reaction patterns were present, the AWDs did not have a clear difference in personality. A difference in behavioural instability was found between the two dogs when introduced to the enrichments. I Based on activity changes, it was concluded that the male reacted more positively to the habitat enrichment while the female reacted more positively when introduced to the olfactory enrichment. Several other categories of behaviour were observed in this study but, due to a low degree of data saturation, only data for behaviours “locomotion” and “standing still” were considered saturated enough to be used for data analysis.

This article describes a virological investigation in a mixed flock of ducks and geese following detection of avian influenza virus antibodies in domestic geese. Low pathogenic H7N1 was found in both domestic and wild birds, indicating that transmission of virus was likely to have taken place between these. The importance of implementing and maintaining appropriate biosecurity measures is re-emphasized.

One of the essential problems for the successful operation of a fusion burner is to arrange for the exhaust ofheat and partic1es in such a way that the following requirements are met: (1) the materials and components of the inner wall are not overheated or unduly eroded (2) the pumping system and the geometrical arrangement of the wall components allow sufficient helium removal (3) only limited amounts ofwall-released impurities, recyc1ed helium and injected impurities (foredge radiation cooling) are able to penetrate the boundary layer into the plasma core (4) the methods used to satisfy the above requirements are compatible with a high energy confinement and a practical fuelling scheme. - For the Next Step - lTER, the poloidal divertor is being developed to meet these requirements. Both for widening the understanding of the physics involved in the exhaust issue and for exploring possible alternative or complementing methods of exhausting particle and power, studies are also being undertaken on other concepts, in particular limiter concepts, the ergodic divertor, and the island divertor foreseen for Stellarators (see e.g. W7-X). An additional advantage of this programme strategy is the fact that (i) synergisms exist between different approaches and concepts and (ii) most methods and processes (like diagnostics, wall treatment, modelling, heating) which are developed on one system can be transferred to the others. The stimulating results from the $\textbf{Ergodic Divertor (ED)}$ of TORE SUPRA (Association EURATOM-CEA Cadarache), as well as the ideas and experiments of Takamura et al. have inspired KFA-Jülich and its partners to develop the concept of the $\textbf{Dynamic Ergodie Divertor (DED)}$. The Association EURATOM-KFA Jülich, therefore, proposes to build and install such a system in TEXTOR-94 as an integral part of the research programme of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC). The beneficial effects of an $\textbf{ED}$, among which improved radiation efficiency of impurities and better impurity screening (TORE SUPRA) are the most significant ones, are due to the combined effects of increased electron density and decreased electron temperature at the plasma boundary in conjunction with enhanced radial transport and reduced sputtering ofimpurities. In the "near field" region ofthe helical coils (creating the multipolar perturbation field) the magnetic field lines are displaced radially even without resonances and ergodization. As a [...]