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1. Strong Interaction Physics at the Luminosity Frontier with 22 GeV Electrons at Jefferson Lab

Author

Accardi, A., Achenbach, P., Adhikari, D., Afanasev, A., Akondi, C. S., Akopov, N., Albaladejo, M., Albataineh, H., Albrecht, M., Almeida-Zamora, B., Amaryan, M., Androić, D., Armstrong, W., Armstrong, D. S., Arratia, M., Arrington, J., Asaturyan, A., Austregesilo, A., Avagyan, H., Averett, T., Gayoso, C. Ayerbe, Bacchetta, A., Balantekin, A. B., Baltzell, N., Barion, L., Barry, P. C., Bashir, A., Battaglieri, M., Bellini, V., Belov, I., Benhar, O., Benkel, B., Benmokhtar, F, Bentz, W., Bertone, V., Bhatt, H., Bianconi, A., Bibrzycki, L., Bijker, R., Binosi, D., Biswas, D., Boër, M., Boeglin, W., Bogacz, S. A., Boglione, M., Bondí, M., Boos, E. E., Bosted, P., Bozzi, G., Brash, E. J., Briceño, R. A., Brindza, P. D., Briscoe, W. J., Brodsky, S. J, Brooks, W. K., Burkert, V. D., Camsonne, A., Cao, T., Cardman, L. S., Carman, D. S., Carpinelli, M, Cates, G. D., Caylor, J., Celentano, A., Celiberto, F. G., Cerutti, M., Chang, Lei, Chatagnon, P., Chen, C., Chen, J-P, Chetry, T., Christopher, A., Christy, E., Chudakov, E., Cisbani, E., Cloët, I. C., Cobos-Martinez, J. J., Cohen, E. O., Colangelo, P., Cole, P. L., Constantinou, M., Contalbrigo, M., Costantini, G., Cosyn, W., Cotton, C., Courtoy, A., Dusa, S. Covrig, Crede, V., Cui, Z. -F., D'Angelo, A., Döring, M., Dalton, M. M., Danilkin, I., Davydov, M., Day, D., De Fazio, F., De Napoli, M., De Vita, R., Dean, D. J., Defurne, M., Deur, A., Devkota, B., Dhital, S., Di Nezza, P., Diefenthaler, M., Diehl, S., Dilks, C., Ding, M., Djalali, C., Dobbs, S., Dupré, R., Dutta, D., Edwards, R. G., Egiyan, H., Ehinger, L., Eichmann, G., Elaasar, M., Elouadrhiri, L., Alaoui, A. El, Fassi, L. El, Emmert, A., Engelhardt, M., Ent, R., Ernst, D. J, Eugenio, P., Evans, G., Fanelli, C., Fegan, S., Fernández-Ramírez, C., Fernandez, L. A., Fernando, I. P., Filippi, A., Fischer, C. S., Fogler, C., Fomin, N., Frankfurt, L., Frederico, T., Freese, A., Fu, Y., Gamberg, L., Gan, L., Gao, F., Garcia-Tecocoatzi, H., Gaskell, D., Gasparian, A., Gates, K, Gavalian, G., Ghoshal, P. K., Giachino, A., Giacosa, F., Giannuzzi, F., Gilfoyle, G. -P., Girod, F-X, Glazier, D. I., Gleason, C., Godfrey, S., Goity, J. L., Golubenko, A. A., Gonzàlez-Solís, S., Gothe, R. W., Gotra, Y., Griffioen, K., Grocholski, O., Grube, B., Guèye, P., Guo, F. -K., Guo, Y., Guo, L., Hague, T. J., Hammoud, N., Hansen, J. -O., Hattawy, M., Hauenstein, F., Hayward, T., Heddle, D., Heinrich, N., Hen, O., Higinbotham, D. W., Higuera-Angulo, I. M., Blin, A. N. Hiller, Hobart, A., Hobbs, T., Holmberg, D. E, Horn, T., Hoyer, P., Huber, G. M., Hurck, P., Hutauruk, P. T. P., Ilieva, Y., Illari, I., Ireland, D. G, Isupov, E. L., Italiano, A., Jaegle, I., Jarvis, N. S., Jenkins, DJ, Jeschonnek, S., Ji, C-R., Jo, H. S., Jones, M., Jones, R. T., Jones, D. C., Joo, K., Junaid, M., Kageya, T., Kalantarians, N., Karki, A., Karyan, G., Katramatou, A. T., Kay, S. J. D, Kazimi, R., Keith, C. D., Keppel, C., Kerbizi, A., Khachatryan, V., Khanal, A., Khandaker, M., Kim, A., Kinney, E. R., Kohl, M., Kotzinian, A., Kriesten, B. T., Kubarovsky, V., Kubis, B., Kuhn, S. E., Kumar, V., Kutz, T., Leali, M., Lebed, R. F., Lenisa, P., Leskovec, L., Li, S., Li, X., Liao, J., Lin, H. -W., Liu, L., Liuti, S., Liyanage, N., Lu, Y., MacGregor, I. J. D., Mack, D. J., Maiani, L, Mamo, K. A., Mandaglio, G., Mariani, C., Markowitz, P., Marukyan, H., Mascagna, V., Mathieu, V., Maxwell, J., Mazouz, M., McCaughan, M., McKeown, R. D., McKinnon, B., Meekins, D., Melnitchouk, W., Metz, A., Meyer, C. A., Meziani, Z. -E., Mezrag, C., Michaels, R., Miller, G. A., Mineeva, T., Miramontes, A. S., Mirazita, M., Mizutani, K., Mkrtchyan, H., Mkrtchyan, A., Moffit, B., Mohanmurthy, P., Mokeev, V. I., Monaghan, P., Montaña, G., Montgomery, R., Moretti, A., Chàvez, J. M. Morgado, Mosel, U., Movsisyan, A., Musico, P., Nadeeshani, S. A, Nadolsky, P. M., Nakamura, S. X., Nazeer, J., Nefediev, A. V., Neupane, K., Nguyen, D., Niccolai, S., Niculescu, I., Niculescu, G., Nocera, E. R., Nycz, M., Olness, F. I., Ortega, P. G., Osipenko, M., Pace, E., Pandey, B, Pandey, P., Papandreou, Z., Papavassiliou, J., Pappalardo, L. L., Paredes-Torres, G., Paremuzyan, R., Park, S., Parsamyan, B., Paschke, K. D., Pasquini, B., Passemar, E., Pasyuk, E., Patel, T., Paudel, C., Paul, S. J., Peng, J-C., Pentchev, L., Perrino, R., Perry, R. J., Peters, K., Petratos, G. G., Phelps, W., Piasetzky, E., Pilloni, A., Pire, B., Pitonyak, D., Pitt, M. L., Polosa, A. D., Pospelov, M., Postuma, A. C., Poudel, J., Preet, L., Prelovsek, S., Price, J. W., Prokudin, A., Puckett, A. J. R., Pybus, J. R., Qin, S. -X., Qiu, J. -W., Radici, M., Rashidi, H., Rathnayake, A. D, Raue, B. A., Reed, T., Reimer, P. E., Reinhold, J., Richard, J. -M., Rinaldi, M., Ringer, F., Ripani, M., Ritman, J., West, J. Rittenhouse, Rivero-Acosta, A., Roberts, C. D., Rodas, A., Rodini, S., Rodríguez-Quintero, J., Rogers, T. C., Rojo, J., Rossi, P., Rossi, G. C., Salmè, G., Santiesteban, S. N., Santopinto, E., Sargsian, M., Sato, N., Schadmand, S., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, S. M, Schnell, G., Schumacher, R. A., Schweitzer, P., Scimemi, I., Scott, K. C, Seay, D. A, Segovia, J., Semenov-Tian-Shansky, K., Seryi, A., Sharda, A. S, Shepherd, M. R., Shirokov, E. V., Shrestha, S., Shrestha, U., Shvedunov, V. I., Signori, A., Slifer, K. J., Smith, W. A., Somov, A., Souder, P., Sparveris, N., Spizzo, F., Spreafico, M., Stepanyan, S., Stevens, J. R., Strakovsky, I. I., Strauch, S., Strikman, M., Su, S., Sumner, B. C. L., Sun, E., Suresh, M., Sutera, C., Swanson, E. S., Szczepaniak, A. P, Sznajder, P., Szumila-Vance, H., Szymanowski, L., Tadepalli, A. -S., Tadevosyan, V., Tamang, B., Tarasov, V. V., Thiel, A., Tong, X. -B., Tyson, R., Ungaro, M., Urciuoli, G. M., Usman, A., Valcarce, A., Vallarino, S., Vaquera-Araujo, C. A., Venturelli, L., Vera, F., Vladimirov, A., Vossen, A., Wagner, J., Wei, X., Weinstein, L. B., Weiss, C., Williams, R., Winney, D., Wojtsekhowski, B., Wood, M. H., Xiao, T., Xu, S. -S., Ye, Z., Yero, C., Yuan, C. -P., Yurov, M., Zachariou, N., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Z. W., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X., Zhou, X., Ziegler, V., Zihlmann, B., de Paula, W, and de Téramond, G. F.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

This document presents the initial scientific case for upgrading the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to 22 GeV. It is the result of a community effort, incorporating insights from a series of workshops conducted between March 2022 and April 2023. With a track record of over 25 years in delivering the world's most intense and precise multi-GeV electron beams, CEBAF's potential for a higher energy upgrade presents a unique opportunity for an innovative nuclear physics program, which seamlessly integrates a rich historical background with a promising future. The proposed physics program encompass a diverse range of investigations centered around the nonperturbative dynamics inherent in hadron structure and the exploration of strongly interacting systems. It builds upon the exceptional capabilities of CEBAF in high-luminosity operations, the availability of existing or planned Hall equipment, and recent advancements in accelerator technology. The proposed program cover various scientific topics, including Hadron Spectroscopy, Partonic Structure and Spin, Hadronization and Transverse Momentum, Spatial Structure, Mechanical Properties, Form Factors and Emergent Hadron Mass, Hadron-Quark Transition, and Nuclear Dynamics at Extreme Conditions, as well as QCD Confinement and Fundamental Symmetries. Each topic highlights the key measurements achievable at a 22 GeV CEBAF accelerator. Furthermore, this document outlines the significant physics outcomes and unique aspects of these programs that distinguish them from other existing or planned facilities. In summary, this document provides an exciting rationale for the energy upgrade of CEBAF to 22 GeV, outlining the transformative scientific potential that lies within reach, and the remarkable opportunities it offers for advancing our understanding of hadron physics and related fundamental phenomena., Comment: Updates to the list of authors; Preprint number changed from theory to experiment; Updates to sections 4 and 6, including additional figures

Published
2023

2. Protection against cystic echinococcosis in sheep using an Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant antigen (EG95) as a bacterin

Author

Gauci, CG, Jenkins, DJ, Lightowlers, MW, Gauci, CG, Jenkins, DJ, and Lightowlers, MW

Abstract

The EG95 recombinant vaccine is protective against cystic echinococcus in animal intermediate hosts. Preparation of the existing, registered EG95 vaccines involves semi-purification of the vaccine protein, adding to the cost of production. Truncation of the EG95 cDNA, shortening both the amino and carboxy-termini of the protein, leads to high levels of recombinant protein expression. The recombinant EG95 protein was prepared as a bacterin from clarified, whole bacterial lysate, and used in a vaccine trial in sheep against an experimental challenge infection with Echinococcus granulosus eggs. The EG95 bacterin was found to induce 98% protection. Use of this in a new generation EG95 vaccine would simplify production, facilitate new sources of the vaccine and potentially enhance uptake of vaccination in control of E. granulosus transmission.

Published
2023

3. Chromosome-scale Echinococcus granulosus (genotype G1) genome reveals the Eg95 gene family and conservation of the EG95-vaccine molecule

Author

Korhonen, PK, Kinkar, L, Young, ND, Cai, H, Lightowlers, MW, Gauci, C, Jabbar, A, Chang, BCH, Wang, T, Hofmann, A, Koehler, A, Li, J, Wang, D, Yin, J, Yang, H, Jenkins, DJ, Saarma, U, Laurimae, T, Rostami-Nejad, M, Irshadullah, M, Mirhendi, H, Sharbatkhori, M, Ponce-Gordo, F, Simsek, S, Casulli, A, Zait, H, Atoyan, H, de la Rue, ML, Romig, T, Wassermann, M, Aghayan, SA, Gevorgyan, H, Yang, B, Gasser, RB, Korhonen, PK, Kinkar, L, Young, ND, Cai, H, Lightowlers, MW, Gauci, C, Jabbar, A, Chang, BCH, Wang, T, Hofmann, A, Koehler, A, Li, J, Wang, D, Yin, J, Yang, H, Jenkins, DJ, Saarma, U, Laurimae, T, Rostami-Nejad, M, Irshadullah, M, Mirhendi, H, Sharbatkhori, M, Ponce-Gordo, F, Simsek, S, Casulli, A, Zait, H, Atoyan, H, de la Rue, ML, Romig, T, Wassermann, M, Aghayan, SA, Gevorgyan, H, Yang, B, and Gasser, RB

Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis is a socioeconomically important parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of the canid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, afflicting millions of humans and animals worldwide. The development of a vaccine (called EG95) has been the most notable translational advance in the fight against this disease in animals. However, almost nothing is known about the genomic organisation/location of the family of genes encoding EG95 and related molecules, the extent of their conservation or their functions. The lack of a complete reference genome for E. granulosus genotype G1 has been a major obstacle to addressing these areas. Here, we assembled a chromosomal-scale genome for this genotype by scaffolding to a high quality genome for the congener E. multilocularis, localised Eg95 gene family members in this genome, and evaluated the conservation of the EG95 vaccine molecule. These results have marked implications for future explorations of aspects such as developmentally-regulated gene transcription/expression (using replicate samples) for all E. granulosus stages; structural and functional roles of non-coding genome regions; molecular 'cross-talk' between oncosphere and the immune system; and defining the precise function(s) of EG95. Applied aspects should include developing improved tools for the diagnosis and chemotherapy of cystic echinococcosis of humans.

Published
2022

6. The first report of hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) in an Australian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Author

Jenkins, DJ, Williams, T, Raidal, S, Gauci, C, Lightowlers, MW, Jenkins, DJ, Williams, T, Raidal, S, Gauci, C, and Lightowlers, MW

Abstract

A three year old female water buffalo was slaughtered for human consumption on a dairy buffalo farm in eastern New South Wales, Australia. Gross examination of the offal revealed four small, superficial hydatid cysts in the liver and two larger superficial cysts in one lung. All organs were sliced and no other cysts were found. Histology and PCR confirmed the cysts to be cysts of Echinococcus granulosus senso stricto. None of the cysts contained protoscoleces. The source ofinfection is equivocal, but it is most likely from E. granulosus eggs passed in the faeces of wild dogs (dingoes and dingo-wild dog hybrids). Wild dogs are resident in the bush that abuts the farm boundary and from time to time wild dogs are seen in the buffalo paddocks on the farm. Sylvatic transmission of E. granulosus occurs commonly in eastern Australia through a predator/prey interaction between wild dogs and macropod marsupials.

Published
2019

7. Long-read sequencing reveals a 4.4kb tandem repeat region in the mitogenome of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) genotype G1

Author

Kinkar, L, Korhonen, PK, Cai, H, Gauci, CG, Lightowlers, MW, Saarma, U, Jenkins, DJ, Li, J, Young, ND, Gasser, RB, Kinkar, L, Korhonen, PK, Cai, H, Gauci, CG, Lightowlers, MW, Saarma, U, Jenkins, DJ, Li, J, Young, ND, and Gasser, RB

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Echinococcus tapeworms cause a severe helminthic zoonosis called echinococcosis. The genus comprises various species and genotypes, of which E. granulosus (sensu stricto) represents a significant global public health and socioeconomic burden. Mitochondrial (mt) genomes have provided useful genetic markers to explore the nature and extent of genetic diversity within Echinococcus and have underpinned phylogenetic and population structure analyses of this genus. Our recent work indicated a sequence gap (> 1 kb) in the mt genomes of E. granulosus genotype G1, which could not be determined by PCR-based Sanger sequencing. The aim of the present study was to define the complete mt genome, irrespective of structural complexities, using a long-read sequencing method. METHODS: We extracted high molecular weight genomic DNA from protoscoleces from a single cyst of E. granulosus genotype G1 from a sheep from Australia using a conventional method and sequenced it using PacBio Sequel (long-read) technology, complemented by BGISEQ-500 short-read sequencing. Sequence data obtained were assembled using a recently-developed workflow. RESULTS: We assembled a complete mt genome sequence of 17,675 bp, which is > 4 kb larger than the complete mt genomes known for E. granulosus genotype G1. This assembly includes a previously-elusive tandem repeat region, which is 4417 bp long and consists of ten near-identical 441-445 bp repeat units, each harbouring a 184 bp non-coding region and adjacent regions. We also identified a short non-coding region of 183 bp, which includes an inverted repeat. CONCLUSIONS: We report what we consider to be the first complete mt genome of E. granulosus genotype G1 and characterise all repeat regions in this genome. The numbers, sizes, sequences and functions of tandem repeat regions remain to be studied in different isolates of genotype G1 and in other genotypes and species. The discovery of such 'new' repeat elements in the mt genome of genotype G1

Published
2019

8. Distinguishing Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotypes G1 and G3 with confidence: A practical guide

Author

Kinkar, L, Laurimae, T, Acosta-Jamett, G, Andresiuk, V, Balkaya, I, Casulli, A, Gasser, RB, Miguel Gonzalez, L, Haag, KL, Zait, H, Irshadullah, M, Jabbar, A, Jenkins, DJ, Manfredi, MT, Mirhendi, H, M'rad, S, Rostami-Nejad, M, Oudni-M'rad, M, Beatriz Pierangeli, N, Ponce-Gordo, F, Rehbein, S, Sharbatkhori, M, Kia, EB, Simsek, S, Viviana Soriano, S, Sprong, H, Snabel, V, Umhang, G, Varcasia, A, Saarma, U, Kinkar, L, Laurimae, T, Acosta-Jamett, G, Andresiuk, V, Balkaya, I, Casulli, A, Gasser, RB, Miguel Gonzalez, L, Haag, KL, Zait, H, Irshadullah, M, Jabbar, A, Jenkins, DJ, Manfredi, MT, Mirhendi, H, M'rad, S, Rostami-Nejad, M, Oudni-M'rad, M, Beatriz Pierangeli, N, Ponce-Gordo, F, Rehbein, S, Sharbatkhori, M, Kia, EB, Simsek, S, Viviana Soriano, S, Sprong, H, Snabel, V, Umhang, G, Varcasia, A, and Saarma, U

Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by tapeworms of the species complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, represents a substantial global health and economic burden. Within this complex, E. granulosus sensu stricto (genotypes G1 and G3) is the most frequent causative agent of human CE. Currently, there is no fully reliable method for assigning samples to genotypes G1 and G3, as the commonly used mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes are not sufficiently consistent for the identification and differentiation of these genotypes. Thus, a new genetic assay is required for the accurate assignment of G1 and G3. Here we use a large dataset of near-complete mtDNA sequences (n = 303) to reveal the extent of genetic variation of G1 and G3 on a broad geographical scale and to identify reliable informative positions for G1 and G3. Based on extensive sampling and sequencing data, we developed a new method, that is simple and cost-effective, to designate samples to genotypes G1 and G3. We found that the nad5 is the best gene in mtDNA to differentiate between G1 and G3, and developed new primers for the analysis. Our results also highlight problems related to the commonly used cox1 and nad1. To guarantee consistent identification of G1 and G3, we suggest using the sequencing of the nad5 gene region (680 bp). This region contains six informative positions within a relatively short fragment of the mtDNA, allowing the differentiation of G1 and G3 with confidence. Our method offers clear advantages over the previous ones, providing a significantly more consistent means to distinguish G1 and G3 than the commonly used cox1 and nad1.

Published
2018

9. Global phylogeography and genetic diversity of the zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G1

Author

Kinkar, L, Laurimae, T, Acosta-Jamett, G, Andresiuk, V, Balkaya, I, Casulli, A, Gasser, RB, van der Giessen, J, Miguel Gonzalez, L, Haag, KL, Zait, H, Irshadullah, M, Jabbar, A, Jenkins, DJ, Kia, EB, Manfredi, MT, Mirhendi, H, M'rad, S, Rostami-Nejad, M, Oudni-M'rad, M, Beatriz Pierangeli, N, Ponce-Gordo, F, Rehbein, S, Sharbatkhori, M, Simsek, S, Viviana Soriano, S, Sprong, H, Snabel, V, Umhang, G, Varcasia, A, Saarma, U, Kinkar, L, Laurimae, T, Acosta-Jamett, G, Andresiuk, V, Balkaya, I, Casulli, A, Gasser, RB, van der Giessen, J, Miguel Gonzalez, L, Haag, KL, Zait, H, Irshadullah, M, Jabbar, A, Jenkins, DJ, Kia, EB, Manfredi, MT, Mirhendi, H, M'rad, S, Rostami-Nejad, M, Oudni-M'rad, M, Beatriz Pierangeli, N, Ponce-Gordo, F, Rehbein, S, Sharbatkhori, M, Simsek, S, Viviana Soriano, S, Sprong, H, Snabel, V, Umhang, G, Varcasia, A, and Saarma, U

Abstract

Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is the major cause of human cystic echinococcosis worldwide and is listed among the most severe parasitic diseases of humans. To date, numerous studies have investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of E. granulosus s.s. in various geographic regions. However, there has been no global study. Recently, using mitochondrial DNA, it was shown that E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 are distinct genotypes, but a larger dataset is required to confirm the distinction of these genotypes. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate the distinction of genotypes G1 and G3 using a large global dataset; and (ii) analyse the genetic diversity and phylogeography of genotype G1 on a global scale using near-complete mitogenome sequences. For this study, 222 globally distributed E. granulosus s.s. samples were used, of which 212 belonged to genotype G1 and 10 to G3. Using a total sequence length of 11,682 bp, we inferred phylogenetic networks for three datasets: E. granulosus s.s. (n = 222), G1 (n = 212) and human G1 samples (n = 41). In addition, the Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed. The latter yielded several strongly supported diffusion routes of genotype G1 originating from Turkey, Tunisia and Argentina. We conclude that: (i) using a considerably larger dataset than employed previously, E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 are indeed distinct mitochondrial genotypes; (ii) the genetic diversity of E. granulosus s.s. G1 is high globally, with lower values in South America; and (iii) the complex phylogeographic patterns emerging from the phylogenetic and geographic analyses suggest that the current distribution of genotype G1 has been shaped by intensive animal trade.

Published
2018

10. Glycaemic index: did Health Canada get it wrong? Position from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC)

Author

International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium, Jenkins DJ, Willett WC, Astrup A, Augustin LS, Baer Sinnott S, Barclay AW, Bjork I, Brand Miller JC, Brighenti F, Buyken AE, Ceriello A, Kendall CW, La Vecchia C, Livesey G, Liu S, Poli A, Rizkalla SW, Sievenpiper JL, Trichopoulou A, Wolever T.M., RICCARDI, GABRIELE, International Carbohydrate Quality, Consortium, Jenkins, Dj, Willett, Wc, Astrup, A, Augustin, L, Baer Sinnott, S, Barclay, Aw, Bjork, I, Brand Miller, Jc, Brighenti, F, Buyken, Ae, Ceriello, A, Kendall, Cw, La Vecchia, C, Livesey, G, Liu, S, Poli, A, Riccardi, Gabriele, Rizkalla, Sw, Sievenpiper, Jl, Trichopoulou, A, and Wolever, T. M.

Subjects
Blood Glucose, Canada, Mediterranean diet, Saturated fat, Medicine (miscellaneous), Guidelines as Topic, Context (language use), Nutrition facts label, Nutrition Policy, Food group, Food Labeling, Environmental health, Weight management, Dietary Carbohydrates, medicine, Humans, Letter to the Editor, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, medicine.disease, Obesity, Glycemic index, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycemic Index, Food, Organic, business
Abstract

On behalf of Health Canada, Aziz et al. ( 1 ) recently published their evaluation of the use of glycaemic index (GI) claims on food labels. Although the importance of controlling postprandial glycaemia (PPG) was recognised in the position statement, they expressed the view that the GI could be ‘misleading’ and ‘would not add value’ to the existing standards for nutrition labels. Unfortunately, several statements indicate a lack of understanding of the evidence base for current information on food labels and of the GI concept in particular. The clinical relevance of PPG is now recognised by health institutions worldwide( 2 , 3 ). Ideally, plasma glucose levels at the 2 h time point after a meal should be

Published
2013

11. Wild fallow deer (Dama dama) as definitive hosts of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) in alpine New South Wales.

Author

Jenkins, DJ, Baker, A, Porter, M, Shamsi, S, and Barton, DP

Subjects
*FALLOW deer, *LIVER flukes, *FASCIOLA hepatica, *BILE ducts, *DOMESTIC animals, *CLONORCHIS sinensis
Abstract

To determine the extent to which wild deer are contributing in the transmission of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) livers from deer shot by hunters, farmers undertaking population control on their farms and vertebrate pest controllers were collected and frozen. The livers were later thawed, sliced and examined for the presence of adult flukes or evidence of past infection. Livers from 19 deer were examined (18 fallow [Dama dama] and one sambar [Rusa unicolor]). Seventeen of the fallow deer were animals collected on farms near Jindabyne, New South Wales. The remaining fallow deer was collected in the Australian Capital Territory and one sambar deer was collected in north‐eastern Victoria. Nine of the 17 deer (53%) from the Jindabyne area were either infected with Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) or had thickened bile ducts indicating past infection. Infection levels in the infected animals varied widely from 3 liver fluke to over 50 per liver. No sign of infection was present in the deer from the Australian Capital Territory or Victoria. Fallow deer are wide‐spread in the Jindabyne area and their population is increasing. It is likely their contribution to the maintenance and distribution of F. hepatica to livestock in the Jindabyne area, and in other livestock rearing areas of south‐eastern Australia, is important and increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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12. Microdiversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in Australia

Author

Rojas, CAA, Ebi, D, Gauci, CG, Scheerlinck, JP, Wassermann, M, Jenkins, DJ, Lightowlers, MW, Romig, T, Rojas, CAA, Ebi, D, Gauci, CG, Scheerlinck, JP, Wassermann, M, Jenkins, DJ, Lightowlers, MW, and Romig, T

Abstract

Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) is now recognized as an assemblage of cryptic species, which differ considerably in morphology, development, host specificity (including infectivity/pathogenicity for humans) and other aspects. One of these species, E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), is now clearly identified as the principal agent causing cystic echinococcosis in humans. Previous studies of a small section of the cox1 and nadh1 genes identified two variants of E. granulosus s.s. to be present in Australia; however, no further work has been carried out to characterize the microdiversity of the parasite in its territory. We have analysed the sequence of the full length of the cox1 gene (1609 bp) from 37 isolates of E. granulosus from different hosts and geographic regions of Australia. The analysis shows that seven haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. not previously described were found, together with five haplotypes known to be present in other parts of the world, including the haplotype EG01 which is widespread and present in all endemic regions. These data extend knowledge related to the geographical spread and host range of E. granulosus s.s. in a country such as Australia in which the parasite established around 200 years ago.

Published
2016

13. Australian dingoes are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum

Author

King, JS, Šlapeta, J, Jenkins, DJ, Al-Qassab, SE, Ellis, JT, and Windsor, PA

Subjects
Male, Life Cycle Stages, Wolves, fungi, Molecular Sequence Data, Neospora, Oocysts, Australia, Mycology & Parasitology, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, Protozoan, DNA, Ribosomal, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Feces, Animals, Newborn, parasitic diseases, Animals, Cattle, Female
Abstract

To provide objective data on the potential role of dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) in the life cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia, the production of N. caninum oocysts by experimentally infected canids was investigated. Three dingo pups raised in captivity and three domestic dogs were fed tissue from calves infected with an Australian isolate of N. caninum, Nc-Nowra. Oocysts of N. caninum, confirmed by species-specific PCR, were shed in low numbers by one dingo pup at 12-14. days p.i. The remaining animals did not shed oocysts. Furthermore, the blood from two out of three dingoes tested positive for DNA of N. caninum using PCR tests at 14 and 28. days p.i. Oocyst shedding from the intestinal tract of a dingo demonstrates that dingoes are definitive hosts of N. caninum and horizontal transmission of N. caninum from dingoes to farm animals and wildlife may occur in Australia. © 2010 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc.

Published
2010

16. Oocysts and high seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dogs living in remote Aboriginal communities and wild dogs in Australia

Author

King, JS, Brown, GK, Jenkins, DJ, Ellis, JT, Fleming, PJS, Windsor, PA, Šlapeta, J, King, JS, Brown, GK, Jenkins, DJ, Ellis, JT, Fleming, PJS, Windsor, PA, and Šlapeta, J

Abstract

Canines are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa). For horizontal transmission from canines to occur, viable oocysts of N. caninum must occur in the environment of susceptible intermediate hosts. Canids in Australia include wild dogs and Aboriginal community dogs. Wild dogs are those dogs that are not dependent on humans for survival and consist of the dingo, feral domestic dog and their hybrid genotypes. Aboriginal community dogs are dependent on humans, domesticated and owned by a family, but are free-roaming and have free access throughout the community. In this study the extent of N. caninum infection was determined in a total of 374 dogs (75 wild dogs and 299 Aboriginal community dogs) using a combination of microscopic, molecular and serological techniques. Oocysts of N. caninum were observed in the faeces of two juvenile Aboriginal community dogs (2/132; 1.5%). To estimate N. caninum prevalence, a new optimised cut-off of 18.5% inhibition for a commercial competitive ELISA was calculated using a two-graph receiver-operating characteristic (TG-ROC) analysis and IFAT as the gold standard resulting in equal sensitivity and specificity of 67.8%. Of the 263 dog sera tested the true prevalence of N. caninum antibodies was 27.0% (95% confidence limit: 10.3-44.1%). The association between the competitive ELISA results in dogs less than 12 month old and older dogs was significant (P= 0.042). To our knowledge this is the first large scale parasitological survey of the Aboriginal community dogs and wild dogs from Australia. The high prevalence of N. caninum infection in Aboriginal community dogs illustrates that horizontal transmission of N. caninum is occurring in Australia. These results demonstrated that N. caninum in dogs is widespread, including the semi-arid to arid regions of north-western New South Wales and the Northern Territory. The populations of free-ranging dogs are likely to be important contributors to the sylvatic life cycle of N. caninum.

Published
2012

17. Implications of wild dog ecology on the sylvatic and domestic life cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia

Author

King, JS, Jenkins, DJ, Ellis, JT, Fleming, P, Windsor, PA, Šlapeta, J, King, JS, Jenkins, DJ, Ellis, JT, Fleming, P, Windsor, PA, and Šlapeta, J

Abstract

Neospora caninum is transmitted either transplacentally or horizontally by ingestion of tissue cysts present in tissues or oocysts shed by dogs. Neosporosis is a significant disease, causing cattle abortion at 5-7. months of pregnancy. Infected cows may remain infective for life transmitting the infection in several consecutive or non-consecutive pregnancies. A great deal is known about the epidemiology of neosporosis, although only limited information is available on the main routes of horizontal transmission. In Australia, the presence of the dingo as the top-order predator suggests a potential sylvatic route of transmission between dingoes and as yet unknown native wildlife in addition to the domestic route via dogs with access to infected tissue on farms. This review article critically evaluates the overlap between the domestic and sylvatic routes, taking into account canine ecology, and summarises current understanding of the transmission of N. caninum to provide a foundation for epidemiologists, farmers and conservation biologists dealing with neosporosis and wild dog control programs. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2011

22. Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic men and women. (Abstracts)

Author

Jenkins, DJ, Kendall, CW, and Jackson, CJ

Subjects
Coronary heart disease -- Diet therapy, Soyfoods -- Health aspects, Health, Diet therapy, Health aspects
Abstract

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Jackson CJ, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:365-372. BACKGROUND: Many of the benefits of soy have been attributed to soy isoflavones. OBJECTIVE: The objective was [...]

Published
2002

23. Echinococcus granulosus and other intestinal helminths: current status of prevalence and management in rural dogs of eastern Australia.

Author

Jenkins, DJ, Lievaart, JJ, Boufana, B, Lett, WS, Bradshaw, H, and Armua‐Fernandez, MT

Subjects
*ECHINOCOCCUS granulosus, *HELMINTHS, *DISEASE prevalence, *TAENIIDAE, *HOOKWORMS, *WHIPWORMS
Abstract

Objectives Ascertain the prevalence of intestinal helminths in rural dogs from eastern Australia and Tasmania. Identify farm management practices contributing to the perpetuation and transmission of Echinococcus granulosus. Methods Helminth infection in dogs was determined microscopically through faecal flotation. Infection with E. granulosus was determined via faecal antigen-capture ELISA and coproPCR. Taeniid eggs were identified using molecular methods. Data on dog management and owner understanding of hydatid disease were collected via questionnaire. Results Faeces were collected from 1425 Australian rural dogs (1119 mainland; 306 Tasmania). Eggs of hookworms were most prevalent, up to 40.2%, followed by whipworms ( Trichuris vulpis), up to 21.2%. Roundworms ( Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonine) were least common, up to 6.1%. Taeniid eggs were found in 11 dogs (5 Taenia pisiformis; 2 T. serialis; 4 T. hydatigena); 2 of the T. hydatigena-infected dogs were also E. granulosus coproantigen-positive. Of the 45 dogs found to be E. granulosus coproantigen-positive, 24 were in Tasmania, 16 in NSW, 3 in Victoria and 2 in Queensland. Three Tasmanian coproantigen ELISA-positive dogs were also coproPCR-positive. The most common dog ration was commercial dry food, but half the owners fed raw meat to their dogs and some fed offal of lambs (8.9%) or mutton (7.8%). More than half (69%) of owners weighed their dogs before deworming. Few dewormed their dogs often enough to ensure they remained cestode-free and owners hunting wildlife usually left carcases where they were shot. Conclusions E. granulosus is still present in Australian rural dogs, including Tasmania, but at low levels. Owner behaviour perpetuates transmission of cestodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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25. Effect of psyllium in hypercholesterolemia at two monounsaturated fatty acid intakes

Author

Jenkins, DJ, primary, Wolever, TM, additional, Vidgen, E, additional, Kendall, CW, additional, Ransom, TP, additional, Mehling, CC, additional, Mueller, S, additional, Cunnane, SC, additional, O’Connell, NC, additional, Setchell, KD, additional, Lau, H, additional, Teitel, JM, additional, Garvey, MB, additional, Fulgoni, V, additional, Connelly, PW, additional, Patten, R, additional, and Corey, PN, additional

Published
1997
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33. Effect of fructose on glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.

Author

Cozma AI, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, Ha V, Wang DD, Mirrahimi A, Yu ME, Carleton AJ, Di Buono M, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Wolever TM, Beyene J, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, Cozma, Adrian I, Sievenpiper, John L, de Souza, Russell J, and Chiavaroli, Laura

Abstract

Objective: The effect of fructose on cardiometabolic risk in humans is controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials to clarify the effect of fructose on glycemic control in individuals with diabetes.Research Design and Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (through 22 March 2012) for relevant trials lasting ≥7 days. Data were aggregated by the generic inverse variance method (random-effects models) and expressed as mean difference (MD) for fasting glucose and insulin and standardized MD (SMD) with 95% CI for glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and glycated albumin. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q statistic and quantified by the I(2) statistic. Trial quality was assessed by the Heyland methodological quality score (MQS).Results: Eighteen trials (n = 209) met the eligibility criteria. Isocaloric exchange of fructose for carbohydrate reduced glycated blood proteins (SMD -0.25 [95% CI -0.46 to -0.04]; P = 0.02) with significant intertrial heterogeneity (I(2) = 63%; P = 0.001). This reduction is equivalent to a ~0.53% reduction in HbA(1c). Fructose consumption did not significantly affect fasting glucose or insulin. A priori subgroup analyses showed no evidence of effect modification on any end point.Conclusions: Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrate improves long-term glycemic control, as assessed by glycated blood proteins, without affecting insulin in people with diabetes. Generalizability may be limited because most of the trials were <12 weeks and had relatively low MQS (<8). To confirm these findings, larger and longer fructose feeding trials assessing both possible glycemic benefit and adverse metabolic effects are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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34. Effect of fructose on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.

Author

Ha V, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, Wang DD, Cozma AI, Mirrahimi A, Yu ME, Carleton AJ, Dibuono M, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Wolever TM, Beyene J, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, Ha, Vanessa, Sievenpiper, John L, de Souza, Russell J, and Chiavaroli, Laura

Abstract

Concerns have been raised about the adverse effect of fructose on blood pressure. International dietary guidelines, however, have not addressed fructose intake directly. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of fructose in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates on systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures. Studies were identified using Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases (through January 9, 2012). Human clinical trials of isocaloric oral fructose exchange for other carbohydrate sources for ≥7 days were included in the analysis. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random-effects models and expressed as mean differences with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Q-statistic and quantified by I(2). Study quality was assessed using the Heyland Methodological Quality Score. Thirteen isocaloric (n=352) and 2 hypercaloric (n=24) trials met the eligibility criteria. Overall, fructose intake in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates significantly decreased diastolic (mean difference: -1.54 [95% CI: -2.77 to -0.32]) and mean arterial pressure (mean difference: -1.16 [95% CI: -2.15 to -0.18]). There was no significant effect of fructose on systolic blood pressure (mean difference: -1.10 [95% CI: -2.46 to 0.44]). The hypercaloric fructose feeding trials found no significant overall mean arterial blood pressure effect of fructose in comparison with other carbohydrates. To confirm these results, longer and larger trials are needed. Contrary to previous concerns, we found that isocaloric substitution of fructose for other carbohydrates did not adversely affect blood pressure in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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35. Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author

Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Mirrahimi A, Yu ME, Carleton AJ, Beyene J, Chiavaroli L, Di Buono M, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Wolever TM, Kendall CW, and Jenkins DJ

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The contribution of fructose consumption in Western diets to overweight and obesity in populations remains uncertain. PURPOSE: To review the effects of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library (through 18 November 2011). STUDY SELECTION: At least 3 reviewers identified controlled feeding trials lasting 7 or more days that compared the effect on body weight of free fructose and nonfructose carbohydrate in diets providing similar calories (isocaloric trials) or of diets supplemented with free fructose to provide excess energy and usual or control diets (hypercaloric trials). Trials evaluating high-fructose corn syrup (42% to 55% free fructose) were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: The reviewers independently reviewed and extracted relevant data; disagreements were reconciled by consensus. The Heyland Methodological Quality Score was used to assess study quality. DATA SYNTHESIS: Thirty-one isocaloric trials (637 participants) and 10 hypercaloric trials (119 participants) were included; studies tended to be small (<15 participants), short (<12 weeks), and of low quality. Fructose had no overall effect on body weight in isocaloric trials (mean difference, -0.14 kg [95% CI, -0.37 to 0.10 kg] for fructose compared with nonfructose carbohydrate). High doses of fructose in hypercaloric trials (+104 to 250 g/d, +18% to 97% of total daily energy intake) lead to significant increases in weight (mean difference, 0.53 kg [CI, 0.26 to 0.79 kg] with fructose). LIMITATIONS: Most trials had methodological limitations and were of poor quality. The weight-increasing effect of fructose in hypercaloric trials may have been attributable to excess energy rather than fructose itself. CONCLUSION: Fructose does not seem to cause weight gain when it is substituted for other carbohydrates in diets providing similar calories. Free fructose at high doses that provided excess calories modestly increased body weight, an effect that may be due to the extra calories rather than the fructose. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT01363791). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012

36. Effect of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods given at 2 levels of intensity of dietary advice on serum lipids in hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial.

Author

Jenkins DJ, Jones PJ, Lamarche B, Kendall CW, Faulkner D, Cermakova L, Gigleux I, Ramprasath V, de Souza R, Ireland C, Patel D, Srichaikul K, Abdulnour S, Bashyam B, Collier C, Hoshizaki S, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Connelly PW, and Frohlich J

Abstract

Context: Combining foods with recognized cholesterol-lowering properties (dietary portfolio) has proven highly effective in lowering serum cholesterol under metabolically controlled conditions.Objective: To assess the effect of a dietary portfolio administered at 2 levels of intensity on percentage change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among participants following self-selected diets.Design, Setting, and Participants: A parallel-design study of 351 participants with hyperlipidemia from 4 participating academic centers across Canada (Quebec City, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver) randomized between June 25, 2007, and February 19, 2009, to 1 of 3 treatments lasting 6 months.Intervention: Participants received dietary advice for 6 months on either a low-saturated fat therapeutic diet (control) or a dietary portfolio, for which counseling was delivered at different frequencies, that emphasized dietary incorporation of plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and nuts. Routine dietary portfolio involved 2 clinic visits over 6 months and intensive dietary portfolio involved 7 clinic visits over 6 months.Main Outcome Measures: Percentage change in serum LDL-C.Results: In the modified intention-to-treat analysis of 345 participants, the overall attrition rate was not significantly different between treatments (18% for intensive dietary portfolio, 23% for routine dietary portfolio, and 26% for control; Fisher exact test, P = .33). The LDL-C reductions from an overall mean of 171 mg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI], 168-174 mg/dL) were -13.8% (95% CI, -17.2% to -10.3%; P < .001) or -26 mg/dL (95% CI, -31 to -21 mg/dL; P < .001) for the intensive dietary portfolio; -13.1% (95% CI, -16.7% to -9.5%; P < .001) or -24 mg/dL (95% CI, -30 to -19 mg/dL; P < .001) for the routine dietary portfolio; and -3.0% (95% CI, -6.1% to 0.1%; P = .06) or -8 mg/dL (95% CI, -13 to -3 mg/dL; P = .002) for the control diet. Percentage LDL-C reductions for each dietary portfolio were significantly more than the control diet (P < .001, respectively). The 2 dietary portfolio interventions did not differ significantly (P = .66). Among participants randomized to one of the dietary portfolio interventions, percentage reduction in LDL-C on the dietary portfolio was associated with dietary adherence (r = -0.34, n = 157, P < .001).Conclusion: Use of a dietary portfolio compared with the low-saturated fat dietary advice resulted in greater LDL-C lowering during 6 months of follow-up.Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00438425. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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40. Heterogeneous effects of fructose on blood lipids in individuals with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental trials in humans.

Author

Sievenpiper JL, Carleton AJ, Chatha S, Jiang HY, de Souza RJ, Beyene J, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, Sievenpiper, John L, Carleton, Amanda J, Chatha, Sheena, Jiang, Henry Y, de Souza, Russell J, Beyene, Joseph, Kendall, Cyril W C, and Jenkins, David J A

Abstract

Objective: Because of blood lipid concerns, diabetes associations discourage fructose at high intakes. To quantify the effect of fructose on blood lipids in diabetes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental clinical trials investigating the effect of isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate on triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol in type 1 and 2 diabetes.Research Design and Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library for relevant trials of > or =7 days. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method and expressed as standardized mean differences with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed by chi(2) tests and quantified by I(2). Meta-regression models identified dose threshold and independent predictors of effects.Results: Sixteen trials (236 subjects) met the eligibility criteria. Isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate raised triglycerides and lowered total cholesterol under specific conditions without affecting LDL cholesterol or HDL cholesterol. A triglyceride-raising effect without heterogeneity was seen only in type 2 diabetes when the reference carbohydrate was starch (mean difference 0.24 [95% CI 0.05-0.44]), dose was >60 g/day (0.18 [0.00-0.37]), or follow-up was < or =4 weeks (0.18 [0.00-0.35]). Piecewise meta-regression confirmed a dose threshold of 60 g/day (R(2) = 0.13)/10% energy (R(2) = 0.36). A total cholesterol-lowering effect without heterogeneity was seen only in type 2 diabetes under the following conditions: no randomization and poor study quality (-0.19 [-0.34 to -0.05]), dietary fat >30% energy (-0.33 [-0.52 to -0.15]), or crystalline fructose (-0.28 [-0.47 to -0.09]). Multivariate meta-regression analyses were largely in agreement.Conclusions: Pooled analyses demonstrated conditional triglyceride-raising and total cholesterol-lowering effects of isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate in type 2 diabetes. Recommendations and large-scale future trials need to address the heterogeneity in the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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44. Effect of a low-glycemic index or a high-cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.

Author

Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, McKeown-Eyssen G, Josse RG, Silverberg J, Booth GL, Vidgen E, Josse AR, Nguyen TH, Corrigan S, Banach MS, Ares S, Mitchell S, Emam A, Augustin LS, Parker TL, Leiter LA, Jenkins, David J A, Kendall, Cyril W C, and McKeown-Eyssen, Gail

Abstract

Context: Clinical trials using antihyperglycemic medications to improve glycemic control have not demonstrated the anticipated cardiovascular benefits. Low-glycemic index diets may improve both glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors for patients with type 2 diabetes but debate over their effectiveness continues due to trial limitations.Objective: To test the effects of low-glycemic index diets on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.Design, Setting, and Participants: A randomized, parallel study design at a Canadian university hospital research center of 210 participants with type 2 diabetes treated with antihyperglycemic medications who were recruited by newspaper advertisement and randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 diet treatments each for 6 months between September 16, 2004, and May 22, 2007.Intervention: High-cereal fiber or low-glycemic index dietary advice.Main Outcome Measures: Absolute change in glycated hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)), with fasting blood glucose and cardiovascular disease risk factors as secondary measures.Results: In the intention-to-treat analysis, HbA(1c) decreased by -0.18% absolute HbA(1c) units (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.29% to -0.07%) in the high-cereal fiber diet compared with -0.50% absolute HbA(1c) units (95% CI, -0.61% to -0.39%) in the low-glycemic index diet (P < .001). There was also an increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the low-glycemic index diet by 1.7 mg/dL (95% CI, 0.8-2.6 mg/dL) compared with a decrease of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by -0.2 mg/dL (95% CI, -0.9 to 0.5 mg/dL) in the high-cereal fiber diet (P = .005). The reduction in dietary glycemic index related positively to the reduction in HbA(1c) concentration (r = 0.35, P < .001) and negatively to the increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.19, P = .009).Conclusion: In patients with type 2 diabetes, 6-month treatment with a low-glycemic index diet resulted in moderately lower HbA(1c) levels compared with a high-cereal fiber diet. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00438698. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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49. Pectin and complications after gastric surgery: normalisation of postprandial glucose and endocrine responses

Author

R. H. Albuquerque, A. R. Leeds, K. G. M. M. Alberti, Jenkins Dj, S.R. Bloom, Geoffrey Metz, and D. L. Sarson

Subjects
Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Blood sugar, Enteroglucagon, Vagotomy, Hypoglycemia, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Postoperative Complications, Gastrectomy, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Insulin, Aged, Glucose tolerance test, Gastric emptying, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Stomach, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Gastroenterology, food and beverages, Glucose Tolerance Test, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Surgery, Endocrinology, Postprandial, medicine.anatomical_structure, Gastric Emptying, Food, Pectins, Female, business, Research Article
Abstract

Pectin has been shown to minimise the fall in blood glucose seen in patients who are troubled by hypoglycaemia attacks after gastric surgery. We therefore performed 50 g glucose tolerance tests with and without 14.5 g pectin on 11 post-gastric surgery patients. After pectin, the high postprandial levels of glucose, insulin, and enteroglucagon were significantly reduced as was the fall in blood glucose between 90 and 120 minutes. These effects of pectin may reflect slower uptake of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract and provide evidence to support the use of unabsorbable carbohydrate gelling agents in treating hypoglycaemia after gastric surgery.

Published
1980

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