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The current study aimed to investigate the damage of long-term high concentrate diet feeding pattern on Yak jejunal structure, physiological function and protein composition during cold season. Twelve Datong male Yak (Bos grunniens) with the same age from cold season were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine Yak jejunal digestive enzyme activity, morphology and protein composition on different feeding patterns in Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that Yak jejunum digestive enzyme activity and morphology of grazing reared group were better than those in the intensively reared group. A total of 96 differentially expressed proteins were identified by label-free Mass Spectrometry (MS), which could be concluded to two predominant themes: protein structure and inflammatory response. Nine differentially expressed proteins were correlated in Yak jejunum damage in different feeding patterns. According to this research, we found that feeding pattern resulted the differences in Yak jejunum physiological function, morphology and protein composition. This fact was confirmed long-term high dietary concentrate feeding could damage the jejunum epithelial morphology and function.

The trial objective was to investigate the efficacy of a yeast derivative (YD) on performance, health status, distal jejunal structure, and blood profile of broiler chickens. In a 35 day feeding trial, 1 day-old broilers were allocated to 3 experimental groups with 8 replicates (26/pen): control, treatment 1 (1 kg YD/t feed) and treatment 2 (2 kg YD/t feed). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. On day 35 the distal jejunum was collected from 8 chickens per group (1/pen) for morphometric measurements. Blood samples were collected (1/pen) on day 35 and analyzed by flow cytometry for leukocyte, heterophil, lymphocyte and monocyte enumeration. In the course of the trial a positive influence was observed by supplementation of YD. On day 35 body weight (BW) (1520 g) and daily weight gain (42.37 g/day) were greater in birds receiving 1 kg/t of YD compared to the control (1374 g BW, 38.18 g/day, respectively; P = 0.05). Supplementation with 2 kg/t of YD did not improve 35 day BW but did improve cumulative feed-to-gain ratio by 13% (P 0.05). The inclusion of YD in diets of broilers was able to improve broiler performance, intestinal goblet cell numbers and to reduce numbers of enterocytes undergoing apoptosis.

Since chronic pentagastrin stimulates pancreatic and proximal duodenal growth (15), we studied jejunal structure and function following subcutaneous pentagastrin (2 mg-100 g-1 day-1). After 15 days, macroscopic enlargement was confined to the proximal duodenum with a significant increase in wet weight (from 231 +/- SEM 6 to 308 +/- 13 mg) but there was no significant difference in wet and defatted dry intestinal weights, histological measurements of villous height and mucosal thickness or in glucose absorption per unit length of distal duodenum and proximal jejunum. Since chronic pentagastrin causes parietal cell hyperplasia and hypersecretion of gastric acid, the results suggest that the adaptive changes seen in the jejunum after ileectomy are neither mediated by gastrin nor by factors present in gastric secretions.