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In promoting intercultural, racial and ethnic understanding in English language classrooms in Japan, educators need to recognize the diverse lived knowledge of students. Such knowledge has been conceptualized as funds of knowledge, and although its utilization in classrooms has been discussed in the literature, not much has focused on how educators make use of their multiple identities and lived experiences in making pedagogical choices. Taking a duo-ethnographic approach, the authors explore how they strive to make use of their intersectional positionalities and funds of knowledge to raise awareness of the hidden diversity in their undergraduate content-based English courses. The chapter presents how educators can engage in dialogue and collegial interrogation to raise critical awareness of their own positionalities, and the authors invite other educators to engage in critical collegial discussion while taking on the challenging work of focusing on topics of diversity in the language classroom.

Low support for gender equality (GE) predicts attitudes supporting violence against women (VAW). However, little is known about the influence of attitudes toward different manifestations of GE. This study extends knowledge by assessing the relative strength of attitudes to GE across seven theoretically derived dimensions, and their association with attitudes toward VAW. 17,542 Australians participated in the 2017 National Community Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women Survey. Population means were calculated for the following scales formed from survey questions: the Community Attitudes Supportive of Violence Against Women Scale (CASVAWS), the Gender Equality Attitudes Scale (GEAS) and measures within the GEAS representing the theoretical dimensions. There was variation in support for GE between the measures. The lower the support for GE, the higher the support for VAW. Although all GEAS measures included in regression modelling contributed to variance in the CASVAWS, two accounted for more than half. The study suggests benefits in using a multidimensional model of GE to mitigate cultural support for VAW, with emphasis on the private sphere and countering hostility toward women and rigid gender roles and identities.

Compared to European ancestral groups, Indigenous Canadians are more likely to have uninterpretable genome‐wide sequencing results due to non‐representation in reference databases. We began a conversation with Indigenous Canadians to raise awareness and give voice to this issue. We co‐created a video explaining genomic non‐representation that included diverse Indigenous view‐points. We audio‐recorded the focus groups including 30 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit individuals living in Greater Vancouver. After watching an introductory video explaining genomic testing, participants discussed issues surrounding collecting Indigenous genomic data, its control, and usage. Transcripts were analyzed, and participants’ quotes representing main themes were incorporated into the introductory video. Indigenous participants discussed data interpretation and gave approval for quote usage. The 20 participants who provided feedback concurred with the thematic interpretation: Systemic racism interlaced most conversations, particularly within the theme of trust. Themes of governance emphasized privacy and fear of discrimination. Some participants thought a separate, Indigenous‐controlled database was essential; others recognized advantages of international databases. The theme of implementation included creative ideas to collect Indigenous genomes, but prior approval from Indigenous leaders was emphasized. The final video (https://youtu.be/-wivIBDjoi8) was shared with participants to use as they wish to promote awareness and ongoing discussion of genomic diagnostic inequity.

In this paper, we identify the influence of formal equality—and more specifically, formal gender equality (that is, treating men and women the same)—in central areas of major Australian family law reform over the past 20 years. Given the influence of formal equality and our concerns regarding this trend, we consider whether equality-based arguments should be abandoned entirely, at least in the family law context, and explore alternative approaches that could reframe the debate.

This article reports on recent research on some of the factors that may have led to changes in the way journalists report Violence Against Women (VAW) in Australia. Until recently, VAW has been largely reported by focusing on seemingly isolated events, rather than reporting VAW as a social problem, which has complex causes and requires a society-wide response. We report here on intensive interviews in two Australian newsrooms, both of which made decisions to campaign for social change on the issue of VAW. Two major themes that were evident in the interviews were, first, the influence of individual cases and, secondly, the important role of individual journalists and editors in driving coverage. We then examine the extent to which participants in our research saw VAW as an issue of gender inequality. We conclude with a brief discussion that places this journalism within the context of the work over more than 40 years of VAW activists and others to have VAW recognised as a social problem.

A new method to generate short wavelength Free Electron Laser output with modulated polarisation at attosecond timescales is presented. Simulations demonstrate polarisation switching timescales that are four orders of magnitude faster than the current state of the art and, at X-Ray wavelengths, approaching the atomic unit of time of approximately $24$~attoseconds. Such polarisation control has significant potential in the study of ultra-fast atomic and molecular processes. The output alternates between either orthogonal linear or circularly polarised light without the need for any polarising optical elements. This facilitates operation at the high brightness X-ray wavelengths associated with FELs. As the method uses an afterburner configuration it would be relatively easy to install at exciting FEL facilities, greatly expanding their research capability., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the Practical Obstetric Multi-Professional Training (PROMPT) simulation using the Kirkpatrick’s framework. We explored participants’ acquisition of knowledge and skills, its impact on clinical outcomes and organisational change to integrate the PROMPT programme as a credentialing tool. We also aimed to assess participants’ perception of usefulness of PROMPT in their clinical practice.Study designMixed methods approach with a pre-test/post-test design.SettingHealthcare network providing obstetric care in Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsMedical and midwifery staff attending PROMPT between 2013 and 2015 (n=508); clinical outcomes were evaluated in two cohorts: 2011–2012 (n=15 361 births) and 2014–2015 (n=12 388 births).InterventionAttendance of the PROMPT programme, a simulation programme taught in multidisciplinary teams to facilitate teaching emergency obstetric skills.Main outcome measureClinical outcomes compared before and after embedding PROMPT in educational practice.Secondary outcome measureAssessment of knowledge gained by participants through a qualitative analysis and description of process of embedding PROMPT in educational practice.ResultsThere was a change in the management of postpartum haemorrhage by early recognition and intervention. The key learning themes described by participants were being prepared with a prior understanding of procedures and equipment, communication, leadership and learning in a safe, supportive environment. Participants reported a positive learning experience and increase in confidence in managing emergency obstetric situations through the PROMPT programme, which was perceived as a realistic demonstration of the emergencies.ConclusionParticipants reported an improvement of both clinical and non-technical skills highlighting principles of teamwork, communication, leadership and prioritisation in an emergency situation. An improvement was observed in management of postpartum haemorrhage, but no significant change was noted in clinical outcomes over a 2-year period after PROMPT. However, the skills acquired by medical and midwifery staff justify embedding PROMPT in educational programmes.

Reg Graycar and Jenny Morgan’s The Hidden Gender of Law was published in 1990.1 On 10 March 2015, at Melbourne Law School, Jenny Morgan and Reg Graycar gave the annual International Women’s Day lecture. The lecture was organised by Abbey Ley and Amelia Eddy, the 2015 Women’s Officers of the Melbourne Law School Law Students’ Society. Reg and Jenny were invited to stage a conversation in order to consider the production, reception and legacy of their book.

Introduction/Objectives In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), myofibres die with a necrotic morphology, however the cell death mechanisms are largely unknown. Inflammation plays a significant part in muscle degeneration. Necroptosis is a newly identified programmed form of necrosis, which is driven by receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3). It plays a major role in the inflammation-induced injuries in several tissues. We are currently investigating the involvement of necroptosis in DMD pathogenesis. Materials/Patients and methods In vitro, muscle cells were challenged with inflammatory stimuli, with or without various protein inhibitors. Cell toxicity was monitored by the quantification of ATP content (reflecting cell survival) and protease realease (reflecting membrane permeability) In vivo, dystrophic skeletal muscles from mdx mice (a mouse model for DMD) were analyzed. Mdx mice were crossed with RIPK3 KO mice. Results In vitro, we found that TNFα can trigger necroptosis in C2C12 cell line, suggesting that muscle cells can undergo necroptosis upon inflammatory challenge. In vivo, we found evidence of necroptosis in human and mouse dystrophin-deficient muscles. By depleting RIPK3 in mdx mice, we significantly decreased myonecrosis. Conclusions Our data suggest that the necroptosis machinery is involved in the cell death affecting myofibres in DMD pathogenesis.

This article charts aspects of the engagement by formal law reform agencies with feminist ideas in the context of homicide law reform. This requires, of course, a concentration on violence against women. The article uses law reform work on the provocation defence to map the ways in which violence against women was an apparent driver of reform. It has Victorian law reform as its focus, and concentrates on the various manifestations of independent law reform agencies in Victoria – the Victorian Law Reform Commission (VLRC), and its two predecessor agencies, the Law Reform Commission of Victoria (LRCV) and the Law Reform Commissioner. The article explores the thesis that when law reform, at least homicide law reform, is driven by the social context in which the legal phenomenon of interest occurs, one is more likely to get progressive legal change than where reform is driven by legal categories. However, that social context had itself to be configured and the paper briefly traces the identification of ‘domestic violence’ as a social phenomenon.

Background: Linkage studies by us and others have confirmed that chromosome 1q23.3 is a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. Based on this information, several research groups have published evidence that markers within both the RGS4 and CAPON genes, which are 700 kb apart, independently showed allelic association with schizophrenia. Tests of allelic association with both of these genes in our case control sample were negative. Therefore, we carried out further fine mapping between the RGS4 and CAPON genes.Methods: Twenty-nine SNP and microsatellite markers in the 1q23.3 region were genotyped in the United Kingdom based sample of 450 cases and 450 supernormal control subjects.Results: We detected positive allelic association after the eighth marker was genotyped and found that three microsatellite markers (p = .011, p = .014, p = .049) and two SNPs (p = .004, p = .043) localized in the 700 kb region between the RGS4 and CAPON genes, within the UHMK1 gene, were associated with schizophrenia. Tests of significance for marker rs10494370 remained significant following Bonferroni correction (alpha = .006) for multiple tests. Tests of haplotypic association were also significant for UHMK1 (p = .009) using empirical permutation tests, which make it unnecessary to further correct for both multiple alleles and multiple markers.Conclusions: These results provide preliminary evidence that the UHMK1 gene increases susceptibility to schizophrenia. Further confirmation in adequately powered samples is needed. UHMK1 is a serine threonine kinase nuclear protein and is highly expressed in regions of the brain implicated in schizophrenia.

The chromosome 1q23.3 region, which includes the RGS4 gene has been implicated in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia by two linkage studies with lod scores of 6.35 and 3.20 and with positive lod between 2.00 and 3.00 scores in several other studies. Reduced post mortem RGS4 gene expression in the brain of schizophrenics was reported as well as positive allelic association between markers at the RGS4 gene locus and schizophrenia. We have attempted to replicate the finding of allelic association with schizophrenia in a UK based sample of 450 subjects with schizophrenia and 450 supernormal controls. We genotyped the same SNP marker alleles investigated in the earlier studies and also a di-nucleotide (GT)(14) repeat microsatellite marker, which was 7 kb distal to RGS4. In the new UK sample there was no evidence for allelic or haplotypic association between RGS4 markers and schizophrenia. This might reflect genetic heterogeneity between the population samples, genotyping or other methodological problems. The finding weakens the evidence that mutations or variation in the RGS4 gene have an effect on schizophrenia susceptibility. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Australia's version of the popular genre of the "victim-feminism" debate played out via a case of sexual harassment in a university college, in which two young women alleged that they had been sexually harassed by the master [chief executive officer] of their college. This event became much more than a matter of parochial interest when one of Australia's best-known novelists decided to write a book about it. The book generated enormous media attention, though this was often very polarized and not very useful in furthering our understanding of sexual harassment. However, there was some interesting debate in the wake of the book that did manage to transcend the dichotomy of "power" versus "powerlessness." La version australienne du debat populaire du « feminisme de victimisation » s'est deroulee par le biais d'un cas de harcelement sexuel dans un college universitaire, dans lequel deux jeunes femmes ont allegue avoir ete harcelees sexuellement par le maitre [p. d.g.] de leur college. Cet evenement a eu une portee qui deborde largement son lieu d'origine lorsque l'une des romancieres les plus connues en Australie a decide d'ecrire un livre a ce sujet. Le livre a ete tresmediatise, bien que les reportages aient ete souvent tres polarises et sans grande utilite pour approfondir notre comprehension du harcelement sexuel. Il y a eu, neanmoins, dans la foulee de la publication du livre, un debat interessant qui a reussi a transcender la dichotomie du « pouvoir » face a « l'impuissance ».

(2004). Examining Understandings of Equality: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? Australian Feminist Law Journal: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 23-42.

Background Little is known about the association between alcohol outlet density (AOD) and mortality, and there is a lack of UK longitudinal studies. Results of our previous study on change in AOD and alcohol-related harm to population health (CHALICE) showed that higher availability of alcohol was related to alcohol-related hospital admission. This study aimed to extend this work to investigate the association between AOD and alcohol-related mortality while taking account of migration. Methods Data for the entire population of Wales with a general practice registration on Jan 1, 2006, (n=3 136 881) and follow-up for 24 quarters were record linked using individual identifiers to Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality files within the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank. The Welsh Demographic Service dataset provided information on age, sex, and the lower super output areas (LSOAs) of residence at each of the 24 quarters. To each LSOA at each quarter we linked deprivation fifths using the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2008 and Rural Urban class as defined by the ONS. AOD was estimated using a mean weighted network distance of all residences to all outlets within a 10 min walk for each LSOA and linked to the dataset by LSOA. Alcohol-related deaths were identified according to the ONS definition. Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios for mortality associated with quintiles of AOD, adjusting for age, deprivation fifth, and Rural Urban class as time-varying covariates. Migration was accounted for by allowing AOD, deprivation fifth, and Rural Urban class to vary with LSOA moves at every quarter. Findings Of the 2224 alcohol-related deaths 634 (29%) were in areas of the highest AOD quintile. People living in areas of highest AOD had a higher risk of alcohol-related death than those in the lowest AOD quintile (hazard ratio 1·61, 95% CI 1·37–1·89; p Interpretation Increased alcohol availability was associated with a higher risk of alcohol-related death, adjusted for age, sex, and other factors. Although we have included change of outlet density for individuals through quarterly migration between areas, future work should include the change in outlet density in each area over time. Funding Part funded by the National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research and the National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research Programme. The funders had no role in the writing of the abstract or the decision to submit it for publication.

Carers of those with mental health problems are said to carry the main burden of care, but exactly what this ‘burden’ constitutes varies from culture to culture and over time with changes to mental health legislation and services (Awad & Voruganti, 2008). The burden may be economic, physical or psychological, but it is invariably emotional. Evidence of the care-giving burden of carers from less developed countries tend to emphasize a lack of resources (Seloiwe, 2006; Chien et al., 2007) and carers’ feelings of shame and stigmatization (Chou et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2008). Carers feel excluded and marginalized (Gray et al., 2009; Jacobson & Severingson, 2006), although good social support has been found to reduce carers’ perceived burden (Chien & Norman, 2003). The theme of feeling excluded persists despite attempts in various countries to develop policy and guidance for family involvement in service users’ care (Health Department of Western Australia, 1999; Department of Health, 1999). In an Australian study (Wynaden & Orb, 2005), carers identifi ed that a lack of collaboration increased their level of distress, leaving them feeling frustrated and resentful. They identifi ed patient confi dentiality as one reason why health professionals were unwilling to collaborate with them. Similarly, in a Rethink survey (1999), carers reported that confi dentiality was the main reason given for professionals withholding information from them. In Western Australia (Kling et al., 2008), a scheme to employ carer consultants showed that there are diffi culties with staff attitudes to carer involvement. The diffi culties in the relationship between professionals and carers might be explained by the ambiguity around confi dentiality legislation. In Britain, legislation and guidance for e.g. the Data Protection Act 1998, Human Rights Act 1998, National Services Framework 1999, Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995 and Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004, is plentiful but inconsistent. For example, the Data Protection Act 1998 might be contravened when contacting the nearest relative prior to a Mental Health Act 1983 assessment. However, without the patient’s consent, carers cannot be involved in care-planning discussions. Carers are entitled to a carer’s assessment (Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995) but an appointment with the professional telling them about their loved one’s condition, prognosis and how to help improve their quality of life may be what is wanted and more benefi cial. The authors (JL, LL), carers of their son who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia, carried out a survey of 217 fellow carers at a number of meetings, including the Rethink users’ and carers’ support groups in the UK. From 1,302 responses to two questions, 34 problems were identifi ed by the carers. The two questions were

Introduction 1.Self-advocacy, autonomy and empowerment Part 1: The theorists 2. The cognitive developmental theorists 3. The psychoanalytical theorists 4. Skinner and the learning theorists Part 2: The educational implications 5. The cognitive developmental theorists 6. The psychoanalytical theorists 7. Skinner and the learning theorists Part 3: Areas of development 8. Communication and interaction 9. Cognition and learning 10. Behavioural, emotional and social development 11. Sensory and physical development 12. Conclusion

The ability to generate expanded populations of individual cell types able to undergo normal differentiation in vitro and in vivo is of critical importance in the investigation of the mechanisms that underlie differentiation and in studies on the use of cell transplantation to repair damaged tissues. This review discusses two different approaches to the generation of expanded cell populations with phenotypes useful for either of these purposes. In one line of research, an analysis of the growth control properties of glial precursor cells of the CNS has revealed that cooperation between appropriate mitogens can promote extended precursor division in the absence of differentiation, thus allowing unprecedented expansion of a primary cell population without resort to the expression of activated oncogenes in the cells of interest. In a second line of research, H-2K b tsA58 transgenic mice have been developed in order to allow the direct derivation of conditionally immortal cell lines from many tissues of the body simply by dissection and growth of cells under permissive conditions. In both instances, cells grown for extended periods in vitro displayed normal patterns of differentiation when reintroduced in vivo . In addition, conditionally immortal astrocytes derived from H-2K b tsA58 mice appear to offer a simple cellular model for studying the ability of glial scar tissue to inhibit migration of glial precursor cells and extension of neurites from mature neurons.

Previous research into the use of information by social care workers has revealed low levels of information usage due to factors such as lack of time, high case loads and a history of limited information use. This study examines the role and level/types of information used by mental health social workers in Leeds and Wakefield with particular relation to the early intervention approach in psychosis. A postal questionnaire was sent to mental health social workers in social services departments in Wakefield and Leeds to determine awareness of the early intervention approach, information use and attitudes towards mental health promotion and information literacy training. The results indicate a high level of awareness of mental health promotion, the early intervention approach and the importance of information as a support tool within this approach. However awareness is restricted by limited access to information sources due to time constraints, poor information and communication technology provision, and a lack of information culture in the parent organisations. The conclusions identify further areas for study and make recommendations for improving information literacy training in this professional area.

Chromosome 5q33 is a region that has previously shown good evidence of linkage to schizophrenia, with four LOD scores >3.00 in independent linkage studies. We studied 450 unrelated white English, Irish, Welsh, and Scottish research subjects with schizophrenia and 450 ancestrally matched supernormal controls. Four adjacent markers at the 5' end of the Epsin 4 gene showed significant evidence of linkage disequilibrium with schizophrenia. These included two microsatellite markers, D5S1403 (P = .01) and AAAT11 (P = .009), and two single-nucleotide-polymorphism markers within the Epsin 4 gene, rs10046055 (P = .007) and rs254664 (P = .01). A series of different two- and three-marker haplotypes were also significantly associated with schizophrenia, as confirmed with a permutation test (HapA, P = .004; HapB, P = .0005; HapC, P = .007; and HapD, P = .01). The Epsin 4 gene encodes the clathrin-associated protein enthoprotin, which has a role in transport and stability of neurotransmitter vesicles at the synapses and within neurons. A genetically determined abnormality in the structure, function, or expression of enthoprotin is likely to be responsible for genetic susceptibility to a subtype of schizophrenia on chromosome 5q33.3.

Background Linkage studies have confirmed that chromosome 1q23.3 is a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. It was then claimed that markers at the carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (CAPON) gene showed allelic association with schizophrenia in Canadian families. A second Chinese study found a base pair polymorphism at the CAPON gene also associated with schizophrenia. Methods We attempted replication using eight markers from the Canadian study in a UK based sample of 450 cases and 450 supernormal controls. Results We found no evidence for allelic or haplotypic association with schizophrenia for any of the markers found to be associated in the Canadian sample. Conclusions The negative results might reflect genetic heterogeneity between the Canadian, Chinese and UK samples or be due to methodological problems. The present finding weakens the evidence that mutations or variation in the CAPON gene are causing genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia in European populations.

Summary: Suicide rates in prisons in England and Wales are high, including those in juvenile detention centers. Previous deliberate self-harm (DSH) is the strongest predictor of suicide in the general population. There is limited information on how many juvenile offenders (15 to 18 year-olds) have a history of DSH at the time of entering custody, or on factors associated with previous DSH. We aimed to determine the prevalence of previous DSH and suicidal ideation in a population of juvenile offenders in custody and to identify factors associated with DSH and suicidal ideation. Seven out of 45 subjects (15.6%) reported an act of DSH in the past. Twelve (26.6%) reported past suicidal ideation. Peer relationship difficulties and sexual abuse were significantly associated with DSH (p < 0.05). Other factors showed a trend toward being more common among those with DSH, but the premature ending of the project by the juvenile detention center prevented full investigation of the extent of DSH and associated factors. Nevertheless, the results indicated a much higher rate of DSH in this population than in young males in the community. A larger joint project with juvenile detention centers is required to confirm the extent of previous DSH at the time young offenders are admitted, and the associated risk factors, in order to assist prevention and intervention strategies.

In this age of litigation, we are increasingly concerned to fulfil our duties and follow guidelines when they are available. An example of such a duty is to advise drivers about driving in accordance with Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) Guidelines ([2001][1]). Humphreys & Roy ([1995][2

Background Previous linkage and association studies may have implicated the Dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene locus or a gene in linkage disequilibrium with DTNBP1 on chromosome 6p22.3 in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. Methods We used the case control design to test for of allelic and haplotypic association with schizophrenia in a sample of four hundred and fifty research subjects with schizophrenia and four hundred and fifty ancestrally matched supernormal controls. We genotyped the SNP markers previously found to be significantly associated with schizophrenia in the original study and also other markers found to be positive in subsequent studies. Results We could find no evidence of allelic, genotypic or haplotypic association with schizophrenia in our UK sample. Conclusion The results suggest that the DTNBP1 gene contribution to schizophrenia must be rare or absent in our sample. The discrepant allelic association results in previous studies of association between DTNBP1 and schizophrenia could be due population admixture. However, even positive studies of European populations do not show any consistent DTNBP1 alleles or haplotypes associated with schizophrenia. Further research is needed to resolve these issues. The possible confounding of linkage with association in family samples already showing linkage at 6p22.3 might be revealed by testing genes closely linked to DTNBP1 for allelic association and by restricting family based tests of association to only one case per family.