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As a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor, low distress tolerance predicts a wide variety of psychopathology. The current article extends past research, which has typically adopted an individual-differences approach, by articulating a social-cognitive theory of momentary distress tolerance. This new model intentionally separates actions taken to remain engaged with distress (i.e., tolerance) from avoidance/escape actions associated with intolerance, and highlights willingness to experience distress as central to tolerance. In addition, self-efficacy for tolerating distress is highlighted as a central predictor of the tolerance/intolerance process, influenced by distress intensity and momentary psychological resources (e.g., hunger, tiredness, degree of life stressors, social support). Finally, the model also explains how repeated experiences of distress tolerance and/or intolerance coalesce into a global self-perception indicative of individual differences in distress tolerance. Reasons why the proposed model has the potential to overcome current challenges in distress tolerance research are reviewed, and future directions for both research and clinical practice are highlighted.

Self-stigma involves internalized negative evaluation in people with a societally prescribed label (i.e., mental health diagnosis). Thus, measures of self-stigma due to mental illness exclude people without a diagnosis who may negatively evaluate themselves because of their emotions-a process we define as self-invalidation due to emotion. In the current research, we introduced a novel measure of self-invalidation due to emotion distinct from measures of self-stigma due to mental illness and perceived emotion invalidation. After expert review of the item pool (Study 1), and principal component (Study 2) and confirmatory factor analysis (Study 3), a 10-item scale for Self-Invalidation Due to Emotion Scale (SIDES) was developed, with subscales of self-invalidation due to high and low emotional experience. A college student and community sample (Study 4) confirmed test-retest reliability and demonstrated that greater self-invalidation due to high emotional experience predicted greater emotion dysregulation, emotional reactivity and expressivity, and beliefs about emotion uncontrollability. In contrast, greater self-invalidation due to low emotional experience predicted less emotional reactivity and expressivity, and greater beliefs about emotion controllability. Finally, in a community sample of people with a history of mental illness (Study 5), greater self-invalidation due to high but not low emotional experience predicted symptoms of borderline personality pathology and distress regardless of self-stigma due to mental illness or perceived emotion invalidation. The current research supports the SIDES as a psychometrically sound, more inclusive measure of self-stigma, relevant for predicting distress and maladaptive emotional tendencies in people with and without a mental illness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceived emotion invalidation is linked to the development or worsening of a variety of emotional and physical health conditions. However, prior studies are largely cross-sectional and whether there are day-to-day effects of generally feeling invalidated is unknown.We examined the relations between perceived emotion invalidation and momentary affect, average daily affect, and the experience of daily stressors among a sample of young adults using ecological momentary assessment (EMA).Participants (Higher perceived emotion invalidation predicted lower momentary positive affect. Perceived invalidation also interacted with social context such that higher emotion invalidation predicted greater negative affect when participants were with non-close others (i.e., co-workers, acquaintances). Only participants with high perceived emotional invalidation experienced increased stress alongside heightened daily negative affect.These results provide preliminary evidence that feeling emotionally invalidated may predict affective experiences, including how emotions are momentarily experienced and how life stressors are interpreted when they are later reflected on.

Due to prior work suggesting dynamic fluctuations in quit motivation over time, the current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine contextual predictors of momentary quit motivation, most notably perceived self-regulation. The sample (n = 84) intentionally excluded smokers actively trying to quit and those who plan to never quit, focusing on the group of smokers who are interested in but not yet committed to quitting. Participants completed one week of EMA, where they responded to random prompts 7x/day and logged each cigarette. At each prompt, they completed measures assessing cigarette craving, affect (positive and negative), quit motivation, and perceived momentary self-regulation (i.e., willpower self-efficacy, distress intolerance, craving uncontrollability). Participants also completed a nightly prompt where they reported their quit intentions. Results revealed that the newly developed 4-item index of quit motivation had strong psychometric properties, and demonstrated fluctuations over time and across situations. Quit motivation was higher when craving was ideographically lower than usual, and when willpower was higher than usual. People with higher distress intolerance reported higher quit motivation. In addition, stronger quit motivation and less variability in quit motivation was associated with higher quit intentions. The current study suggests that quit motivation does shift dynamically and speaks to the potential importance of targeting craving and willpower self-efficacy to enhance people's motivation to quit.

Recent work suggests that the cognitive process of justification, which is the act of generating an excuse to give in to temptation prior to acting, can license tempting behavior and disrupt long term goal pursuit. However, the emotional repercussions of justification are unknown. We examined the effect of justification on self-control failure and subsequent emotion in two studies depicting an initiatory self-control situation (i.e., when the long-term goal is to act and the temptation is to do nothing). We predicted that self-control failure via justification would result in less negative and more positive affect compared to self-control failure without justification. In Study 1, participants reported on a vignette character, and in Study 2 they reported on what they would do in the context of a dilemma of whether or not to exercise. Across studies, self-control failure was associated with increased negative affect and decreased positive affect. The two studies differed in terms of whether justification increased (Study 1) or decreased (Study 2) likelihood of self-control failure. This study extends justification findings beyond initiatory self-control situations (i.e., when the temptation is to do something active and long-term goal involves restraint) and clearly ties self-control decisions to affective processes.

Research has shown that growing up in an environment in which emotions are invalidated (i.e., ignored or responded to negatively) by parents is associated with later difficulties regulating emotions. Meanwhile, dispositional mindfulness has been shown to engender a greater capacity for emotion regulation, through use of adaptive strategies like cognitive reframing and minimizing use of maladaptive strategies like expressive suppression. The current study aimed to explore the role of invalidating childhood environments on use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression as emotion regulation skills and to investigate the role of mindfulness in this relationship. Participants were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk ( n = 1094, Mage = 58.3% women) and completed self-report measures assessing perceptions of maternal invalidation, mindfulness, and emotion regulation. Results demonstrated that the mindfulness facets of describing, non-judging, and non-reactivity partially mediated the relationship between perception of maternal invalidation and expressive suppression. Awareness and non-reactivity were found to mediate the relationship between perception of maternal invalidation and cognitive reappraisal. Clinical implications are discussed.

Previous work has examined the effect of specificity and temporal focus (i.e., memory vs. imagination) on people’s cognition and associated affect. Here, using experience sampling methods, we take these previously addressed questions out of the laboratory into daily-life settings. Participants ( N = 228) were randomly assigned to a specificity or control condition, and recorded imagined or recalled scenarios twice a day for 1 week. Results revealed a main effect of specificity where specificity prompts resulted in written scenarios that were rated by independent judges as more creative, more positive, less negative, more coherent, and incorporated more sensory content. Specificity had few direct influences on affect, though an interaction showed that imagined scenarios with specificity prompts resulted in reduced self-reported anxiety. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Preliminary evidence indicates that people’s sexual consent (i.e., their willingness to engage in sexual activity and communication of that willingness) varies across time and context. Study designs that assess sexual consent at multiple time points (e.g., experience sampling methodology [ESM]) are needed to better understand the within-person variability of sexual consent. However, extant validated measures of sexual consent are not appropriate for ESM studies, which require shorter assessments due to the increased burden this methodology has on participants. As such, the goal of the present study was to develop ESM measures of sexual consent based on items that have previously been validated for use in cross-sectional surveys. We selected items that balanced face validity as evidenced by cognitive interviews (n = 10) and content validity as evidenced by experts’ ratings (n = 6). To assess the construct validity and feasibility of these items, we administered the selected ESM measures of sexual consent in a seven-day pilot study (n = 12). The results suggested that the ESM measures developed in the present study were a valid and feasible assessment of people’s experience-specific internal consent feelings and external consent communication. We conclude with recommendations for sex researchers interested in ESM.

Background Smoking quit intentions (i.e., plans or commitments to reduce smoking) are distinct from quit motivation (i.e., desire to quit). Motivation to quit is a dynamic avoidance motivational state, likely subject to frequent fluctuations and shifts based on environmental context, similar to craving (an approach motivational state). Moreover, people's perceptions of motivational instability may influence their momentary quit motivation and beliefs surrounding their abilities to manage the quit process successfully. Methods In the current study, smokers were recruited online. Baseline motivation to quit was examined along with perceptions of motivational instability. Participants who reported some interest in eventually quitting (n = 174; Mage = 45.29, SD = 14.81, 74.1% women) were randomly assigned to negative affect, cigarette or neutral cue conditions and then momentary motivation to quit was assessed, followed by a validated index of quit intentions. Results Participants in the negative affect and cigarette cue conditions reported greater momentary motivation to quit than participants in the neutral condition (F = 3.73, p = .03), particularly for people who reported upfront that their motivation did not change from day-to-day (F = 3.97, p = .02). In addition, greater momentary quit motivation predicted stronger quit intentions (B = 0.66, p Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that motivation to quit is likely dynamic and influenced by context as well as by self-perceptions. Implications suggest that further efforts to separate motivation from intention may be useful in understanding smokers' desires and plans to quit smoking.

This paper assesses countries with transboundary water resources that are at risk for instability. Water security, a term we use in our work to refer to an individual’s, community’s or state’s access to freshwater resources at the right time, quality, and quantity, is becoming of increasing concern due to rising populations, development, and climate change. Building upon the Basins at Risk project at Oregon State University, we used updated Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database geospatial physical, social, and hydrological data to assess the water-related stability of countries in transboundary freshwater basins. We selected five countries to conduct case studies by assessing three parameters: percentage of territory within a shared basin, number of shared basins, and/or dependency ratio of a country on water resources originating from outside its borders. Given the availability of data and to cover a wider geographic distribution, we selected Afghanistan, China, Iraq, Moldova, and Sudan as our case studies. We created a series of 30 maps at 2 scales to spatially analyze the population density, institutional capacity, and water withdrawals, in addition to assessing each country’s water profile. We developed a resiliency tool to analyze these parameters and scored each country to determine whether a country is at risk for water-related instability. We found that while China has a high water-related resilience, Iraq has a low water-related resilience and Afghanistan, Moldova, and Sudan fall within a low to mid-low resilience range.

Terrorist organizations destabilize governments through violent and coercive acts that include the use of water resources as a target. Scholars in security studies recognize water as a strategic re...

The current study extends cue-reactivity research by evaluating impulsive valuation as an outcome of exposure to food cues. This study also separates introspection after viewing cues (e.g., responding to questions about craving and affect) from mere cue exposure, to examine if introspection changes self-regulation behaviors in response to food cues. Finally, we compared restrained and unrestrained eaters to ascertain the influence of motivation toward food on how cue-reactivity influences impulsive behavior. In the current study, restrained and unrestrained eaters were randomly assigned to view food or neutral cues and were randomized to respond to cues with either craving and affect questions (e.g., introspection) or filler questions. Following cue exposure, participants completed a purchase task as a measure of impulsive lack of self-control. Results revealed that unrestrained eaters who introspected on craving and affect showed decreased impulsive behavior, whereas restrained eaters who introspected on craving and affect showed increased impulsive behavior. Although there was no effect of food cues on impulsive behavior, the interaction of introspective response and restraint status suggests that attending to craving and affect has differential effects on subsequent self-control behavior for restrained and unrestrained eaters. Implications for further cue-reactivity work and treatment of chronic dieters (i.e., restrained eaters) will be discussed.

Sexual consent is often conceptualized as an internal willingness to engage in sexual activity, which can be communicated externally to a sexual partner. Internal sexual consent comprises feelings of physical response, safety/comfort, arousal, agreement/want, and readiness; external sexual consent includes communication cues that may be explicit or implicit and verbal or nonverbal. Most previous research on sexual consent has focused on between-person differences; little attention has been devoted to examining the within-person variation of sexual consent across time. We conducted a 28-day experience sampling methodology (ESM) study with a sample of adults (N = 113) to assess fluctuations in internal and external sexual consent across a given person’s sexual events. We found that more than 50% and up to 80% of the variance in sexual consent scores could be accounted for by within-person variability. The type of sexual behavior participants engaged in during a sexual event predicted their internal and external consent. Further, internal consent feelings predicted external consent communication. Overall, our findings provided initial evidence regarding the extent that situational contexts are relevant for sexual consent. ESM study designs may be used to further investigate the potential contextual, intrapersonal, and interpersonal factors associated with internal and external sexual consent.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) alterative model of personality disorders, severity of personality dysfunction theoretically involves deficits in identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy. We predicted that people with greater personality dysfunction would experience more problems in daily life, particularly problems associated with self-efficacy for engaging with affect and self-control (i.e., subjective willpower and distress intolerance), along with greater intensity of life stressors and higher perceived invalidation from others. Using ecological momentary assessment, participants (N = 99) were randomly prompted 7 times a day for 1 week, where they were asked questions about momentary affect, their perceived level of momentary distress tolerance, and their momentary willpower. Each night they were also asked about stressors experienced that day and intensity of their subjective response to those stressors and their daily experience of being invalidated. Results found that higher personality dysfunction, assessed at baseline, predicted greater daily negative affect, less daily positive affect, more intensely experienced stressors, and more perceived invalidation. We also found that personality dysfunction interacted with positive affect in predicting momentary self-efficacy and daily invalidation; people with greater personality dysfunction experienced lower momentary willpower, higher distress intolerance and stronger perceived invalidation alongside lower positive affect. These findings provide evidence that personality functioning influences daily life as well as support the use of the alterative model of personality disorders in conceptualizing personality pathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

According to the DSM-5 alterative model of personality disorders (AMPD), severity of personality dysfunction theoretically involves deficits in identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy. We predicted that people with greater personality dysfunction would experience more problems in daily life, particularly problems associated with self-efficacy for engaging with affect and self-control (i.e., subjective willpower and distress intolerance), along with greater intensity of life stressors and higher perceived invalidation from others. Using ecological momentary assessment, participants (N = 99) were randomly prompted seven times a day for one week, where they were asked questions about momentary affect, their perceived level of momentary distress tolerance, and their momentary willpower. Each night they were also asked about stressors experienced that day and intensity of their subjective response to those stressors, and their daily experience of being invalidated. Results found that higher personality dysfunction, assessed at baseline, predicted greater daily negative affect, less daily positive affect, more intensely experienced stressors, and more perceived invalidation. We also found that personality dysfunction interacted with positive affect in predicting momentary self-efficacy and daily invalidation; people with greater personality dysfunction experienced lower momentary willpower, higher distress intolerance and stronger perceived invalidation alongside lower positive affect. These findings provide evidence that personality functioning influences daily life, as well as support the use of the AMPD in conceptualizing personality pathology

Self-control concerns the successful management of the conflicting desires or emotions toward which the self is in some sense invested. The prospects for self-control are affected by how these desires and emotions are represented, and this chapter argues for giving special attention to how people frame temptations with respect to their sense of self. Drawing on philosopher Harry Frankfurt’s concept of identification, which is supposed to establish the boundaries for what is internal and external to the self, the authors distinguish two attitudes that a person can take toward her temptations: acceptance and alienation. They describe their descriptive and laboratory studies testing, among other things, whether those who accept their temptations as part of the self fare better at self-control than do those who alienate their temptations as external to the self. The results show significant differences, but they do not paint a simple picture of the relationship.

Although willpower—a common synonym for self-control—is typically construed as an individual difference, people may experience subjective shifts in their momentary willpower over time and based on context, where context includes affect. People who struggle with self-control (i.e., those with externalizing problems such as substance use, difficulties with eating, and those with borderline personality features) may be particularly vulnerable to willpower fluctuations. In three studies with four different sample groups (college students without borderline features: n = 49; borderline features group: n = 50; current smokers: n = 61; chronic dieters: n = 92), participants completed one week of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) where momentary willpower, positive affect, negative affect, tiredness, and distress intolerance were assessed randomly 7 times per day. Smokers and dieters provided additional reports about states prior to smoking and eating. Results revealed that higher momentary willpower was associated with lower negative affect and greater positive affect. Smokers and dieters reported lower willpower immediately before smoking and eating, respectively, and reported lower willpower alongside heightened craving uncontrollability. Lower momentary willpower also was associated with higher tiredness and concurrent distress intolerance. Finally, lower willpower predicted subsequent distress intolerance via time-lagged analyses for the psychopathology groups (borderline features, smokers, and dieters) only. Overall, this study suggests that perceptions of willpower are indicators of self-control self-efficacy, particularly for those who struggle with externalizing problems.

Intrapersonal affective styles and emotion regulation strategies have been studied at length and identified as predictors of affective distress (i.e., depression and anxiety symptoms). Less research has evaluated the extent to which distress is predicted by interpersonal factors, like how others respond to people's emotions. Perceived emotion invalidation is one interpersonal factor that occurs when people feel others have negatively evaluated their emotions as unacceptable. Across three studies with both online and college student samples, the current research evaluated perceived invalidation as a predictor of psychological distress while controlling for intrapersonal styles and emotion regulation strategies known to predict distress. Results revealed that perceived emotion invalidation predicted greater affective distress above and beyond: emotional reactivity and expressivity, negative affect, and emotion dysregulation (Study 1); cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation strategies (Study 2); and self-compassion, emotional intelligence, and experiential avoidance (Study 3). These findings suggest that how people perceive others to respond to their emotions contributes to distress more so than simply how people respond to or regulate their own emotions.

Emotion invalidation is theoretically and empirically associated with mental and physical health problems. However, existing measures of invalidation focus on past (e.g., childhood) invalidation and/or do not specifically emphasize invalidation of emotion. In this article, the authors articulate a clarified operational definition of emotion invalidation and use that definition as the foundation for development of a new measure of current perceived emotion invalidation across a series of five studies. Study 1 was a qualitative investigation of people's experiences with emotional invalidation from which we generated items. An initial item pool was vetted by expert reviewers in Study 2 and examined via exploratory factor analysis in Study 3 within both college student and online samples. The scale was reduced to 10 items via confirmatory factor analysis in Study 4, resulting in a brief but psychometrically promising measure, the Perceived Invalidation of Emotion Scale (PIES). A short-term longitudinal investigation (Study 5) revealed that PIES scores had strong test-retest reliability, and that greater perceived emotion invalidation was associated with greater emotion dysregulation, borderline features and symptoms of emotional distress. In addition, the PIES predicted changes in relational health and psychological health over a 1-month period. The current set of studies thus presents a psychometrically promising and practical measure of perceived emotion invalidation that can provide a foundation for future research in this burgeoning area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Depression has been linked to multiple forms of aggressive behavior in college students; however, it is unclear which aspects of depression explain this connection. Anhedonia, defined as the loss of interest and/or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities, may provide unique information about relationships between depression and aggression. Using cross-sectional data from two independent samples of college students ( N = 747 and N = 736 for Study 1 and Study 2, respectively), we examined whether anhedonia helped explain the relationship between broader depressive symptoms and different forms of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Anhedonia accounted for variance in both self-directed aggression and antisocial behavior independent of gender, hostility, anger, other depressive symptoms, and cognitive distortions (Study 2). In addition, there were significant indirect effects of depressive symptoms on self-directed aggression (Studies 1 and 2) and antisocial behavior (Study 2) via anhedonia. Hypotheses involving other-directed aggression received mixed support, with anhedonia atemporally associated with other-directed aggression independent of broader depressive symptoms in Study 1, but not in Study 2. The current findings suggest that anhedonia is an important individual difference that helps explain the relationship between depression and aggressive and antisocial acts and that anhedonia may be differentially associated with various types of aggressive and antisocial behavior.

Our aim was to develop a taxonomy of commonly experienced goals and temptations. We expected to find evidence of interpersonal self-control challenges and avoidance temptations (e.g., avoid a difficult conversation), as these are anecdotally frequent but under represented in the psychological literature. In Study 1, we used qualitative coding to develop a taxonomy, after asking people to describe a goal and a competing temptation in four recent personal situations involving self-control failure. From these narrative descriptions, we identified categories of goals and temptations and then coded each scenario. We then verified the frequency of these goal and temptation categories (Study 2). Findings revealed many instances of interpersonal self-control challenges and some evidence of avoidance temptations, as well as the common phenomenon of being tempted to “not do the goal.” We discuss the variability in how people describe their goals in terms of approach and avoidance framing with the intention of outlining avenues for future research on commonly experienced self-control scenarios.

Increasingly, professionalism has been recognized as a core competency for health service professionals and is the domain in which vexing competence problems are observed in trainees. We begin by d...

Despite the burgeoning literature on professionalism in other health professions, psychology lags behind in the level of attention given to this core competency. In this article, we review definitions from other health professions and how they address professionalism. Next, we review how this competency evolved within health service psychology (HSP), and we propose a definition. We offer an approach for assessing professionalism within HSP. Consideration is given to strategies and methods for providing effective education and training in this multifaceted competency. Finally, recommendations are made for creating a culture of professionalism within HSP and honoring psychology’s social contract with multiple publics.

Research methods and statistics are core courses in the undergraduate psychology major. To assess learning outcomes, it would be useful to have a measure that assesses research methods and statistical literacy beyond course grades. In two studies, we developed and provided initial validation results for a research methods and statistical knowledge concept inventory for eventual use in further scholarship of teaching and learning. In Study 1, we created vignettes and administered open-ended questions to psychology subject pool students. In Study 2, we refined the vignettes and created multiple-choice items using participant responses from Study 1. After administering the measure to psychology subject pool students and a community-based sample of Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, we used item response theory to select 20 items to compose the final Psychological Research Inventory of Concepts.

The current set of three studies further evaluates the validity and application of the Psychological Research Inventory of Concepts (PRIC). In Study 1, we administered the PRIC to a sample of introductory psychology students and online (Mechanical Turk) participants along with measures assessing theoretically related concepts. We found evidence of concurrent validity by demonstrating that PRIC scores relate to education, cognitive effort, and general psychological knowledge. In Study 2, we demonstrated that advanced psychology majors score higher on the PRIC than college graduates who did not major in psychology, suggesting that the PRIC assesses domain-specific knowledge and may be useful in assessment of the undergraduate psychology major. Finally, in Study 3, we demonstrated that scores on the PRIC increase from the start to the end of a research methods course. Together, these studies provide further evidence that the PRIC may be a useful index of learning research methods and statistical knowledge important for the undergraduate psychology degree.

Background Limited research has addressed the role of anhedonia in predicting suicidality and/or nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adults, despite evidence suggesting that loss of interest or pleasure may increase vulnerability for self-inflicted harm, even beyond other depressive symptoms. Methods In the current study, we explored the role of symptoms of depression and recent changes in anhedonia in predicting suicidality, NSSI ideation, and perceptions of NSSI helpfulness among individuals with a history of NSSI or suicide attempts (N=187). Results We found that changes in anhedonia partially mediated the effect of depression on suicidality, and fully mediated the effect of depression on perceptions of NSSI helpfulness. Anhedonia did not predict NSSI ideation above and beyond depression symptoms, and did not significantly predict NSSI frequency when accounting for suicidality. Compared to individuals with a history of NSSI only or suicide attempt only, people with a history of both NSSI and suicide attempt evidenced greater risk and symptomatology. Conclusions Results confirm the relation between anhedonia and suicidality evidenced in past research, but suggest a complex relationship between anhedonia, depression, and facets of non-suicidal self-injury.

Though awareness of the nature of water conflict and cooperation has improved over time, the likelihood of water conflicts could increase as populations continue to grow and climate change continues to manifest. This article details the nature of water conflict and water cooperation. We discuss how water conflicts can be resolved, how water can be seen as a vehicle for change between states, and future directions that can be taken in transboundary water conflict research.

This study examined if beliefs about emotion change across emotional contexts in daily life, and investigated whether people with prominent features of borderline personality pathology experience greater shifts in emotion beliefs during emotional states compared to people without borderline features. Undergraduate participants with (n = 49) and without borderline features (n = 50) completed a one week ecological momentary assessment study where 7x/day they provided ratings of affect, nine different beliefs about emotion and indicators of momentary self-efficacy. Results indicated a significant between-person element to emotion beliefs, supporting the notion of beliefs as relatively schematic. In addition, people with borderline features generally experienced greater instability of beliefs over time compared to people without borderline features. In addition, most of the beliefs about emotion shifted with either positive or negative affect. For many of the emotion beliefs, the relationships between affect and belief were moderated by borderline group. Finally, momentary beliefs about emotion also predicted momentary self-efficacy for tolerating distress and exerting willpower. Taken together, results confirm that beliefs about emotion can fluctuate in daily life and that there are implications for emotion beliefs for people who struggle with emotion regulation and impulsivity (i.e., people with features of borderline personality) as well as for self-efficacy in tolerating emotion and engaging in goal-directed action.

The beliefs people hold about emotion are clearly relevant for emotional processes, although the social psychological research on malleability or “lay” beliefs about emotion are rarely integrated with the clinical research on emotional schemas. In the current study, we examine a variety of beliefs about emotion (e.g., beliefs that emotions can be changed, beliefs that negative emotions are bad, beliefs that emotions should not be expressed, beliefs that emotions control behavior, beliefs that emotions last “forever”) along with other emotion belief measures and measures of psychopathology (general psychological distress, borderline personality), emotion dysregulation, interpersonal emotional attributions (emotional expressivity, interpersonal emotion regulation) and psychological flexibility (mindfulness, emotional intelligence). In a combined sample of undergraduates (n = 162) and adults from Mechanical Turk (n = 197), we found that beliefs about the longevity and uniqueness of emotions were unique predictors of psychopathology, even after controlling for age and gender. We also found that after controlling for symptoms of psychopathology, beliefs about longevity and that negative emotions are bad predicted greater emotion dysregulation and lower mindfulness. Beliefs that emotions should be kept to the self and a preference of logic over emotion predicted less emotional expressivity, interpersonal emotion regulation, and emotional intelligence. Beliefs that emotions control behavior also predicted lower mindfulness. Finally, when asked whether they think their beliefs change during strong emotions, people who said their beliefs change (about two-thirds of the sample) reported higher symptoms of psychopathology, higher emotion dysregulation, higher use of interpersonal regulation strategies and lower mindfulness.

Introduction Distress intolerance is an important risk factor for smokers. Smokers have greater problems tolerating distress than nonsmokers, and distress intolerance is theoretically an important predictor of early lapse. However, much of the distress intolerance research has been conducted on daily smokers. Understanding distress intolerance in nondaily or intermittent smokers may help elucidate whether distress intolerance is a function of current smoking habits. Aims and Methods Daily (n = 36) and intermittent (n = 28) smokers completed behavioral distress intolerance tasks (breath holding, mirror tracing persistence, and image persistence) along with self-report measures of both general and smoking-specific distress intolerance. They also completed 1 week of ecological momentary assessment where positive and negative affect were assessed along with momentary distress intolerance, at both random times (7×/day) and immediately prior to smoking a cigarette. Results Results found no differences between intermittent and daily smokers on behavioral distress intolerance tasks or general self-reported distress intolerance. Daily smokers reported greater self-reported smoking-specific distress intolerance compared to intermittent smokers. In addition, across both smoker groups, momentary distress intolerance was higher at smoking compared to random sessions, and low positive affect predicted greater momentary distress intolerance specifically for intermittent smokers prior to smoking. Conclusions The lack of differences between daily and intermittent smokers on general distress intolerance measures suggests that distress intolerance abilities and self-perceptions are not a function of higher levels of current smoking. However, the contextual variation in momentary distress intolerance is worth further exploration in both daily and intermittent smokers. Implications The overall lack of differences between intermittent and daily smokers on distress intolerance tasks and self-report measures suggests that daily smoking is not associated with lower abilities to manage or tolerate distress at the individual difference level. However, understanding fluctuations in distress intolerance across time and context is crucial, as smokers’ perceptions of their abilities to manage distress shift based on affect and smoking contexts. Stabilizing or increasing self-efficacy in tolerating distress during daily life is likely an important avenue for future research.

There are a variety of beliefs people can hold about emotions (e.g., beliefs that emotions are malleable, beliefs that emotions last forever). In addition, some people's beliefs may fluctuate—their beliefs might change during an emotional event (i.e., belief instability). In two studies, we explored a variety of beliefs about emotion and perceptions of belief instability alongside symptoms of psychopathology, trait-based emotional skills (Study 1, n = 359) and behavioral emotion regulation strategies (Study 2, n = 725). In both studies, individual emotion beliefs were associated with age, gender and symptoms of psychopathology. In addition, in both studies, beliefs that emotions last “forever,” beliefs that ones own emotions are unique, and belief instability predicted heightened psychopathology. After controlling for psychopathology, preferences for logic and beliefs that emotions should be hidden from others predicted lower emotional expressivity, lower emotional intelligence, and lower social support seeking. Beliefs that emotions are “bad” predicted emotion dysregulation but no specific behavioral regulation strategies, and beliefs about emotions lasting “forever” predicted a variety of outcomes even after controlling for psychopathology. Overall results confirm that beliefs about emotion are associated with a wide range of emotional processes, and that further attention to belief instability may be useful.

People may experience subjective shifts in their self-efficacy for exerting willpower over time and based on context, and people who struggle with self-control may be particularly vulnerable to willpower self-efficacy fluctuations. Across four samples (college students without borderline features: n = 49; borderline features group: n = 50; current smokers: n = 61; chronic dieters: n = 92), participants completed one week of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) where momentary self-efficacy for willpower, positive affect, negative affect, tiredness, and distress intolerance were assessed randomly seven times per day. Results revealed that higher willpower self-efficacy was associated with lower negative affect and greater positive affect, and, lower willpower self-efficacy predicted subsequent distress intolerance via time-lagged analyses for the borderline features group.

Objective While eating-disordered individuals have shown high levels of comorbid psychopathology, there has not been an assessment of these symptoms across groups exhibiting different forms of problematic eating behavior. Method Using 1,122 participants recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk, this study examined self-reported differences between controls, restrained eaters, and individuals meeting criteria for binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa on several measures of psychopathology unrelated to eating. Results On nearly all outcome measures, eating-disordered participants had greater symptoms of psychopathology compared to restrained eaters, who had greater levels compared to controls. Among the eating-disordered participants, bulimia nervosa participants had more symptoms of psychopathology than binge eating-disordered participants. Conclusion Treatment of the populations included in this study may be informed by an understanding of the different amounts of symptoms of comorbid psychopathology that confer additional distress and impairment above and beyond disordered eating behavior.

Challenges for policy makers and water managers working on river basins are on the rise as ambitious water infrastructure projects, coupled with the uncertainty of global climate change, alter rivers worldwide. Water security implications of new water infrastructure are particularly complex for transboundary river basins, rivers shared by multiple countries. Three transboundary basins—the Amazon, Mekong, and Nile—demonstrate how similar water security challenges manifest risks and possible solutions differently. Common challenges in the Amazon, Mekong, and Nile basins include dam development, extensive land-use changes, conservation for biodiversity, indigenous and traditional communities’ reliance on river resources, and systemic sensitivity to global climate change. Water security as a theory and a tool allows for researchers to take an interdisciplinary approach toward finding solutions and areas of collaboration for addressing management challenges of water infrastructure. Research scientists have the opportunity to serve as a bridge between the data and analysis using water security tools and the policy and decision makers planning development and management strategies. Though there is a lack of consistent monitoring and baseline data collected on many of the world’s transboundary rivers in transition, coordinated contribution from scientists to local and national partners can fill the capacity gap. Fig. 1. Hydropower Dam in upper Amazon Basin, Ecuador © 2009 Elizabeth Anderson.

Highlights • The prevalence rate of clinically significant depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms for hospital discharged patients are respectively 19%, 10.4%, and 12.4%. • Disease severity, living with children, death of family member, and perceived discrimination are risk factors for PTSD. • Disease severity, living with children, death of family member from COVID, higher total number of symptoms after discharge, and perceiving self has having been target of discrimination are risk factors for clinically significant anxiety. • Higher educational level, living with children, smoking, higher disease severity, higher total number of symptoms after discharge, and perceived discrimination are risk factors for clinically significant depression., The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can have a profound impact on the mental health of patients who survived the illness. However, little is known about the prevalence rate of mental health disorders among hospital discharged COVID-19 patients and its associated factors. A cross-sectional survey of hospital discharged patients was conducted April 11–22, 2020 in Wuhan, China (where the pandemic began). 675 participants completed the survey, including 90 (13.3%) medical staff (physicians and nurses who had been ill). We used Fisher's exact test and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with mental health problems (anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms associated with COVID-19 hospitalization). Adverse mental health effects of COVID-19 are evident after discharge from the hospital, with sleep difficulties highlighted as a central issue. As we found that perceived discrimination was a central predictor of mental illness, preventing and addressing social stigma associated with COVID-19 may be crucial for improving mental health for recovered patients.

Affect balance is an individual difference construct depicting the balance of positive to negative emotions, where people with higher scores have positive affect which strongly “outweighs” the experience of negative affect. The present study aimed to validate the utility of affect balance as a predictor of emotions experienced during daily life. Participants were college students (n/=85) recruited across three affect balance strata (high affect balance, moderate affect balance, lower affect balance). All participants completed a one week ecological momentary assessment study with prompts 7 times per day assessing current emotional state and recently experienced emotional events, where negative emotional events also included assessment of emotion regulation strategies. Finally, participants also provided nightly retrospective ratings of stressors experienced throughout the day. Results revealed that greater affect balance was associated with lower emotional variability over the week. Lower affect balance also predicted lower positive and higher negative affect, as well as lower momentary affect balance (i.e., greater positive than negative affect experienced in the moment). Lower trait affect balance, lower daily affect balance and greater affect balance instability also predicted higher nightly stress. This study validates that the construct of affect balance predicts daily emotional experience.

In the current study, we tested the effects of core body temperature increases (e.g. heat stress) on affect, self-reported physical discomfort, and subsequent self-control in male smokers and nonsmokers using a novel passive heat stress paradigm, within a distress tolerance framework. Twenty-eight men (14 smokers), completed both heat stress and control sessions in randomized order. Results revealed that increases in core body temperature were associated with increased anxiety, irritability, and body discomfort as well as decreased happiness, with stronger effects for smokers. Smokers and nonsmokers both evidenced less self-control during the heat session and did not differ on this measure, nor on a measure of interoceptive sensitivity. The current study indicates that heat stress is a viable method for studying distress tolerance in men, and suggests the value in examining dynamic changes in self-control as a function of distress. Implications will be discussed for distress tolerance in general and smokers in specific.

Distress tolerance, or the ability to withstand uncomfortable states, is thought to be a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology. Distress tolerance is typically measured using self-report questionnaires or behavioral tasks, both of which construe distress tolerance as a trait and downplay the potential variability in distress tolerance across time and situation. The aim of the current study was to provide a method for assessing momentary distress tolerance using ecological momentary assessment to capture both within- and between-individual information. Participants (n = 86) responded to random prompts on their cell phones seven times per day for one week, which included 10 momentary distress tolerance items as well as momentary emotion. After examining item distributions and interclass correlations, we conducted a multilevel exploratory factor analysis using both within-individual and between-individual data to arrive at a brief, 3-item measure we call the Momentary Distress Intolerance Scale. Model fit and reliability indices were good for both within- and between-individual approaches. We found that distress tolerance varied significantly over time, and that average momentary distress intolerance and instability in momentary distress intolerance were associated with trait distress tolerance, emotion dysregulation and tendencies to use experiential avoidance. Neither average momentary distress intolerance nor instability in momentary distress intolerance correlated with behavioral distress tolerance tasks. We discuss the importance of construing distress tolerance from a dynamic perspective and provide recommendations toward future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

In non-smokers, passive heat stress increases shear stress and vasodilation, decreasing arterial stiffness. Smokers, who reportedly have arterial dysfunction, may have similar improvements in arterial stiffness with passive heat stress. Therefore, we examined the effects of an acute bout of whole-body passive heat stress on arterial stiffness in smokers vs. non-smokers. Thirteen smokers (8.8 ± 5.5 [median = 6] cigarettes per day for4 years) and 13 non-smokers matched for age, mass, height, and exercise habits (27 ± 8 years; 78.8 ± 15.4 kg; 177.6 ± 6.7 cm) were passively heated to 1.5 °C core temperature (T C) increase. At baseline and each 0.5 °C T C increase, peripheral (pPWV) and central pulse wave velocity (cPWV) were measured via Doppler ultrasound. No differences existed between smokers and non-smokers for any variables (all p .05), except cPWV slightly increased from baseline (526.7 ± 81.7 cm · s(-1)) to 1.5 °C ΔT C (579.7 ± 69.8 cm · s(-1); p0.005), suggesting heat stress acutely increased central arterial stiffness. pPWV did not change with heating (grand mean: baseline = 691.9 ± 92.9 cm · s(-1); 1.5 °C ΔT C = 691.9 ± 79.5 cm · s(-1); p0.05). Changes in cPWV and pPWV during heating correlated (p0.05) with baseline PWV in smokers (cPWV: r = -0.59; pPWV: r = -0.62) and non-smokers (cPWV: r = -0.45; pPWV: r = -0.77). Independent of smoking status, baseline stiffness appears to mediate the magnitude of heating-induced changes in arterial stiffness.

The field of psychology and law, including forensic psychology, is an exciting concentration of research activity and student training and has grown rapidly, but to what extent have teaching and training efforts in the field been systematically catalogued and evaluated? We conducted a historical review and content analysis of the American and Canadian literature on the scholarship of teaching and training in the field. This review catalogs (a) information related to the development of training and teaching, (b) descriptions of programs and courses at various levels, and (c) articles on teaching resources or techniques in this field. We hope it serves as a useful guide to the literature resources for those in the field and a catalyst for future interest in this area of scholarship, especially for future evaluations of teaching and training.

Depression is a significant risk factor for suicide. Evidence suggests that anhedonia may be a symptom of depression that is uniquely associated with suicidality. However, exactly how anhedonia is related to suicide is unclear. To provide more specific evidence regarding this association, we investigated relationships between anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. A large combined undergraduate sample completed the novel Specific Loss of Interest and Pleasure Scale (SLIPS), the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Anhedonia was associated with suicidal ideation, even when accounting for depressive symptoms. Additionally, anhedonia was not associated with suicide attempts when symptoms of depression were held constant. The current study provides novel evidence regarding the relationship between anhedonia and risk of attempting suicide. Future research can examine the role anhedonia plays in the unfolding of suicidal behavior over time.