Search

The aim of this technical report is to provide a description and access to labelled image and video datasets of human faces that have been generated for different indoor visual comfort and glare visual discomfort situations. These datasets have been used to train and test a computer-vision artificial neural network detecting glare discomfort from images of human faces.

The spreading of a disease largely occurs in buildings or in collective transport. The microenvironment flow processes around people contribute to the cross-infection risk, for example when two persons are standing close to each other. The cross-infection risk is also dependent on the macro-environment e.g. distribution of velocity and turbulence in the room, particularly when the background airflow is strong. The surrounding temperature and the presence of a vertical temperature gradient can also modify airflows in the microenvironment and subsequently influence the cross-infection risk. This work is based on a fully mixed flow in a room without a vertical temperature gradient, considering different room temperatures.Exhalation flow and aerosol distribution are studied by smoke experiments and the cross-infection risk is expressed as concentration in the susceptible breathing zone normalized by the concentration in the room.

The accurate energy performance assessment of building elements remains an active research topic. Studies have indicated that the thermal mass of building envelopes could influence heat losses in dynamic conditions and lead to significant difference in performance compared to steady-state conditions. This article aims to identify the relevance of using dynamic simulations instead of steady-state calculations for the energy performance assessment of building elements in Denmark. A numerical sensitivity analysis is performed on various parameters. The Monte-Carlo approach is used to perform numerous BSim simulations, which are then compared to standard steady-state calculations. The varied parameters include solar absorptance, ventilation in cavities, insulation material, insulation thickness, and orientation. Preliminary results indicate that dynamic conditions can significantly alter the wall heat losses, by up to 20% when compared to steady-state conditions. However, when aggregated, the differences average out to only 4% lower heat losses. When focusing on the thermal inertia of insulation materials, denser insulation materials only slightly delay the heat loss in the building element, but this effect is nullified over longer periods. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the most influential parameter is the solar absorptance, while the type of material is close in significance to the other parameters. The specific heat capacities and density of the insulation layer does not have a significant influence compared to its thermal conductivity. Thus, insulation materials with higher thermal mass do not seem to significantly improve the thermal performance of a building envelope.

Dette projekt er medfinansieret af ELFORSK programmet med projektnummer 352-046. Formålet er at udvikle metamodeller for generiske rumtyper til at vurdere energibehov og indeklima for et utal af designmuligheder og dermed gøre datadrevet viden let tilgængeligt for beslutningstagere under deres søgen efter et robust bygningsdesign med godt indeklima og lavt energibehov. Adgang til ”altomfavnende” metamodeller imødekommer udfordringen ved de store usikkerheder samt det tidskrævende modellerings- og simuleringsarbejde, hvilke er de primære årsager til at man i dag er nødsaget til at basere de overordnede, vigtige tidlige designvalg på mavefornemmelse og erfaring – eller simuleringer af få stikprøver af designmulighederne. Ved brug af metamodeller vil designteamet hurtigt kunne vurdere mange flere designmuligheder samt håndtere de store variationer og usikkerheder i tidligt design. Derved kan teamet afdække utallige muligheder og nemmere prioritere passive tiltag i form af optimerede vinduesstørrelser, skygger, solafskærmning, termisk masse, natkøling, osv., hvilket reducerer energibehovet til ventilation, køling, opvarmning og belysning.

Der er kun få data om målinger af brugsvand i bygninger, der ikke er beboelsesejendomme. Der er behov for mere data for især at beskrive ikke-boligbyggeriers behov for varmt brugsvand (VBV) og udforme effektive varmtvandssystemer. Denne DCE Technical Report har til formål at præsentere og beskrive datasættet: "Datasæt - Brugsvand i CREATE og TMV23". Dette datasæt indeholder målinger fra to kontor- og uddannelsesbygninger i Aalborg, Danmark. Målingerne i bygningen CREATE er udført fra oktober 2018 til januar 2019 og i bygningen TMV23 fra april 2021 til maj 2021. Datasættet består af vand volumenstrøm og temperaturer for det kolde brugsvand, VBV, fjernvarme til VBV produktion og VBV cirkulation. Measurement data of domestic water in non-residential buildings is sparse. More data is needed to describe the non-residential buildings’ domestic hot water (DHW) demand and to be able to design more efficient DHW systems. This DCE Technical Report aims to present and describe the data set: “Data set - Domestic water at CREATE and TMV23”. This data set contains measurement data from two office and educational buildings in Aalborg, Denmark. The measurements in the building CREATE are conducted from October 2018 to January 2019 and in the building TMV23 from April 2021 to May 2021. The data set consists of water flow rates and temperatures for the domestic cold water, domestic hot water, district heating for DHW production, and DHW circulation circuit.

Well-functioning buildings are crucial for the occupant's health and comfort and for reducing the CO2 emissions from the building sector. A first step in assessing a well-functioning building is to know the current state of the building by, for example, relevant Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Choosing suitable KPIs to provide a clear message can be challenging; however, beneficial to convey a message to the building actors. This study proposes a Building Assessment Framework to mitigate the latter, consisting of 1) a flexible and novel KPI tool and 2) a step-bystep KPI assessment methodology applicable to all buildings, systems, subsystems, and components. The KPI tool provides the user with a list of KPIs suited for all building systems, and with a separate backend and frontend, it is an easy tool to use. The KPI assessment methodology will guide the user through 5 steps and propose visualization of the chosen KPIs. The step-bystep KPI assessment methodology consists of 5 steps: 1) identification of the selected building resolution level 2) selection of the KPIs for the resolution level 3 + 4) recognition and crossreferencing of necessary sensors 5) choice of benchmarking for the data. The results from the KPI assessment using historical data from a university building located in Denmark demonstrate that the KPI tool is generic, making it applicable to all levels of a building and its systems. The Building Assessment Framework is flexible; it can be used over short and long periods (instantaneous to several years) and implemented in the building management system. However, it is necessary to be used with historical data, allowing for the real-time performance evaluation of the selected buildings or systems, thereby enabling the users to spot potential abnormal behavior that can lead to faults in the systems., CLIMA 2022 conference, 2022: CLIMA 2022 The 14th REHVA HVAC World Congress

This document describes the development of the SATO KPI Tool in relation to the H2020 SATO Project.

The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry experiences a growing need for building performance simulations (BPS) as facilitators in the design process. However, inconsistent modelling practice and varying quality of export/import functions entail error-prone interoperability with IFC and gbXML data formats. Consequently, repeated manual modelling is still necessary. This paper presents a coupling module enabling a semi-automated extract of geometry data from the BIM software Revit and a further translation to a BPS input file using Revit Application Programming Interface (API) and visual programming in Dynamo. The module is tested with three test cases which shows promising results for fast and structured semi-automatic geometry modelling designed to fit today's practice. The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry experiences a growing need for building performance simulations (BPS) as facilitators in the design process. However, inconsistent modelling practice and varying quality of export/import functions entail error-prone interoperability with IFC and gbXML data formats. Consequently, repeated manual modelling is still necessary. This paper presents a coupling module enabling a semi-automated extract of geometry data from the BIM software Revit and a further translation to a BPS input file using Revit Application Programming Interface (API) and visual programming in Dynamo. The module is tested with three test cases which shows promising results for fast and structured semi-automatic geometry modelling designed to fit today's practice.

The share of the energy use for domestic hot water (DHW) in the total energy consumption of buildings is becoming more and more prominent. Depending on the building typology it varies between 20% to 50% of the total energy usage for old and new built single family house, respectively. The aim of this paper is to determine the energy losses in the DHW installation with division between: a) loss at the production point, b) loss in the distribution, and c) loss at the draw-off points using the results of the measurements of DHW consumption in two single family houses connected to district heating grid. The total Eloss for the two houses vary between 17% and 26%. For House 1, the production loss accounts for 8%, the pipe loss for 15% and loss at the draw off points for 3%. Moreover, the results shown that the layout of the house, in particular the placement of the bathrooms with showers or bath tubs has significant impact on the size of the distribution losses.

A novel ventilation system is presented in this study, named diffuse wall ventilation. The system is suitable for renovation projects, where the low ceiling and visible inlet and ducts are not accepted due to space limitation and design preference. The ventilation performance is evaluated by the numerical method under different operating conditions and inlet configurations. The CFD results indicate that diffuse wall ventilation creates a stratified flow pattern that is comparable to displacement ventilation. Due to the large inlet area, the air velocity in the occupied zone is much lower than displacement ventilation. The half-wall inlet provides the best performance in preventing cross-infection between occupants. The personal exposure index εexp for the target person is up to 11.8, the values with the full-wall inlet and lamella inlet are 2.16 and 5.04, respectively. This study indicates that diffuse wall ventilation is a promising ventilation principle for office buildings with low ceiling height.

IK-kompas Etageboliger – værktøj til holistisk vurdering af indeklima er en dokumentationsrapport, der forklarer brugen af værktøjet IK-kompas. Værktøjet bruges til at vurdere bygningens mulighed for at opnå et godt indeklima. Værktøjet tager udgangspunkt i bygningens fysiske rammer og er uafhængig af brugernes adfærd i bygningen. Værktøjet vurderer bygningens IndeklimaKvalitet, ikke brugernes adfærd. Værktøjet er som udgangspunkt udviklet til at kunne bruges bredt således, at det på sigt vil kunne benyttes til vurdering af indeklima i alle bygningstyper, men i første omgang afgrænses udviklingen til at omfatte etageboligbyggeri. Dokumentationsrapporten henvender sig til bygherrer, rådgivere og eksperter, lejere og Almene Boligselskaber som ønsker at kende til eller forbedre deres indeklima. Værktøjet kan benyttes i alle former for etageboliger. Denne publikation er udgivet som støtte og dokumentation for IndeklimaVurderingsværktøjet IK-kompas, der beregner en boligs potentiale for et godt indeklima, angivet ved en IndeklimaKvalitet. Værktøjet er udviklet i samfundspartnerskabet REBUS (Renovating Buildings Sustainably) og er støttet af Realdania, Grundejernes Investeringsfond og Innovationsfonden. Det er målrettet renovering i etageboliger, men perspektivet for udviklingen af værktøjet til holistisk vurdering af indeklima er, at det på sigt også skal omfatte andre bygningstyper.Formålet med IK-kompas er at vurdere potentialet for at opnå et godt indeklima. værktøjet angiver en IndeklimaKvalitet (angivet som et bogstav fra A til G) i enten eksisterende byggeri eller ved design af nybyggeri. Det kan også benyttes til at sammenligne IndeklimaKvaliteten før og efter en bygningsrenovering, og dermed fungere som dokumentation af, at de forventede indeklimaforbedringer er opnået.IK-kompas omfatter en samlet vurdering af indeklimaets kvalitet baseret på fire overordnede evalueringsområder, hhv. akustisk, atmosfærisk, termisk og visuelt indeklima, der hver vurderes ud fra tre bygningsrelaterede parametre og en brugerrelateret parameter. I den brugerrelaterede parameter indgår beboerens muligheder for justering af indeklimaet i boligen, da beboernes handlemuligheder spiller en stor rolle for deres tilfredshed med indeklimaet og dermed for opfattelsen af dets kvalitet.Akustisk indeklima; lyd udefra, fra andre lejligheder og fra egen boligAtmosfærisk indeklima; påvirkning fra udeluft, fra bygning og materialer samt fra egen boligTermisk indeklima; temperatur sommer og vinter samt trækVisuelt indeklima; dagslys, direkte sollys samt udsyn, indkig og afskærmningDenne publikation består af dokumentationen til værktøjet, men også en beskrivelse af tilgangen og de valg, der er truffet ved udviklingen af værktøjet. Der er for hvert evalueringsområde beskrevet, hvilke metoder, der benyttes til vurdering af de enkelte parametre og kriterier, som udgør evalueringsområdet.

IK-kompas Etageboliger – værktøj til holistisk vurdering af indeklima er en dokumentationsrapport, der forklarer brugen af værktøjet IK-kompas.Værktøjet bruges til at vurdere bygningens mulighed for at opnå et godt indeklima. Værktøjet tager udgangspunkt i bygningens fysiske rammer og er uafhængig af brugernes adfærd i bygningen. Værktøjet vurderer bygningens IndeklimaKvalitet, ikke brugernes adfærd.Værktøjet er som udgangspunkt udviklet til at kunne bruges bredt således, at det på sigt vil kunne benyttes til vurdering af indeklima i alle bygningstyper, men i første omgang afgrænses udviklingen til at omfatte etageboligbyggeri.Dokumentationsrapporten henvender sig til bygherrer, rådgivere og eksperter, lejere og Almene Boligselskaber som ønsker at kende til eller forbedre deres indeklima.Værktøjet kan benyttes i alle former for etageboliger. IK-kompas Etageboliger – værktøj til holistisk vurdering af indeklima er en dokumentationsrapport, der forklarer brugen af værktøjet IK-kompas.Værktøjet bruges til at vurdere bygningens mulighed for at opnå et godt indeklima. Værktøjet tager udgangspunkt i bygningens fysiske rammer og er uafhængig af brugernes adfærd i bygningen. Værktøjet vurderer bygningens IndeklimaKvalitet, ikke brugernes adfærd.Værktøjet er som udgangspunkt udviklet til at kunne bruges bredt således, at det på sigt vil kunne benyttes til vurdering af indeklima i alle bygningstyper, men i første omgang afgrænses udviklingen til at omfatte etageboligbyggeri.Dokumentationsrapporten henvender sig til bygherrer, rådgivere og eksperter, lejere og Almene Boligselskaber som ønsker at kende til eller forbedre deres indeklima.Værktøjet kan benyttes i alle former for etageboliger.

Glare is a common local visual discomfort that is difficult to identify with conventional light sensors. This article presents an artificial intelligence algorithm that detects subjective local glare discomfort from the image analysis of the video footage of an office occupant’s face. The occupant’s face is directly used as a visual comfort sensor. Results show that it can recognize glare discomfort with around 90% accuracy. This algorithm can thus be at the basis of an efficient feedback control system to regulate shading devices in an office building.