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Although DNA‐based cancer vaccines have been successfully tested in mouse models, a major drawback of cancer vaccination still remains, namely that tumour antigens are weak and fail to generate a vigorous immune response in tumour‐bearing patients. Genetic technology offers strategies for promoting immune pathways by adding immune‐activating genes to the tumour antigen sequence. In this work, we converted a model non‐immunogenic antigen into a vaccine by fusing it to domain I of the filamentous bacteriophage coat protein III gene. Vaccination with a DNA construct encoding the domain I fusion generated antigen‐specific T helper 1‐type cellular immune responses. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of protein III into a DNA vaccine formulation can modulate the gene‐mediated immune response and may thus provide a strategy for improving its therapeutic effect., Depto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

In the past decade, the term organoid has moved from obscurity to common use to describe a 3D in vitro cellular model of a tissue that recapitulates structural and functional elements of the in vivo organ it models. The term organoid is now applied to structures formed as a result of two distinct processes: the capacity for adult epithelial stem cells to re-create a tissue niche in vitro and the ability to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to a 3D self-organizing multicellular model of organogenesis. While these two organoid fields rely upon different stem cell types and recapitulate different processes, both share common challenges around robustness, accuracy, and reproducibility. Critically, organoids are not organs. This commentary serves to discuss these challenges, how they impact genuine utility, and shine a light on the need to improve the standards applied to all organoid approaches.

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involves genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and a broadly dysregulated intestinal immune response to the commensal intestinal microflora. The interface between genetic predisposition and environmental factors is reflected in the epigenetic regulation at the transcriptional level. Treatment targets now involve mucosal and histological healing, but the future might additionally include normalization of intestinal cellular functions also at the molecular level, for example comprising complete restoration of phenotypic, genotypic, and epigenetic states. Recent developments in patient-derived epithelial intestinal stem cell (ISC) organoid technologies have opened exciting new therapeutic opportunities to potentially attain molecular healing by combining stem cell therapy with molecular manipulations using (epi)drugs and/or CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Here, we are the first to discuss the possibility for phenotypic, genotypic, and epigenetic restoration via molecular manipulations and stem cell therapy in IBD from a clinical perspective.

Epidemiological studies have identified vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency to be highly prevalent among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and low serum levels correlate with a higher disease activity and a more complicated disease course. The link to IBD pathogenesis has been subject of investigations, primarily due to the distinct immunological functions of vitamin D signaling, including anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions. Vitamin D is a pleiotropic hormone that executes its actions on cells through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). A leaky gut, i.e. an insufficient intestinal epithelial barrier, is thought to be central for the pathogenesis of IBD, and emerging data support the concept that vitamin D/VDR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has an important role in controlling barrier integrity. Here we review the latest evidence on how vitamin D promotes the interplay between IECs, the gut microbiome, and immune cells and thereby regulate the intestinal immune response. On the cellular level, vitamin D signaling regulates tight junctional complexes, apoptosis, and autophagy, leading to increased epithelial barrier integrity, and promotes expression of antimicrobial peptides as part of its immunomodulating functions. Further, intestinal VDR expression is inversely correlated with the severity of inflammation in patients with IBD, which might compromise the positive effects of vitamin D signaling in patients with flaring disease. Efforts to reveal the role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of IBD will pave the road for the invention of more rational treatment strategies of this debilitating disease in the future.

The epidermis is the first barrier of protection of living organisms against external attacks. It is constantly renewed throughout life, through a process called "homeostasis", which ensures that every cell lost on its surface is replaced by new ones. Recent studies have shown that this balance is ensured by a hierarchy of stem cells (SC) and progenitors that perform 3 types of cell divisions, each having a fixed probability. Although the epidermis has been extensively studied during homeostasis, little is known about the cellular dynamics taking place when the epidermis must expand its surface. Are these probabilities of division immutable or can they change? In this project, we focused on two conditions of epidermal expansion: postnatal growth and wound healing. Using the mouse tail epidermis as a model, we show that the re-epithelialization after a wound is achieved via the formation of two transient compartments that are spatially and molecularly distinct :a leading edge and a proliferative hub. We show that the leading edge cells have a specific transcriptional signature that is independent of their quiescent state and we propose new markers not previously described. Using the technique of "lineage tracing", coupled with clonal analysis and mathematical modeling, we highlight the proliferation dynamics of SCs and progenitors during healing. We show that different populations of cells residing in different compartments, the hair follicle infundibulum and the interfollicular epidermis, acquire a similar dynamics and re-activate their SC while the progenitors increase their rate of proliferation without changing their division probabilities. This similar proliferation dynamics in two compartments of the epidermis suggests that division probabilities are not dictated by the cell of origin. Interestingly, cell dynamics is different during postnatal growth. Using lineage tracing, clonal analysis and single-cell transcriptional analysis, we demonstrate that the post-n, L’épiderme est la première barrière de protection des organismes vivants contre des attaques extérieures. Il est constamment renouvelé au cours de la vie, via un processus appelé « homeostasie », qui assure que chaque cellule perdue à sa surface soit remplacée par de nouvelles. Des études récentes ont montré que cet équilibre était assuré par une hiérarchie de cellules souches (CS) et de progéniteurs qui réalisent 3 types de divisions cellulaires, chaque type de division ayant une probabilité fixe. Bien que l’épiderme ait été intensivement étudié durant l’homeostasie, peu de choses sont connues concernant la dynamique cellulaire prenant place lors de phénomènes où l’épiderme doit grandir. Ces probabilités de division sont-elles immuables ou peuvent-elles au contraire changer ?Dans ce projet, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux conditions d’expansion de l’épiderme :la croissance post-natale et la cicatrisation des plaies. En utilisant l’épiderme de la queue de souris comme modèle, nous montrons que la ré-épithélialisation d’une plaie est réalisée via la formation de deux compartiments cellulaires transitoires distincts spatialement et du point de vue moléculaire :un front de migration et un centre prolifératif. Nous montrons que les cellules du front de migration ont une signature transcriptionnelle spécifique qui est indépendante de leur état de quiescence et proposons de nouveaux marqueurs non décrits auparavant. En utilisant la technique du « lineage tracing », couplée à une analyse clonale et à de la modélisation mathématique, nous mettons en évidence la dynamique de prolifération des CS et des progéniteurs lors de la cicatrisation. Nous montrons que différentes populations de cellules résidant dans des compartiments différents, l’infundibulum du follicule pileux et l’épiderme interfolliculaire, acquièrent une dynamique similaire et ré-activent leur CS tandis que les progéniteurs augmentent leur taux de prolifération sans changer leur probabilité de division. Cett, Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie), info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is generally cumbersome for patients and is a massive health-economic burden. In recent years, the immunomodulating effects of vitamin D have gained a huge interest in its possible pathogenic influence on the pathophysiology of IBD. Vitamin D deficiency is frequent among patients with IBD. Several clinical studies have pointed to a critical role for vitamin D in ameliorating disease outcomes. Although causation versus correlation unfortunately remains an overwhelming issue in the illusive chicken versus egg debate regarding vitamin D and IBD, here we summarise the latest knowledge of the immunological effects of vitamin D in IBD and recommend from available evidence that physicians regularly monitor serum 25(OH)D levels in patients with IBD. Moreover, we propose an algorithm for optimising vitamin D status in patients with IBD in clinical practice. Awaiting well-powered controlled clinical trials, we consider vitamin D supplementation to be an affordable and widely accessible therapeutic strategy to ameliorate IBD clinical outcomes.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disorder, with two main types: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), whose molecular pathology is not well understood. The majority of IBD-associated SNPs are located in non-coding regions and are hard to characterize since regulatory regions in IBD are not known. Here we profile transcription start sites (TSSs) and enhancers in the descending colon of 94 IBD patients and controls. IBD-upregulated promoters and enhancers are highly enriched for IBD-associated SNPs and are bound by the same transcription factors. IBD-specific TSSs are associated to genes with roles in both inflammatory cascades and gut epithelia while TSSs distinguishing UC and CD are associated to gut epithelia functions. We find that as few as 35 TSSs can distinguish active CD, UC, and controls with 85% accuracy in an independent cohort. Our data constitute a foundation for understanding the molecular pathology, gene regulation, and genetics of IBD.

Colony-forming assays represent prospective methods, where cells isolated from enzymatically dissociated tissues or from tissue cultures are assessed for their proliferative capacity in vitro. Complex tissues such as the epithelial component of the skin (the epidermis) are characterized by a substantial cellular heterogeneity. Analysis of bulk populations of cells by colony-forming assays can consequently be convoluted by a number of factors that are not controlled for in population wide studies. It is therefore advantageous to refine in vitro growth assays by sub-fractionation of cells using flow cytometry. Using markers that define the spatial origin of epidermal cells, it is possible to interrogate the specific characteristics of subpopulations of cells based on their in vivo credentials. Here, we describe how to isolate, culture, and characterize keratinocytes from murine back and tail skin sorted by surface antigens associated with adult stem cell characteristics.

The accurate maintenance of genomic integrity in stem cells (SCs) is essential for tissue homeostasis and its deregulation leads to developmental defects, cancer and ageing. We have shown that Brca1, key homologous recombination (HR) gene and critical regulator of the choice of the DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathway, is specifically required for hair follicle formation and the establishment and maintenance of adult hair follicle SC pool in a conditional knock-out (CKO) mouse model. Brca1 loss leads to DNA damage-induced cell death in the hair follicle (HF), particularly in the matrix transient amplifying progenitors and moderately so in prospective quiescent adult HF SCs. This cell loss causes compensatory hyper-proliferation of the prospective HF SCs and their subsequent depletion. In striking contrast, the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and its resident SCs remain unaffected by Brca1 deletion. I uncovered two mechanisms underlying the ability of the SCs and progenitors of the IFE to survive the deletion of Brca1. Collectively, this data reveals how distinct SCs and progenitors respond differently to Brca1 loss. Furthermore we show how the IFE can survive Brca1 loss through the use of two particular mechanisms as to sustain tissue homeostasis. The mechanisms uncovered here are likely to be relevant in other tissue-specific SCs and will have important implications in understanding cancer initiation and ageing., Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine), info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Hippo signalling has been associated with many important tissue functions including the regulation of organ size. In the intestinal epithelium differing functions have been proposed for the effectors of Hippo signalling, YAP and TAZ1. These are now shown to have a dual role in the intestinal epithelium, regulating both stem cell proliferation and differentiation along a specific secretory lineage.

The epidermis is an integral part of our largest organ, the skin, and protects us against the hostile environment. It is a highly dynamic tissue that, during normal steady-state conditions, undergoes constant turnover. Multiple stem cell populations residing in autonomously maintained compartments facilitate this task. In this Review, we discuss stem cell behaviour during normal tissue homeostasis, regeneration and disease within the pilosebaceous unit, an integral structure of the epidermis that is responsible for hair growth and lubrication of the epithelium. We provide an up-to-date view of the pilosebaceous unit, encompassing the heterogeneity and plasticity of multiple discrete stem cell populations that are strongly influenced by external cues to maintain their identity and function., The epidermis is an integral part of our largest organ, the skin, and protects us against the hostile environment. It is a highly dynamic tissue that, during normal steady-state conditions, undergoes constant turnover. Multiple stem cell populations residing in autonomously maintained compartments facilitate this task. In this Review, we discuss stem cell behaviour during normal tissue homeostasis, regeneration and disease within the pilosebaceous unit, an integral structure of the epidermis that is responsible for hair growth and lubrication of the epithelium. We provide an up-to-date view of the pilosebaceous unit, encompassing the heterogeneity and plasticity of multiple discrete stem cell populations that are strongly influenced by external cues to maintain their identity and function.