Search

Utilization possibilities of solidified fractions of industrial hazardous waste obtained by mixing with inert materials in construction were investigated. Waste mineral oils, water-hydrocarbon emulsions mixture, and waste filter cakes from the physico-chemical treatment of wastewater generated by washing of patterned rollers for a printing machine, were used as models of industrial hazardous waste in the solidification process. Investigation comprised preparation of concrete and asphalt mixtures for further testing. The solidified powder was analyzed regarding the granulometric composition, while the obtained concrete samples were further subjected to compressive strength determination, whereas the asphalt mixtures were tested in the context of potential waterproofing materials. According to the obtained leaching test results, all the samples met the required conditions for further application. Compressive strength test results were in the range of 8.7 – 22.6 MPa. Still, the measured compressive strength values were lower than expected, which is explained using solidified powder fractions of smaller grain size. According to the results, it can be concluded that the investigated mixtures cannot be used for structural building elements, but their usage is recommended for elements such as pavements, roadside, path cubes, concrete haberdashery, etc. Asphalt mixtures showed acceptable properties in terms of mechanical, durability, and waterproofing tests., Ispitivane su mogućnosti korišćenja solidifikovanih frakcija industrijskog opasnog otpada dobijenog njegovim mešanjem sa inertnim materijalima u građevinarstvu. Kao predstavnici industrijskog opasnog otpada u procesu solidifikacije korišćena su otpadna mineralna ulja, mešavina vodeno-ugljovodonične emulzije i otpadne filter pogačeiz fizičko-hemijskog tretmana otpadnih voda nastalih pranjem dezen valjaka na mašini za štampanje. Istraživanje je podrazumevalo pripremu betona i asfaltne mešavine za dalja ispitivanja. Utvrđen je granulometrijski sastav solidifikovanog praha, uzorci betona su dalje podvrgnuti određivanju čvrstoće na pritisak, a asfaltne mešavine su ispitivane u kontekstu hidroizolacionih materijala. Prema dobijenim rezultatima ispitivanja luženja, svi uzorci su ispunjavali potrebne uslove za dalju primenu. Rezultati ispitivanja čvrstoće na pritisak bili su u opsegu od 8,7 – 22,6 MPa. Izmerene vrednosti čvrstoće na pritisak bile su niže od očekivanih, što se objašnjava upotrebom solidifikovanih frakcija manje granulacije. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se ispitivane mešavine ne mogu koristiti za konstruktivne građevinske elemente, te se preporučuje njihova upotreba za građevinske elemente kao što su trotoari, ivičnjaci, kocke za staze, betonska galanterija i dr. Asfaltne mešavine su pokazale prihvatljiva svojstva u pogledu mehaničkih, ispitivanja izdržljivosti i hidroizolacije.

Elevation in the electronics industry has experienced a significant increase in the amount of waste generated, resulting in the generation of a substantial amount of electrical waste (E-waste). The excessive usage and production of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), a critical component of older monitors and screens, has become a significant environmental issue globally over the past few decades. With the advent of novel technologies, CRTs have been almost entirely replaced. It is now essential to develop new and renewable methods to manage CRT glass waste. The reuse of CRT waste glass for the manufacturing of new products or as an admixture to existing ones presents a significant opportunity, and thus it is obligatory to find contemporary ways to recycle this waste. Grounded CRT waste glass has been found to have a positive impact when used as a fine aggregate, but it is classified as hazardous due to its high lead content. However, after comprehensive series of cleaning and grinding the utilization of CRT glass can be beneficial in various fields. This paper focuses on reviewing recent developments related to the reuse of CRTs, and the aim is to evaluate the feasibility of its safe application in the art field.

In this study, the applicability of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) in geopolymerization technology was investigated. The C&DW components, concrete and solid bricks, were collected from demolition sites in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia. The concrete sample came from a demolished fifty-year-old construction road, while the remains of solid bricks originated from a 1930s building. Prior to mechanical testing, the C&DW components were characterized by XRD analysis for their mineralogical composition. The results showed that the concrete waste consisted mainly of quartz (SiO2) and calcite (CaCO3), while the brick waste sample contained anorthite from the feldspar group (CaAl2Si2O8), wollastonite (Ca0.957Fe0.043O3Si) and mullite (Al2.4O4.8SiO6). The mechanical properties were examined using the screening method on three geopolymer mixtures, one of each mixture of concrete and brick powders and a mixture of both C&DW components. According to the standard SRPS EN 12390-3:2010 for cubic samples, the geopolymer samples were prepared with alkaline activators for testing the compressive strength as the dominant parameter in the mortar and concrete evaluation. The compressive strength values increased in the range of 2.4 MPa for concrete, 10.2 MPa for brick, and 10.8 MPa for the mixed geopolymer sample. The low compressive strength result of the concrete sample was the consequence of the mineral composition, i.e., the absence of aluminosilicate. However, the brick and the sample with a combination of both types of waste showed moderately satisfactory compressive strength, which could be the starting point for further investigations.

The utilization of construction and demolition debris in industrial wastewater treatment by sorption of Co2+ and Ni2+ ions was investigated. Selected waste composites are cost-effective and locally available, still their sorption character-istics and application are not sufficiently investigated. The samples of concrete, facade, ceramic materials, and asphalt were characterized in terms of mineral and surface composition, radioactivity, and stability at different pH values, as well as pH values of suspension and filtrate and electrical conductivity of the fil-trate. The sorption capacities were determined in batch experimental conditions in one and multi-component solutions. Characterization showed different crystal structures and mineralogical compositions of components. The results of gamma spectrometry confirmed the radiological safety of samples. Based on stability testing results, waste materials are suitable for further utilization and do not pose any risk to the environment. The overall sorption results suggested that cement-based materials, in addition to high affinity for the tested ions, represent a sorbent that binds contaminants firmly enough, reduces their mobility and bioa-vailability, and are suitable for removing Co2+ and Ni2+ ions from wastewaters.

The advances in the electronic industry have led to a generation of an extensive amount of electrical waste (E-waste) before the end of its proper life span. Excessive usage and production of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), which is the fundamental part of old monitors and screens, has become an immense problem worldwide regarding the environmental issues, since the last few decades thin-film transistors (TFT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) replaced CRTs almost entirely. Consequently, it is of crucial importance to expand and deploy new, renewable methods to manage CRT glass waste. There is an appreciable prospective to use CRT waste glass for new products manufacture, or as an admixture to existing ones, hence the requirement for reusing this kind of waste is favorable. Many investigations have confirmed the positive effect of using grounded CRT waste glass as a fine aggregate. However, this waste is classified as hazardous due to the high lead content. Mixing CRT glass with mortar constructively decreases the amount of cement consumption. Features of this paper relate to a review of recent developments regarding the reuse of CRTs in cementitious materials. Emphasis was placed on their physico-mechanical properties to evaluate the possibility of CRT usage in mortar mixtures.

The paper presents experimental results of the tests conducted on Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with recycled concrete aggregate in order to investigate compressive strength at low temperatures. Recycled concrete aggregate was obtained by crushing laboratory concrete cubes. Four mixtures of concrete were made. This approach to concrete proportioning paves a way for a cleaner and more sustainable civil engineering practice.

Construction and demolition debris (C&DD) is among the fastest-growing waste streams due to accelerated urbanization processes and overall economic development. Accordingly, developing attractive and cost-effective methods and creating more valuable technologies that could use this waste type more efficiently and solve possible environmental problems is one of the main challenges in research nowadays. The C&DD-based materials design has attracted the attention of researchers, offering to reduce the impact of production on the environment. The benefits arising from this concept include the reduction of C&DD in municipal landfills and the preservation of large quantities of natural raw materials, e.g. cement, aggregates, and water. Hence, the production costs, energy consumption, and carbon footprint could be reduced simultaneously. However, the results of this promising technology are not sufficiently integrated into actual practice. This new material development concept proposes a four-step approach. The first phase involves designing a mixture for the geopolymer material. The second phase consists of basic physico-mechanical properties determination: density, absorption, and compressive strength. The next stage implies durability testing. The fourth step, often omitted in basic research, suggests the best geopolymer formulations for the delivery and investigation of eco-friendly and marketable prefabricated building product prototypes, for various applications, e.g. pavements or wall blocks.

Comprehensive needs for environmental protection are imposed by the prerogative of preserving natural resources, i.e. efficient usage of materials and energy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for different waste materials recycling or reusing. However, advances in new technologies in the electronics industry are leading to the problem of disposing of different types of E-waste, often discarded even before its usual time. This research represents an overview of E-waste glass utilization, like cathode ray tubes (CRT) from old computer monitors and TV screens, in mortar matrices for radionuclide immobilization. Due to its properties, mortar is used for liquid radioactive waste (LRW) solidification. Large quantities of cement, aggregates, and water are used annually for mortar and concrete manufacture. Also, cement production requires the consumption of large amounts of energy, i.e. the use of non-renewable fossil fuels. Nevertheless, mixing waste materials with mortar effectively reduces the amount of cement consumption. Aspects of this paper relate to a review of recent developments regarding the use of E-waste in cementitious materials. Emphasis was placed on their physico-mechanical properties to evaluate the possibility of CRT usage in mortar matrix for LRW immobilization.

The utilization of construction and demolition debris in industrial wastewater treatment by sorption of Co2+ and Ni2+ ions was investigated. Selected waste composites are cost-effective and locally available; still their sorption characteristics and application are not sufficiently investigated. The samples of concrete, facade, ceramic materials and asphalt were characterized in terms of min- eral and surface composition, radioactivity, and stability at different pH values, as well as pH values of suspension and filtrate and electrical conductivity of the filtrate. The sorption capacities were determined in batch experimental conditions in one- and multi-component solutions. Characteriza- tion showed different crystal structures and mineralogical compositions of components. The results of gamma spectrometry confirmed the radiological safety of samples. Based on stability testing re- sults, waste materials are suitable for further utilization and do not pose any risk to the environment. The overall sorption results suggested that cement-based materials, in addition to high affinity for the tested ions, represent a sorbent that binds contaminants firmly enough, reduces their mobility and bioavailability, and are suitable for removing Co2+ and Ni2+ ions from wastewaters., Ispitivano je korišćenje građevinskog i ruševnog otpada u tretmanu industrijskih otpadnih voda sorpcijom jona Co2+ i Ni2+. Odabrani kompoziti otpada su isplativi i dostupni na lokalnom nivou; još uvek nisu dovoljno istražene njihove sorpcione karakteristike i primena. Uzorci betona, fasada, keramičkih materijala i asfalta su okarakterisani u pogledu mineralnog i površinskog sastava, radioaktivnosti i stabilnosti na različitim pH vrednostima, kao i pH vrednosti suspenzije i filtrata i električne provodljivosti filtrata. Kapaciteti sorpcije određivani su u serijskim eksperimentalnim uslovima u jednokomponentnim i višekomponentnim rastvorima. Karakterizacija je pokazala različite kristalne strukture i mineraloški sastav komponenti. Rezultati gama spektrometrije potvrdili su radiološku sigurnost uzoraka. Na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja stabilnosti, otpadni materijali su pogodni za dalju upotrebu i ne predstavljaju nikakav rizik po životnu sredinu. Ukupni rezultati sorpcije sugerišu da materijali na bazi cementa, pored visokog afiniteta za ispitivane jone, predstavljaju sorbent koji dovoljno čvrsto vezuje zagađivače, smanjuje njihovu mobilnost i bioraspoloživost i pogodni su za uklanjanje jona Co2+ i Ni2+ iz otpadnih voda.

Copper slag flotation tailings (CSFT), as the end waste from copper mining, are evaluated for radionuclide and heavy metal immobilization. Characterization of CSFT based on grain size and mineral composition, surface functional groups, pH and electrical conductivity in aqueous media, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), determination of characteristic temperatures in sample melting process, leachability, and toxicity tests is conducted. The screening sorption of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) inactive isotopes from single-component solutions is performed. The Cd(II) ions show better sorption potential than other ions, with a sorption capacity of 0.08 mmol g−1 at the highest initial concentration. Sorption decreases in the sequence Cd(II) > Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Mn(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) at all initial concentrations. Although CSFT shows lower sorption capability than synthetic sorbents based on fayalite and magnetite, its inexpensiveness and substantial accessible amount represent great advantages in wider utilization.

The probability of Cs+ and Co2+ ions retention by immobilization processes in the cement matrix was determinate as the subject of analyses: matrix design, water/cement ratio, and structure porosity. Comparison of experimental results was accomplished by Hespe standard leaching method. Diffusion and semi-empirical models were used for the assessment of the washing rate as a function of time. The higher value of cement matrix mechanical resistance corresponds to a lower value of Co2+ and Cs+ ions leaching. The Co2+ leaching level was more than two orders of magnitude less than the leaching level of Cs+. The influence of bentonite and zeolite on Co2+ leaching reduction was significantly smaller in comparison with Cs+, while zeolite had a higher Cs+ and Co2+ sorption ability than bentonite. Under static leaching conditions, the contribution of diffusion to the total transport of ions in the matrix porous medium was dominant. The contribution of matrix dissolution was insignificant concerning the dominant contribution of diffusion and surface washing. The semi-empirical model showed a better approximation of the Co2+ and Cs+ ions laboratory leaching process.

The aim of the present study is the comparison of ambient pollution in working environment during infectious medical waste treatment in two relevant health care institutions in the Republic of Serbia - The Blood Transfusion Institute of Serbia and The Clinical Centre of Serbia by different sterilization methods (sterilizer-convertor and autoclave, respectively). Monitoring and analysis of the following chemical compounds were performed in both institutions: water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid, methane, ethane, propane, hexane, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, m-xylene, phenol, acrolein, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethylamine, ethylene oxide, methanol, dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl sulphide, ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, freon 11 (trichlorofluoromethane), carbonyl sulphide and hydrogen chloride. The determination of vapor-phase concentrations was done by extractive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Monitoring of ambient pollution during infectious medical waste sterilization has shown that mercaptans, acrolein, formaldehyde, dimethyl sulphide, and ethylene oxide are emitted in both health institutions, in concentrations which are not permitted by regulations, while increased concentrations of hydrogen chloride and phenol were found in the Clinical Centre of Serbia. A comparison of ambient pollution with two different sterilization methods has shown that higher concentrations of pollutants are emitted at higher temperatures. Considering the fact that mentioned compounds exhibit high toxicity, hence represent the risk to air quality in working and living environment, i.e. represents a risk to human health it is necessary to revise and improve the existing treatment methods.

The thermomechanical properties of the bio-fiber composite, as material for the production of thermal insulation panels, were evaluated. The observed mixtures were composed of Miscanthus × giganteus bio-fibers, mineral binders (cement or lime), pozzolanic materials (zeolite and fly ash), and water. The favorable heat transfer behavior of composites based on Miscanthus × giganteus bio-fibers was already affirmed by literature data of similar natural bio-fiber materials, the author’s previous experimental results, and consideration of dynamic heat transfer processes in the insulated outer wall exposed to variable ambient conditions. The experimental assessment was focused on the bearing capacity (i.e. compressive and flexural strength), water absorption, and durability (i.e. resistance to freeze-thaw and carbonation), because there is scarce literature data regarding these properties, whose thorough understanding and systematization are highly important for a wider application of biomass-based thermal insulation materials. The obtained results were evaluated through the comparison to published data from similar bio-based thermal insulations, as well as from conventional thermo-insulation materials such as polystyrene and stone or glass wool.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential risks of radiation near abandoned uranium mines, tailing dumps, or uranium deposits on Mountain Stara Planina, Serbia. For risk assessment several parameters were determined: Radium equivalent activity, Raeq, external hazard index, Hex, gamma radiation absorbed dose rate, D, annual effective dose on background outdoor gamma exposure, AEDoutdoor, and excess lifetime cancer risk, ELCR. Obtained results showed that all the samples, except one, have the Raeq value up to two times higher than the reference limit. The Raeq of the sample from the Mezdreja mine tailings was increased by almost eight times. The value of Hex followed the same pattern as Raeq. All the investigated localities have increased D values, while all the samples have shown the moderately low AEDoutdoor, except Mezdreja mine tailings that have 5.5-2.8 times higher dose relative to the world's average. ELCR at the Mezdreja mine tailings is 4.58 times higher than the world's average of 1.45-10-3. In the context of human activity in the area of Stara Planina such as different kinds of tourism, livestock breeding, dairy products, and herbal manufacturing, etc. there is a need for detailed analysis in order to evaluate potential human exposure and health impacts.

Implementation of ISO 14001 standards - The environmental management system, following the ISO 9001 standard, is becoming increasingly common in our organizations. This is particularly true for construction companies that are significant waste generators and environmental pollutants. On this, they are bound by increasingly stringent legislation, on the one hand, and a more favorable position in public vacancies if they have introduced a standard, on the other. Bearing in mind the experience of the author in the implementation of the ISO 14001 standard, the paper will present the basic procedures for the efficient functioning of the environmental management system.

The utilization of construction and demolition waste materials for the radionuclide immobilization by sorption processes was investigated. Given that the liquid radioactive waste usually has a complex composition and that effects of competition may significantly influence the efficiency of the treatment, the Simplex Centroid experimental design was used to explore ions sorption from multi-component solutions. For the purpose of this study, the common components of construction and demolition waste, such as pathway concrete and different bricks samples, were used along with the multi-component Sr2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ ions solutions. The equations for the prediction of metal ions sorption capacities were derived. The coefficients that correspond to the linear and interaction terms were obtained using a special cubic model. Likewise, by analysis of variance, statistically significant terms of the obtained polynomial were defined. The investigation has shown that the most effective sorption was onto the pathway concrete for all three cations, while the highest sorption capacity was found for Co2+ ions. Also, it has been determined that concerning Sr2+ ion removal there was a competition with coexisting Co2+ and Ni2+ ions, reducing its sorption capacity, while sorption of Co2+ and Ni2+ occurred more independently on other cations in multi-component solutions. Based on the obtained results, the applied experimental design can be efficiently used for the description of competitive sorption process and could be a powerful tool for the prediction of cation immobilization in liquid radioactive waste treatment.

Following the guiding 3R principle of sustainable development (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle), the potential applicability concerning various components of construction and demolition waste (C and DW) was investigated for radionuclide sorption (Sr, Co, Ni). Collected samples of waste concrete, facade, bricks and asphalt were characterized in respect to mineralogical and surface composition, pH and radioactivity, while their sorption capacities were determined in batch conditions. Selectivity of potential sorbents differed in respect to Co2+ and Ni2+ ions, whereas sorption of Sr2+ was generally low. Concrete and facade have demonstrated both: the highest sorption capacities and the strongest interaction with the investigated cations, as revealed by sequential extraction analysis of loaded sorbents. Taking into account chemical compatibility with mixtures, commonly used for the solidification of radioactive waste, and expressed high affinity for studied cations, waste cement materials and debris are promising matrices for radionuclide immobilization. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, the applicability of waste concrete as a sorbent material for the liquid radioactive waste management was considered. The sample was properly characterized in terms of mineralogical and surface composition, particles morphology, radioactivity, and of the behavior in aqueous solutions at different solid/liquid ratios and pH values. Since radioactive isotopes of Sr, Co and Ni are significant components of the liquid radioactive waste, sequestering of their ions from aqueous media was studied in single and multi-component batch sorption systems. The capacity of waste concrete decreased in the order Ni2+(0.54 mmol/g) > Co2+(0.32 mmol/g) > Sr2+(0.25 mmol/g). Concurrent sorption was analyzed using Simplex Centroid Experimental Design and the coefficients that correspond to the linear and interaction terms were obtained using a special cubic model. The presented results demonstrate the potential of waste concrete in the radioactive waste treatment and conditioning, due to its high sorption capacity and compatibility with the solidification matrices.

Građevinski otpad, kao inertan čvrsti otpad, zauzima značajne kapacitete komunalnih deponija. U ovom radu ispitana je mogućnost valorizacije otpadnih keramičkih pločica i crepa, kao silikatnih matrica za uklanjanje jona Co2+, Sr2+ i Ni2+ iz trokomponentne smeše. U cilju utvrđivanja stabilnosti veza uspostavljenih između katjona i sorbenata, primenjena je metoda sekvencijalne ekstrakcije. Sorpcija jona Sr2+ je bila najmanje efikasna, usled kompeticije između jona u polaznoj smeši i značajne količine konkurentnih Ca2+ jona otpuštenih iz otpadnih materijala. Sorbovani joni Sr2+ su u visokom procentu ekstrahovani u okviru jonoizmenjivačke frakcije i frakcije rastvorne u slabim kiselinama, te su pokazali i najmanju stabilnost. Nasuprot tome, ispitani materijali su sorbavali Co2+ i Ni2+ jone u značajnoj količini, a njihova distribucija ukazuje na uspostavljanje jačih hemiskih veza. Uzimajući u obzir, količine, dostupnost i hemijsku kompatibilnost sa solidifikacionim matriksima koji se koriste za trajno odlaganje radioaktivnog otpada, rezultati ukazuju na potencijal primene građevinskog otpada umesto prirodnih mineralnih sorbenata., Construction and demolition waste is an inert solid waste which occupies significant capacities of the municipal landfills. The possibility of the valorization of waste ceramic and roof tiles, as silicate matrices for Co2+, Sr2+ and Ni2+ removal from three-component solution, was explored. In order to determine the stability of the bonds established between the cations and the sorbents, the method of sequential extraction was applied. Sr2+ sorption was the least efficient, due to the competition with other cations in the starting mixture and significant amounts of concurrent Ca2+ ions released from the waste materials. High percentages of sorbed Sr2+ ions were extracted in ion-exchangeable and acid soluble fractions, showing the lowest stability. On the other hand, Co2+ and Ni2+ sorption was more efficient and their distribution implies establishment of stronger chemical bonds. Taking into account the amounts, availability and chemical compatibility with matrixes for radioactive waste solidification and disposal, the obtained results demonstrate the potential applicability of construction and demolition waste as an alternative to natural mineral sorbents.

U ovom radu je upoređena efikasnost različitih biosorbenata u procesu uklanjanja jona Mn2+ iz vodenih rastvora. Efekat inicijalne koncentracije jona Mn2+ na sorbovanu količinu je ispitan primenom sledećih sprašenih materijala: kompost rečne korovske biljke (KB), žarenih goveđih kostiju (ŽK), ljuštura školjki (LJŠ) i pepela pirinčane pleve (PPP). Sorbovane količine Mn2+ su rasle sa porastom polazne koncentracije, a maksimalni kapaciteti biosorbenata određeni konstruisanjem sorpcionih izotermi, rasli su u nizu: PPP

The possible utilization of waste ceramic (CT) and roof tiles (RT), as sorbents for liquid radioactive waste (LRW) treatment, was investigated. Following the European directives on waste and politics of saving natural raw materials, it is reasonable and desirable to explore potential applicability of such construction wastes. These materials are lowcost and locally available in high quantities, yet, their sorption characteristics were not evaluated to this point. In the present study, detailed physicochemical characterization of waste CT and RT included determination of mineral composition, surface functional groups, radioactivity, as well as the stability in aqueous media. The batch sorption study of Sr2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ ions from single- and multi-component solutions was performed, as their radioactive isotopes are common constituents in LRW. Sorption equilibrium was best described by Freundlich isotherm model, regardless of the sorbent and the sorbate type. Sorption capacities of CT, defined in single element solutions, increased in the order 0.035 mmol Sr/g LT 0.12 mmol Ni/g LT 0.17 mmol Co/g, while the affinity of RT was generally lower (0.030 mmol Sr/g LT 0.065 mmol Co/g LT 0.10 mmolNi/g). The study of competitive cation sorption was performed following a simplex centroid experimental design matrix. The equations for the prediction of metal sorption capacities from multi-component solution were derived. Utilization of CT and RT might be an efficient way for waste water purification, with simultaneous reduction in construction waste amount on municipal landfills. (C) 2016 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The sorption properties of waste facade, brick, and asphalt sample towards Sr(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions from single and multicomponent solutions were investigated. The highest sorption capacity was found for Ni(II) ions, while the most effective sorbent was facade. Simplex Centroid Mixture Design was used in order to investigate the sorption processes of ions from solutions with different composition as well as the competition between the cations. Based on the statistical analysis results, the equations for data modeling were proposed. According to the observations, the investigated solid matrices can be effectively used for the liquid radioactive waste treatment. Furthermore, the applied methodology turned out to be an easy and operational way for the investigations of multicomponent sorption processes.

Mikoremedijacija je oblik bioremedijacije koji pomoću gljiva vrši detoksikaciju zagađenih zemljišta i voda. Gljive igraju važnu ulogu u svim ekosistemima i u stanju su da regulišu protok hranljivih materija i energije. Jedna od osnovnih uloga gljiva u ekosistemu je razgradnja koju vrše micelijumi. Micelijumi izlučuju vanćelijske enzime i kiseline koje razgrađuju lignin i celulozu. To su organska jedinjena iz lanca ugljenika i vodonika strukturom slična mnogim organskim zagađivačima. Na taj način razgrađuju lance toksina u jednostavnije i manje toksične hemikalije. Enzimi gljive mogu razložiti neke od najotpornijih materijala napravljenih od strane čoveka i prirode kao što su nafta, ulje, pesticidi, lijekovi, tekstilne boje itd. Neke od poznatih gljiva koje se koriste u mikoremedijaciji su: bukovača (Pleurotus ostreatus), ćuranov rep (Trametes versicolor), Shiitake gljive (Lentinus edodes), gljive bele truleži (Phanerochaete chrysosporium), Reishi gljive (Ganoderma lucidum), smrčak (Morchella Conica) itd. Najčešći metod mikoremedijacije je da se inokulišu drveni opiljci ili slama sa micelijumom gljive i stave na površinu kontaminiranog zemljišta ili tamo gde kontaminirana voda mora da proteče kroz to. U zavisnosti od nivoa zagađenja neophodno je izvršiti nekoliko uzastopnih primena da bi se toksini smanjili na prihvatljiv nivo. Micelije luče enzime koji usvajaju toksične materije sve dok se ne razviju u odrasle pečurke. Stoga je bitno zadržati miceliju da što duže raste prije nego se pretvori u oblik ploda. Prolećna inokulacija je bolja nego jesenja, jer micelije imaju više vremena da se rašire. Mnogi faktori utiču na brzinu i sposobnost apsorpcije i razgradnje toksina pomoću gljiva, a neki od njih su priroda ugljovodonika, temperatura, pH vrednost zemljišta, kiseonik, vlažnost vazduha i dr., Mycoremediation is the form of bioremediation which helps with fungi performing detoxification of contaminated soils and waters. Fungi play important role in all environments and are able to regulate the transfer of nutritious materials and energy. One of the basic roles of fungi in ecosystem is degradation which is performed by mycelia. Mycelia excrete extracellular enzymes and acids which break lignin and cellulose. Those are organic compounds from the chain of carbon and hydrogen similar by its structures to many organic pollutants. This way they break down toxins into simpler and less toxic chemicals. Fungi enzymes can break down some of the most resistant materials made by man and nature like crude oil, oil, pesticides, medicine, textile colors, etc. Some of know fungi which are used in mycoremediation are: Oysters (Pleurotus ostreatus), Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor), Shittake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes), White-rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium), Reishi mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum), Morel (Morchella Conica), etc. The most common method is to inoculate wood chips or straw with your mycoremediators and put that substrate on top of the problem soil or where the contaminated water has to flow through it. Depending on the level of contamination it is necessary to execute several consecutive applications in order for toxins to be reduced to acceptable level. Mycelia secrete enzymes which absorb toxic material all the time until they develop to grown mushrooms. Therefore, it is important to keep mycelia to grow as long as possible before it transforms in a form of fruit. Spring inoculations work better than fall inoculations as the mycelium has more time to grow- out. Many factors affect the speed and capability of absorption and degradation of toxins using fungi, and some of them are the nature of hydrocarbons, temperature, PH value of the soil, oxygen, humidity of air and similar.

Uloga karakterizacije i kvantifikacije polutanata devastiranih zemljišta od izuzetne je važnosti pri procesu njihove fitoremedijacije. Kontaminirana zemljišta se po svojim karakteristikama razlikuju od plodnog zemljišta po sastavu i koncentraciji toksičnih materija, količini vlage, nutrienata, hu- minskih supstanci i ostalim pedološkim karakteristikama. Fizičko-hemijskim, biološkim i tehnolo- škim analizama moguće je definisati nivo kontaminacije i mere koje su neophodne da bi se izvršila remedijacija ovakvih zemljišta radi preventivencije daljeg zagađivanja i pripreme zemljišta za ko- načnu prenamenu. Ovaj rad se bavi karakterizacijom jalovišta ugljenokopa i pepelišta termoe- lektrana nastalim eksploatacijom uglja u svrhu dobijanja električne energije. Pravilnim monito- ringom i izborom remedijacionih biljaka ovi deposoli mogu da posluže za gajenje ekoremedija- cionih zasada, posebno drvenastih kultura, koje dalje mogu da se koriste u građevinarstvu, drvnoj industriji ili kao biomasa za dobijanje energije. Izbor biljnih kultura zavisi od vrste kontaminacije, sposobnosti biljaka da detoksifikuju ove devastirane deposole uz dodatne agro-mere, kao i mogućnosti da njihovi korisni delovi ostanu nekontaminirani kako bi kasnije poslužili kao sirovina. Na osnovu nivoa i vrste kontaminacije biraju se pogodne biljne kulture, vrši biomonitoring procesa i određuje efekat revitalizacije zemljišta. U tekstu je najviše pažnje posvećeno hemijskom sastavu, pravilnom uzorkovanju, pripremi uzoraka i fizičko-hemijskim analizama deposola i biljnog materi- jala, koji zajedno predstavljaju čvrste uzorke., Characterization and quantification pollutants role of devastated soils has significant importance in their phytoremediation process. Characteristics of contaminated soils are different from fertile soils by composition and concentration of toxic substances, amount of moisture, nutrients, humic substances and other pedological characteristics. By physico-chemical, biological and technolo- gical analyses, it is possible to define contamination level and necessary measures for complete soil remediation for further pollution prevention and preparation for final adaptation. This paper deals with characterization of coal tailings dams and thermoelectric power plant ash ponds occurred by electricity production process. With proper monitoring and remediation plants selection these deposols could be used for growing ecoremediation biomass, especially woody cultures, which could be used in construction and wood industry or as energetic biomass. Choice of plants depends on contamination type, ability of plants to detoxify devastated deposols with additional agro- measures, as well as possibility of their useful parts to remain uncontaminated for later usage as raw material. Selection of suitable plants, biomonitoring and determination of soil revitalization effect are based on contamination level and type. This text is focused on chemical composition, proper sampling, sample preparation and physico-chemical analyses of deposols and plant material, which both are the solid samples.

Standardna analiza troškova i koristi podrazumeva kvantitativno vrednovanje opravdanosti i isplativosti projekta. Odluka o izvođenju projekta donosi se na osnovu analize, čija izrada je diskreciono pravo ulagača. Investicioni projekat nužno utiče na životnu sredinu u kojem se ostvaruje. Cost-benefit analiza pokazuje da li projekat ima uravnotežen pristup zaštiti životne sredine u skladu sa održivim razvojem, iz pozicije poslovnog interesa. Održivi razvoj dopušta proizvodna ulaganja koja ostvaruju profit, ali iz kog se mora izdvajati i doprinos za životnu sredinu. Ovakav pristup nema alternativu. Zakonom je propisana obaveza ulagača da analizom troškova i koristi dokaže da planirani projekt neće štetiti životnoj sredini., Standard cost-benefit analysis involves quantitative feasibility evaluation and project cost-effectiveness. Investment decision should be analysis based, it is investors discretion. Investment project necessarily has environment impact where it is realized. Cost-benefit analysis shows that project have a balanced approach to environmental protection in respect with sustainable development, from the business interests position. Sustainable development allows investments with profits, but requires a contribution to the environment. This approach has no alternative. Investors legislative obligations is cost-benefit analysis which proves that planned project will not harm the environment