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Luther develops a new concept of the Word of God that concentrates on the word and image of Christ. He uses performative images and presence metaphors not only in the field of Christology, but also in the field of creation and consummation. The Word of God and the image of Christ are the only medial possibilities for proclaiming the presence of God with the prevalence of the oral word over the written word (scripture). Christ is understood as the personal Word of God, which can be communicated only through interpersonal mediality and polysemy. The cultural technique of communication makes faith possible (e.g., through the sermon, Lord’s Supper, or baptism). Rhetoric is the effective and affective way to communicate this Word of God. The rhetoric of the crucified as the imaginative Word of God is the medium that liberates the believer from being entangled with sin, hell, and death. Yet speech cannot be functionalized to become a guaranteed presence of this word—although Christ understands himself as a communicator. At the same time, his word is a rhetorical strategy for coping with the absence of God. The cry at the cross, “My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?” (Mark 15:34) is a verbal expression of the complete Godforsakenness of the crucified. The words on the cross express the radical absence of God. The rhapsodic cry is centered on abandonment. It cannot be whitewashed by ontology or logic. With these words Luther accentuates the negativity of the dead body as a communicative practice. The Word of God (and the word of the Christian) is characterized by polysemy: the word of the resurrection of Christ is gospel. Only this oral word enables the perception of resurrection. In many other dogmatic fields, such as creation, theological anthropology, incarnation, the sacraments, ecclesiology, and eschatology, faith and words belong together because God’s companionship with us is verbal. The iconic and metaphoric character of the word is not a representation of the fourfold sense of scripture, but a unique way to accentuate the performativity and at the same time the polysemy of the Word of God.

Luther was a point of reference in all three of the confessional cultures during the confessional age, though this was not something he had intended. His theological “self-fashioning” was not meant to secure, canonize, or stabilize his own works or his biography. Rather, he believed, and was convinced, that the hidden God rules in a strange way. He hides himself in the course of the world and realizes what we would have liked to realizes. Apart from this theological viewpoint, historiographic differentiation is needed: Luther had different impacts on each of the three confessions. Furthermore, one also has to differentiate between a deep impact and the unintended effects of Luther’s thinking. Luther was an extremely polarizing figure. From the beginning, he underwent a heroization and a diabolization by his contemporaries. Apart from this black-and-white reception of his person, it was, and still is, extremely difficult to analyze Luther, his work and medial effects. Historians have always been fixated on Luther: he was the one and only founder of Protestantism. His biography became a stereotype of writing and was an important element of Protestant (or anti-Protestant) identity politics. For some Protestants, his biography became identical with the history of salvation (Heilsgeschichte). For his enemies, his biography was identical with the history of the devil. In all historical fields, one has to differentiate between the different groups and people who protected or attacked Luther or shared his ideas. The history of Luther can only be written as a shared history with conflict and concordances: the so-called Anabaptists, for example, shared Luther’s antihierarchical ideal of Christian community, although on the other hand “they” were strongly opposed toward his theology and person. Luther or example, had conflicts with the humanists and with Erasmus especially; he argued about the Lord’s Supper with Zwingli, he criticized the Fuggers because of their financial transactions in an early capitalist society; and, last but not least, he was in conflict with the Roman Church. The legitimization of different pictures of Luther always depends upon the perspectives of the posterity: either Luther was intolerant against spiritualists, Anabaptists, or peasants who were willing to resort to violence; or he was defended by humanists like Sebastian Castellio for defending religious tolerance. During his lifetime Luther was an extremely polarizing figure. Hundreds of pro-Lutheran and polemical anti-Lutheran leaflets or texts were published. The many literary forms of parody, satire, caricature, the grotesque, and the absurd were cultivated during the confessional age. Luther’s biography was often used by Lutheran theologians as an instrument of heroization and identity politics in public discourse. Historically, one can differentiate between the time before and after Luther. The political and religious unity of the Holy Roman Empire was strongly disturbed, if not broken, through the Reformation. The end of the Universalist dreams of universal powers like theology and politics (pope and emperor) were some of the central preconditions for political, cultural, and theological differentiation of Europe. Religious differentiation was one of the unintended effects of theology and the interpretation of the scripture. Decades after Luther’s death, the Holy Roman Empire slowly and surprisingly turned into a poly-, multi- and interconfessional society.

The conformational properties of triamino-substituted 1,3,5-trinitrobenzenes were studied by X-ray crystallography, dynamic NMR spectroscopy, and semiempirical calculations. As amino substituents all possible combinations of a dialkyl-, a monoalkylamino, and an amino group were used. All derivatives have radialene-like structures with the central six-membered ring distorted from planarity. The geometric form of the latter was linked with the electronic organization of the π system. Despite the presence of up to six intramolecular hydrogen bonds, semi-empirical calculations reproduce experimental geometries quite well.

The synthesis of three novel nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores with threefold symmetry, namely 1,3,5-tris(4-N,N-diethylaminophenyl)-2,4,6-tris(4-nitrophenyl)benzene (3), 1,3,5-tris(4-N,N-dihexylaminophenylbutadiynyl)-2,4,6-tris(4-nitrophenyl)benzene (13) and 1,3,5-tris(4-N,N-dihexylaminophenylethynyl)-2,4,6-tris(4-nitrophenylethynyl)benzene (4 b), is reported. We used the [Co(2)(CO)(8)]-catalysed trimerisation of 4-N,N-diethylamino-4'-nitrotolane (5) to prepare 3. The trimerisation experiment carried out with 1-(4-N,N-diethylaminophenyl)-6-(4-N,N-nitrophenyl)hexatriyne (6) and [Rh(PPh(3))(3)Cl] afforded 13. A stepwise approach was used to prepare 4 b. 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene (8 b) was coupled with 4-nitrophenyl-acetylene (14) under Pd(0) catalysis to yield 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-tris(4-nitrophenylethynyl)benzene (15). The coupling reaction of 15 with 4-N,N-dihexylaminophenylethynyltributylstannane (21) led to 4 b. X-ray investigations on 3, 4 b and 13 confirmed the structural assignments and revealed that the peripheral aryl rings in 4 b are less twisted around the connecting bonds than in 3 and 13. A large second-order polarisability (beta) of 4 b relative to 3 and 13 was determined by hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS). Compound 4 b represents an NLO chromophore with second-order polarisabily among the highest obtained so far for two-dimensional nondipolar NLO chromophores.

The syntheses and the electrochemical behavior of the monomeric peralkylated hexaamino(1,3)metacyclophane 4, the dimeric dodecaamino(1,3)cyclophane 5a, and the dodecaamino(1,3,5)cyclophane 6 are described. Electrochemical measurements show that the hexaaminobenzene units in 4 and 5a undergo an unusually slow two-electron transfer attributed to the deformation of the rings into bis-cyanine cations when oxidized to the respective dication. Further oxidations to tri-, tetra-, and hexacationic units occur at more positive potentials. In the dimeric structures, no interaction between the rings can be seen in the (1,3)cyclophane, but strong interaction for the (1,3,5)cyclophane is observed.

Is it possible to identify molecular architectures that allow prediction of crystal structures? Can the factors that determine these structures be identified? To answer these questions, analogues of 1, which forms layer structures, were synthesized in which some or all of the nitro groups were replaced with sulfonyl acceptors. Surprisingly, the expected drastic change in the conformational and/or crystallographic behavior was not observed.

Adsorption of 12-(4-nitroanilino)dodecanethiol from ethanol and n-hexane onto polycrystalline gold substrates was studied in situ and in real time by second-harmonic generation. Depending on the fu...

The title compounds are formed by the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between sym-trichlorotrinitrobenzene and amines. The yields and relative rates of formation depend critically on the degree of alkylation of the nucleophile. Contrary to the usual behavior, the introduction of a second and third donor is facilitated in the case of ammonia and monoalkylamines, while this is not the case for secondary amines. This behavior is rationalized on the basis of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and substantiated by an X-ray analysis of 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-trinitroaniline.

Conventional organic molecules for applications in second-order non-linear optics are donor–acceptor substituted π systems that show only one intense charge-transfer (CT) transition. Thus, only a single element of the second-order polarizability tensor, β, is significant in these one-dimensional systems. The advantages and optimization strategies for two new classes of molecules with multiple CT transitions and two-dimensional second-order polarizability are reviewed. These are donor–acceptor substituted π systems that lack a dipole and have a molecular symmetry of C3 or higher, and dipolar molecules of symmetry C2v. A basic introduction to the field is also given.

Der Pariser Mai steht metonymisch fur die Studentenrevolte der 1960er Jahre, die auch im Verhaltnis zur »internationalistisch« ausgerichteten Arbeiterbewegung des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts — als erste transnationale Protestbewegung gelten darf: »Weltweit zog damals eine studentische Protestbewegung die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich: von Berkeley bis Rom, von Tokio bis Berlin« (Wehler, 312). Getragen wurde sie uberwiegend — daher die Klassifikation als Studentenrevolte oder -bewegung von — jungen Leuten aus dem akademischen Betrieb, aber auch Auszubildende, Schuler und Berufstatige engagierten sich in einer ansonsten eher protestarmen Zeit. Im Monat Mai des Jahres 1968 verdichtete sich in Paris eine Serie von Protesten, die von 1964 bis in die 1970er Jahre um die ganze Welt gingen, mit telegenen »Barrikadennachten« in der franzosischen Hauptstadt aber eine besondere Intensitat und Dramatik entwickelten und wohl am starksten das etablierte politische System durch eine Allianz mit linksgerichteten Arbeitnehmer-Gewerkschaften und Generalstreik herausforderten. Der damals amtierende Staatsprasident Charles de Gaulle hatte seine Demission erwogen (sie erfolgte ein Jahr spater), der um ihn herum gruppierte Gaullismus konnte sich nicht mehr als fuhrende Kraft halten. Aber auch sein Antipode, die Kommunistische Partei Frankreichs, wurde von der antiautoritaren Revolte als alterskrank und sklerotisch ins Visier genommen; zudem sammelten sich linksradikale Sekten trotzkistischer, maoistischer und anarchistischer Provenienz, die nur wenige Mitglieder hatten, aber bis weit ins linksburgerliche Milieu Einfluss gewannen.

The structure of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) has been reinvestigated by a combination of electron diffraction, high-resolution imaging, simulations of electron diffraction patterns and images, and packing energy calculations. A new model is proposed that is capable of explaining the large second harmonic generation effect observed in TATB crystalline powder.

Self-assembly of ω-(p-nitroanilino) dodecane thiol (p-O2N-C6H4-NH-(CH2)12SH) (NAT) on polycrystalline gold films by adsorption from solution was studied in situ with second harmonic generation (SHG). Depending on the wavelength different parts of the system are probed. At a fundamental wavelength of 1 064 nm thiol adsorption is monitored in real time by the formation of the sulfur-substrate bond. A linear dependence of the non-linear susceptibility from the thiol coverage describes the time-dependent SH signal quantitatively. In contrast, the nitroaniline (NA) end group measured at a SH wavelength of 350 nm exhibits a very different behavior. Phase-sensitive measurements carried out in situ reveal that an increase of the density of the film causes the phase of the SH signal from the NA moiety to advance. This phase shift which corresponds to a blue-shift of the resonance becomes effective for coverages higher than 0.4 and is explained by the repulsive interaction of the NAT molecules.

Monolayers of an end-group-modified thiol, 4-(12-mercaptododecyl)aminonitrobenzene (p-NO2−C6H4−NH(CH2)12SH) formed by self-assembly on Au substrates, were investigated by grazing-incidence reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (IRRAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), and contact angle measurements. The monolayer exhibits a packing of the alkyl chains which is 10−20% less dense compared to a monolayer of docosanethiol. The orientation of the aromatic end group was determined completely by a combination of IRRAS and NEXAFS. The 1,4-axis of the benzene ring is inclined to 52° with respect to the surface normal, and the plane of the benzene ring is rotated by 58° away from the plane defined by the 1,4-axis and the surface normal. No hydrogen bonding between the p-nitroaniline moieties is detected. The hydrocarbon chains do not show a preferred orientation. The film is described by a layered structure consisting of a layer of alkane...