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Background: Infection control practitioners face several challenges when implementing infection control link nurse (ICLN) programmes. Identification of strategies to address these can improve the impact of current ICLN programmes and guide their future implementation. Aim: We aimed to identify implementation strategies for ICLN programmes in acute-care hospitals with the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)-Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) Implementation Strategy Matching tool. Methods: An expert panel matched 19 implementation and sustainment barriers, identified in our previous studies, to the most fitting CFIR constructs. Subsequently, we applied the CFIR-ERIC Matching Tool and generated a list of implementation strategies to address these barriers. Findings: Barriers were predominantly found within the CFIR domains ‘inner setting’ (characteristics of the implementing organization) and ‘process’ (stages of implementation). With the ERIC Matching Tool, we identified the 10 most important strategies to address barriers of implementation of ICLN programmes: identify and prepare champions, conduct local consensus discussions, assess for readiness and identify barriers and facilitators, inform local opinion leaders, use facilitation, create a learning collaborative, conduct local needs assessments, develop a formal implementation blueprint, build a coalition, and identify early adopters. Conclusion: The CFIR domains ‘inner setting’ and ‘process’ appeared to be the most important to impede implementation of ICLN programmes in acute-care hospitals. Application of the CFIR-ERIC tool highlighted the identification and preparation of champions as the leading strategy for the successful implementation of these programmes. With this tool, strategies can be specifically tailored towards local implementation and sustainment barriers.

Objectives\ud The EuroQol Group is developing a new EQ-5D-Y-5L version with five severity levels for each of the five dimensions. The five severity levels describe different health severity and there is a potential for severity level inversion. This paper aims to report the process of cross-cultural\ud adaptation of the beta EQ-5D-Y-5L into Chichewa (Malawi) using the card ranking exercise which has been added to the EQ-5D-Y-5L translation protocol.\ud Methods\ud To assess correct hierarchical ordering of severity levels, the adaptation followed the EQ-5D-Y- 5L translation protocol. Cognitive interviews were undertaken to establish conceptual equivalence. Thereafter, four iterations of ranking exercises were conducted, leading to amendments of the translated Chichewa version to arrive at a final version.\ud Results\ud The iterations were assessed by 18 participants aged 8-14 years. Health proved to be a difficult concept to translate as was ‘discomfort’. Cognitive interviews identified further conceptual issues, particularly with the ‘looking after myself’ dimension. Considerations about lack of soap or water indicated that some children did not fully comprehend this dimension as being about the ability to wash and dress themselves. The iterative card ranking exercise detected severity level inversion\ud between ‘a little bit’ and ‘some’, and between ‘a lot’ and ‘extreme’ and alternative Chichewa words/phrases were then tested. Ultimately, intended hierarchical severity ranking was achieved and an acceptable Chichewa version produced.\ud Conclusions\ud Conceptual and linguistic equivalence to the English EQ-5D-Y-5L was established for the Chichewa EQ-5D-Y-5L version. The card ranking exercise was instrumental in correcting severity level inversion and supporting the comprehensible translation.\ud Key words: EQ-5D-Y-5L, EQ-5D-Y, childhood, ‘health-related quality of life, HRQoL, translation, adaptation, ranking exercise, sub-Saharan Africa

Additional file 2: Appendix II: Quality appraisal of included studies.

Additional file 1: Appendix I: Search strategy.

The authors regret that a few lines in Tables 1 and 2 were formatted incorrectly in the published version of the article with numbers all appearing in one line instead of being in separate lines. The correctly formatted tables are shown below. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Background: Interactions between polymorphisms of the melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene and lifestyle intervention for gestational diabetes have been described. Whether these are specific for physical activity or the healthy eating intervention is unknown. Objectives: The aim was to assess the interaction between MTNR1B rs10830962 and rs10830963 polymorphisms and lifestyle interventions during pregnancy. Methods: Women with a BMI (in kg/m2) of ≥29 (n = 436) received counseling on healthy eating (HE), physical activity (PA), or both. The control group received usual care. This secondary analysis had a factorial design with comparison of HE compared with no HE and PA compared with no PA. Maternal outcomes at 24-28 wk were gestational weight gain (GWG), maternal fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), disposition index, and development of GDM. Neonatal outcomes were cord blood leptin and C-peptide and estimated neonatal fat percentage. The interaction between receiving either the HE or PA intervention and genotypes of both rs10830962 and rs10830963 was assessed using multilevel regression analysis. Results: GDM risk was increased in women homozygous for the G allele of rs10830962 (OR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.34, 5.06) or rs10830963 (OR: 2.83; 95% CI: 1.24, 6.47). Significant interactions between rs10830962 and interventions were found: in women homozygous for the G allele but not in the other genotypes, the PA intervention reduced maternal fasting insulin (β: -0.16; 95% CI: -0.33, 0.02; P = 0.08) and HOMA-IR (β: -0.17; 95% CI: -0.35, 0.01; P = 0.06), and reduced cord blood leptin (β: -0.84; 95% CI: -1.42, -0.25; P = 0.01) and C-peptide (β: -0.62; 95% CI: -1.07, -0.17; P = 0.01). In heterozygous women, the HE intervention had no effect, whereas in women homozygous for the C allele, HE intervention reduced GWG (β: -1.6 kg; 95% CI: -2.4, -0.8 kg). No interactions were found. Conclusions: In women homozygous for the risk allele of MTNR1B rs10830962, GDM risk was increased and PA intervention might be more beneficial than HE intervention for reducing maternal insulin resistance, cord blood C-peptide, and cord blood leptin.

BackgroundEnhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society guidelines integrate evidence-based practices into multimodal care pathways that have improved outcomes in multiple adult surgical specialties. There are currently no pediatric ERAS®Society guidelines. We created an ERAS®guideline designed to enhance quality of care in neonatal intestinal resection surgery.MethodsA multidisciplinary guideline generation group defined the scope, population, and guideline topics. Systematic reviews were supplemented by targeted searching and expert identification to identify 3514 publications that were screened to develop and support recommendations. Final recommendations were determined through consensus and were assessed for evidence quality and recommendation strength. Parental input was attained throughout the process.ResultsFinal recommendations ranged from communication strategies to antibiotic use. Topics with poor-quality and conflicting evidence were eliminated. Several recommendations were combined. The quality of supporting evidence was variable. Seventeen final recommendations are included in the proposed guideline.DiscussionWe have developed a comprehensive, evidence-based ERAS guideline for neonates undergoing intestinal resection surgery. This guideline, and its creation process, provides a foundation for future ERAS guideline development and can ultimately lead to improved perioperative care across a variety of pediatric surgical specialties.

BACKGROUND: Although stretching is done routinely to prevent injury during explosive sport activities, there is some concern that effective stretching might negatively impact on performanceOBJECTIVE: This study's main objective was to investigate the impact of a specific stretch, the contract-relax-agonist-contract (CRAC) stretch, in which the muscle to be stretched, namely, the hamstrings, is actively contracted and then relaxed. This is followed by the antagonist muscle (the quadriceps) contracting. Secondly, the impact of the stretch on performance was examinedMETHODS: A randomised control trial was used. Forty healthy active males between 21 and 35 years old were assigned to either receive three repetitions of CRAC or rest. Hamstring flexibility and the Illinois Agility Test were the primary outcome measuresRESULTS: The intervention was effective in improving hamstring flexibility by 37% immediately post-application and was maintained for eight minutes thereafter. It had no significant effect on agility or sprint timesCONCLUSION: CRAC, when applied to stretch the hamstring muscles of active males, resulted in a large increase of active knee extension range of motion, without decreasing performance. Therefore, CRAC appears to be a safe and effective method of increasing the length of the hamstrings pre-sport activity and should be utilised by sports physiotherapists if deemed necessary. It was also shown to be beneficial following the initial assessment

Archaeology aims to enhance our understanding of the human past. An archaeologist devotes him- or herself to material remains, most often from the earth. The best sources of information about human behaviour and the earlier conditions of life for human beings are gravesites. In addition to being a source of cultural information, well-preserved skeletons offer vast possibilities for biochemical and genetic research. Teeth in particular can provide a treasure trove of information about the lives of our ancestors. With DNA analysis, gender and genetic relationships can be determined, however, the surface of the teeth also provides information about gender, age and genetic relationships and, of course, about the use of the teeth. New discoveries are being made and new (bio-)archaeological analyses are being carried out all the time.Het doel van de archeologie is kennisvorming over het menselijk verleden. Een archeoloog houdt zich bezig met de materiële overblijfselen, hoofdzakelijk afkomstig uit de bodem. De beste informatiebron voor het menselijk gedrag en de vroegere leefomstandigheden van de mens zijn grafvelden. Behalve als bron voor culturele informatie, bieden zij met goed geconserveerde skeletten grote mogelijkheden voor biochemisch en genetisch onderzoek. Vooral het gebit kan een schat aan informatie opleveren over het leven van onze voorouders. Met DNA-analyse kunnen het geslacht en genetische verwantschappen worden bepaald, maar ook de buitenkant van de gebitselementen levert informatie op over geslacht, leeftijd en genetische verwantschap en uiteraard over het gebruik van het gebit. Er worden voortdurend nieuwe ontdekkingen gedaan en nieuwe (bio-)archeologische analyses uitgevoerd.

The profile of HIV/AIDS has changed from that of a terminal illness to one of a chronic debilitating disease which has the potential to become terminal.