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Chitosan is a high-value compound in the world market and can be obtained, mostly, from crustaceans, as they are shrimps, crabs, and lobsters, but other sources are fungal cell walls and algae. In 2027, the size of the market is estimated at 28.93 billion dollars according to intelligence on emerging markets for academic institutions around the world, (EMIS ®). Chitosan, is composed of β-(1→ 4) D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units and typically is the result of the deacetylation of chitin. Technically, this compound is a biopolymer and represents 30 to 40 % of the structure of the exoskeleton of the shrimp. Through qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the properties of chitosan depends on the deacetylation degrees and molecular weight. Currently, of the total chitosan produced worldwide, 23 % is destined for the pharmaceutical 22 % for the food industry, 18 % for the cosmetic industry, and finally water treatment with 17 %. In the pharmaceutical industry, the highest degrees of deacetylate were used, between 70 to 90 %. This work exposes the level of investigation using 3 search equations, using Scopus® as the main database and Vosviewer® to understand the relationship between keywords. Additionally, the main countries that were published, main authors, and areas of interest, among other topics are analyzed. Asian countries such as China or Japan are the largest researchers. This is the result of the fact that they are the countries with the highest investment the areas of interest will focus on the chemical engineering environment and chemical engineering. The pharmaceutical, food, and tissue engineering industries are the means of greatest information (75 % of the total researcher).

The Colombian industrial sector faces various problems, such as contributing to the development of business and innovation capacities to overcome the difficulties associated with poverty, low competitiveness and low complexity. A key challenge is to develop mechanisms that allow companies to adapt to a globalized competitive environment. In this regard, projects and their management represent an opportunity for greater flexibility. This work presents a model developed to quantify dynamic absorption, understood as the ability to identify the value of new external knowledge, absorb it as internal knowledge and apply it to serve business purposes. The measured indicator is adapted to a dynamic organization environment and provides a project with the ability to interact with and monitor variables. For modeling, variables observed across 148 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), belonging to Colombian organizations, were collected using questionnaires and structural equation modeling (SEM) to determine analysis dimensions, and subsets of dynamic absorptive capacity as latent variables from this information. The dynamic absorptive capacity measurement model (PM4AC) describes a normalized fit index (NFI), comparative fit index (CFI) and RMSEA of 0.935, 0.986 and 0.042, correspondingly. The contribution of this model is designed to improve and make available a new framework of business sustainability leadership, using the PM4AC tool. Finally, the objective of this study is to provide a model developed to quantify the dynamic absorption capacity for SMES. Furthermore, as most of the research involves technology firms, we seek to better understand the business sustainability in SMEs.

Palm production chains in Colombia have some unsatisfied demands that affect their competitiveness. Specific demands include efficiency in energy use. Therefore, in the present report, an exergy analysis for the dual crude palm and kernel oil production process was carried out to determine the main energy sinks and suggest technological improvements that allow better use of energy. For this study, the process was initially simulated in the Aspen Plus ® software, where the chemical and physical exergies of the species and streams involved were quantified. The process irreversibilities, the exergy loss, the exergy of waste, and the exergy of utilities were calculated for each stage and the whole process. An overall exergy efficiency of 18% was achieved, while the highest process irreversibilities contribution was due to the destroyed exergy with the waste in the threshing stage. To increasing the global exergy efficiency of dual crude palm and kernel oil production, it is proposed the evaluation of palm rachis use to obtain biofuels and/or high-value products.

El siguiente trabajo presenta un análisis de la eficiencia energética en la industria cementera y un ejemplo real en donde se proponen mejoras para disminuir considerablemente el consumo energético. El aumento de la eficiencia disminuye considerablemente el costo de la energía eléctrica, además de las emisiones de CO2 ayudando así al mantenimiento y la preservación del medio ambiente. El caso de estudio fue aplicado en la planta de producción de cemento de san Vicente del Raspeig operada por CEMEX en España. En este caso se analizó una sección de la planta de producción, donde se realiza la molienda y el ensacado de cemento. Se encontró que, al implementar las mejoras propuestas, el costo de producción disminuye y el punto de equilibrio con respecto a la implementación de estos nuevos equipos no era mayor a 5 años lo cual hace que estas mejoras sean factibles.

A coluna de destilação com integração interna de calor (CDIIC) apresenta um grande potencial na diminuição do consumo de energia em processos de destilação. Basicamente, é uma configuração concêntrica de coluna de destilação, onde a seção de retificação opera a maior pressão e temperatura, fazendo a roca e energia com a seção de esgotamento. Atualmente, a unidade industrial não é uma realidade, sendo assim uma grande quantidade de trabalhos uma necessidade para o desenvolvimento da unidade a grande escala. O presente trabalho estuda quarto diferentes configurações de coluna CDIIC (media, topo, fundo e total-a mesma quantidade de estágios nas duas seções) na mistura benzeno-tolueno fazendo uma comparação do consumo de energia em relação ao convencional. O presente estudo apresenta uma nova perspectiva na separação de processos fazendo uso do simulador Aspen One para o modelamento e obtenção das condições de operação e dados do consumo energético, as diferentes configurações apresentam a coluna CDIIC como uma perspectiva de trabalho na indústria de separação.

Distillation is a common technique for the separation of liquid streams with two or more components that requires a high demand of energy and is one of the most important unitary operations in the chemical industry. Therefore, this study aims at performing an analysis of the first parameter to be selected for modeling and simulation of the column using the Aspen Plus® process simulator. In addition, three different types of thermodynamic models were analyzed, which were compared with the experimental data, observing their behavior in relation to the values that were calculated with the simulator. By observing the analyzed aspects, it is concluded that the most appropriate thermodynamic model to be used in the simulation of a distillation column for an azeotropic binary ethanol-water mixture is the UNIFAC model. It can also be concluded that the atmospheric pressure of 0.1 shows a better result.

Separation processes is largely used in petroleum refining and alcohol industries. Distillation columns consume a huge amount of energy in industrial process. Therefore, the concept of Heat‐Integrated Distillation Column (HIDiC) was studied using simulation techniques in order to overcome this drawback. In this configuration the column is composed for two concentric sections called rectifying and stripping. The heat transfer is conducted from the rectifying section (which works at higher pressure and temperature) to the stripping section (which works at lower pressure and temperature) using the heat present in the process and decreasing the energy charge required by the reboiler. The HIDiC column offers great potential to reduce energy consumption compared to conventional columns. However, the complexity of the internal configuration requires the development of rigorous works that enable a better understanding of the column operation. For this reason, techniques of simulation were used through of computational software. The current work presents a heat transfer study in a concentric stage of a HIDiC column. The results obtained by Aspen Plus and CFD simulation showed the internal heat transfer in a concentric tray as a promissory configuration in order to decrease energy consumption in distillation processes.

Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Resumo: Os processos de separação são amplamente usados na indústria petrolífera e alcoolquímica. O processo de destilação representa por volta de 40% dos custos da energia requerida nas operações industriais e grande quantidade de energia do processo não é aproveitada, sendo perdida ao ambiente. No Brasil, devido aos avanços industriais e à necessidade do mercado energético, inovações ao processo convencional de separação são essenciais para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias e projetos que permitam uma diminuição do consumo de energia. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido o estudo do novo conceito de Coluna de Destilação com Integração Interna de Calor (CDIIC) a qual é referenciada na literatura como coluna HIDiC (Heat Integrated Distillation Column) na qual a seção de retificação opera a pressões e temperaturas maiores que a seção de esgotamento; assim, aproveita-se o calor da seção de retificação para aquecer a seção de esgotamento. O simulador de processos Aspen Plus V7.2 foi utilizado para o estudo e a implementação de uma modelagem da configuração no simulador, a qual é uma modelagem aproximada, pois o mesmo não possui este tipo de Operação Unitária. As simulações desenvolvidas foram feitas visando os cenários mais realistas que descrevessem a nova configuração, simplificando as complexidades do projeto e criando estratégias de convergência que permitam o estudo do potencial de diminuição do consumo de energia desta configuração. Na coluna CDIIC, as seções de retificação e de esgotamento se encontram dispostas de forma concêntrica e para garantir a operabilidade são usados um compressor e uma válvula para obter as temperaturas e pressões necessárias ao sistema. Na atualidade, esta configuração não é uma realidade na indústria sendo o projeto interno o de maior complexidade, além da falta de dados experimentais da coluna em uma escala suficientemente adequada para comparações. Na coluna CDIIC, estudos de transferência de calor foram realizados indicando os parâmetros de processo, como posição de alimentação, quantidade de calor trocado e possíveis configurações internas. Até o momento, aqui no Brasil, ainda não se encontram trabalhos publicados na área. Pela faixa de aplicabilidade, a coluna CDIIC terá muitas aplicações importantes, seja na área petroquímica, seja na alcoolquímica, sendo uma alternativa com potencial para a diminuição do consumo de energia em processos de destilação Abstract: The separation processes are largely used in petroleum and alcohol-chemical industries. The distillation process represents around 40% of energy costs in industrial operation, thus large among of energy of the process is not used and it is lost to the surrounding. In Brazil, industrial developments and the need of energy market allowed innovations to the conventional separation process. This is essential for the development of new strategies and designs that enable a reduction in energy consumption. In the present work a study of the new concept of Heat Integrated Distillation Colum which is referenced in literature as HIDiC column was developed. In this column, the rectifying section operates at higher pressures and temperatures than the stripping section. Thus, the heat of rectifying section is used to heat the stripping section. The Aspen Plus V7.2 software was used for the study of column configuration and the potential of heat transfer, since it does not have this type of unit operation. The simulations shows a more realistic situation able to model the new configuration, simplifying the complexities of design and creating strategies that facilitate the study of the potential for reducing the energy consumption of this configuration. In HIDiC column, the rectifying and stripping section are concentrically and to ensure operability a compressor and throttle valve are applied to achieve the temperatures and pressures required by the system. Currently, this configuration is not a reality in the industry, because the lack of experimental data from the column. In addition, the complexity of internal configuration needs to be solved. In HIDiC column, heat transfer studies were performed showing the process parameters such as feed position, amount of heat exchanged and the initial concentration. So far, in Brazil has not been published works about this technology. The range of applicability of HIDiC column has many important applications in petrochemical and alcohol-chemical industries and it represents an alternative for reducing the energy consumption in distillation process Mestrado Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos Mestre em Engenharia Química