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1. Towards establishing a fungal economics spectrum in soil saprobic fungi

Author

Tessa Camenzind, Carlos A. Aguilar-Trigueros, Stefan Hempel, Anika Lehmann, Milos Bielcik, Diana R. Andrade-Linares, Joana Bergmann, Jeane dela Cruz, Jessie Gawronski, Polina Golubeva, Heike Haslwimmer, Linda Lartey, Eva Leifheit, Stefanie Maaß, Sven Marhan, Liliana Pinek, Jeff R. Powell, Julien Roy, Stavros D. Veresoglou, Dongwei Wang, Anja Wulf, Weishuang Zheng, and Matthias C. Rillig

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Trait-based frameworks are promising tools to understand the functional consequences of community shifts in response to environmental change. The applicability of these tools to soil microbes is limited by a lack of functional trait data and a focus on categorical traits. To address this gap for an important group of soil microorganisms, we identify trade-offs underlying a fungal economics spectrum based on a large trait collection in 28 saprobic fungal isolates, derived from a common grassland soil and grown in culture plates. In this dataset, ecologically relevant trait variation is best captured by a three-dimensional fungal economics space. The primary explanatory axis represents a dense-fast continuum, resembling dominant life-history trade-offs in other taxa. A second significant axis reflects mycelial flexibility, and a third one carbon acquisition traits. All three axes correlate with traits involved in soil carbon cycling. Since stress tolerance and fundamental niche gradients are primarily related to the dense-fast continuum, traits of the 2nd (carbon-use efficiency) and especially the 3rd (decomposition) orthogonal axes are independent of tested environmental stressors. These findings suggest a fungal economics space which can now be tested at broader scales.

Published
2024
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2. AusTraits, a curated plant trait database for the Australian flora

Author

Daniel Falster, Rachael Gallagher, Elizabeth H. Wenk, Ian J. Wright, Dony Indiarto, Samuel C. Andrew, Caitlan Baxter, James Lawson, Stuart Allen, Anne Fuchs, Anna Monro, Fonti Kar, Mark A. Adams, Collin W. Ahrens, Matthew Alfonzetti, Tara Angevin, Deborah M. G. Apgaua, Stefan Arndt, Owen K. Atkin, Joe Atkinson, Tony Auld, Andrew Baker, Maria von Balthazar, Anthony Bean, Chris J. Blackman, Keith Bloomfield, David M. J. S. Bowman, Jason Bragg, Timothy J. Brodribb, Genevieve Buckton, Geoff Burrows, Elizabeth Caldwell, James Camac, Raymond Carpenter, Jane A. Catford, Gregory R. Cawthray, Lucas A. Cernusak, Gregory Chandler, Alex R. Chapman, David Cheal, Alexander W. Cheesman, Si-Chong Chen, Brendan Choat, Brook Clinton, Peta L. Clode, Helen Coleman, William K. Cornwell, Meredith Cosgrove, Michael Crisp, Erika Cross, Kristine Y. Crous, Saul Cunningham, Timothy Curran, Ellen Curtis, Matthew I. Daws, Jane L. DeGabriel, Matthew D. Denton, Ning Dong, Pengzhen Du, Honglang Duan, David H. Duncan, Richard P. Duncan, Marco Duretto, John M. Dwyer, Cheryl Edwards, Manuel Esperon-Rodriguez, John R. Evans, Susan E. Everingham, Claire Farrell, Jennifer Firn, Carlos Roberto Fonseca, Ben J. French, Doug Frood, Jennifer L. Funk, Sonya R. Geange, Oula Ghannoum, Sean M. Gleason, Carl R. Gosper, Emma Gray, Philip K. Groom, Saskia Grootemaat, Caroline Gross, Greg Guerin, Lydia Guja, Amy K. Hahs, Matthew Tom Harrison, Patrick E. Hayes, Martin Henery, Dieter Hochuli, Jocelyn Howell, Guomin Huang, Lesley Hughes, John Huisman, Jugoslav Ilic, Ashika Jagdish, Daniel Jin, Gregory Jordan, Enrique Jurado, John Kanowski, Sabine Kasel, Jürgen Kellermann, Belinda Kenny, Michele Kohout, Robert M. Kooyman, Martyna M. Kotowska, Hao Ran Lai, Etienne Laliberté, Hans Lambers, Byron B. Lamont, Robert Lanfear, Frank van Langevelde, Daniel C. Laughlin, Bree-Anne Laugier-Kitchener, Susan Laurance, Caroline E. R. Lehmann, Andrea Leigh, Michelle R. Leishman, Tanja Lenz, Brendan Lepschi, James D. Lewis, Felix Lim, Udayangani Liu, Janice Lord, Christopher H. Lusk, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Hannah McPherson, Susana Magallón, Anthony Manea, Andrea López-Martinez, Margaret Mayfield, James K. McCarthy, Trevor Meers, Marlien van der Merwe, Daniel J. Metcalfe, Per Milberg, Karel Mokany, Angela T. Moles, Ben D. Moore, Nicholas Moore, John W. Morgan, William Morris, Annette Muir, Samantha Munroe, Áine Nicholson, Dean Nicolle, Adrienne B. Nicotra, Ülo Niinemets, Tom North, Andrew O’Reilly-Nugent, Odhran S. O’Sullivan, Brad Oberle, Yusuke Onoda, Mark K. J. Ooi, Colin P. Osborne, Grazyna Paczkowska, Burak Pekin, Caio Guilherme Pereira, Catherine Pickering, Melinda Pickup, Laura J. Pollock, Pieter Poot, Jeff R. Powell, Sally A. Power, Iain Colin Prentice, Lynda Prior, Suzanne M. Prober, Jennifer Read, Victoria Reynolds, Anna E. Richards, Ben Richardson, Michael L. Roderick, Julieta A. Rosell, Maurizio Rossetto, Barbara Rye, Paul D. Rymer, Michael A. Sams, Gordon Sanson, Hervé Sauquet, Susanne Schmidt, Jürg Schönenberger, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Kerrie Sendall, Steve Sinclair, Benjamin Smith, Renee Smith, Fiona Soper, Ben Sparrow, Rachel J. Standish, Timothy L. Staples, Ruby Stephens, Christopher Szota, Guy Taseski, Elizabeth Tasker, Freya Thomas, David T. Tissue, Mark G. Tjoelker, David Yue Phin Tng, Félix de Tombeur, Kyle Tomlinson, Neil C. Turner, Erik J. Veneklaas, Susanna Venn, Peter Vesk, Carolyn Vlasveld, Maria S. Vorontsova, Charles A. Warren, Nigel Warwick, Lasantha K. Weerasinghe, Jessie Wells, Mark Westoby, Matthew White, Nicholas S. G. Williams, Jarrah Wills, Peter G. Wilson, Colin Yates, Amy E. Zanne, Graham Zemunik, and Kasia Ziemińska

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Measurement(s) plant trait Technology Type(s) digital curation Sample Characteristic - Organism Viridiplantae Sample Characteristic - Location Australia Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14545755

Published
2021
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3. The Hydroponic Rockwool Root Microbiome: Under Control or Underutilised?

Author

Phil Thomas, Oliver G. G. Knox, Jeff R. Powell, Brian Sindel, and Gal Winter

Subjects
hydroponic, horticulture, microbiome, microbial ecology, rhizosphere, rhizobiome, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Land plants have an ancient and intimate relationship with microorganisms, which influences the composition of natural ecosystems and the performance of crops. Plants shape the microbiome around their roots by releasing organic nutrients into the soil. Hydroponic horticulture aims to protect crops from damaging soil-borne pathogens by replacing soil with an artificial growing medium, such as rockwool, an inert material made from molten rock spun into fibres. Microorganisms are generally considered a problem to be managed, to keep the glasshouse clean, but the hydroponic root microbiome assembles soon after planting and flourishes with the crop. Hence, microbe–plant interactions play out in an artificial environment that is quite unlike the soil in which they evolved. Plants in a near-ideal environment have little dependency on microbial partners, but our growing appreciation of the role of microbial communities is revealing opportunities to advance practices, especially in agriculture and human health. Hydroponic systems are especially well-suited to active management of the root microbiome because they allow complete control over the root zone environment; however, they receive much less attention than other host–microbiome interactions. Novel techniques for hydroponic horticulture can be identified by extending our understanding of the microbial ecology of this unique environment.

Published
2023
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4. Pastures and Climate Extremes: Impacts of Cool Season Warming and Drought on the Productivity of Key Pasture Species in a Field Experiment

Author

Amber C. Churchill, Haiyang Zhang, Kathryn J. Fuller, Burhan Amiji, Ian C. Anderson, Craig V. M. Barton, Yolima Carrillo, Karen L. M. Catunda, Manjunatha H. Chandregowda, Chioma Igwenagu, Vinod Jacob, Gil Won Kim, Catriona A. Macdonald, Belinda E. Medlyn, Ben D. Moore, Elise Pendall, Jonathan M. Plett, Alison K. Post, Jeff R. Powell, David T. Tissue, Mark G. Tjoelker, and Sally A. Power

Subjects
climate warming, seasonal drought, plant functional groups, grassland, rangeland, aboveground production, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract

Shifts in the timing, intensity and/or frequency of climate extremes, such as severe drought and heatwaves, can generate sustained shifts in ecosystem function with important ecological and economic impacts for rangelands and managed pastures. The Pastures and Climate Extremes experiment (PACE) in Southeast Australia was designed to investigate the impacts of a severe winter/spring drought (60% rainfall reduction) and, for a subset of species, a factorial combination of drought and elevated temperature (ambient +3°C) on pasture productivity. The experiment included nine common pasture and Australian rangeland species from three plant functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses and legumes) planted in monoculture. Winter/spring drought resulted in productivity declines of 45% on average and up to 74% for the most affected species (Digitaria eriantha) during the 6-month treatment period, with eight of the nine species exhibiting significant yield reductions. Despite considerable variation in species’ sensitivity to drought, C4 grasses were more strongly affected by this treatment than C3 grasses or legumes. Warming also had negative effects on cool-season productivity, associated at least partially with exceedance of optimum growth temperatures in spring and indirect effects on soil water content. The combination of winter/spring drought and year-round warming resulted in the greatest yield reductions. We identified responses that were either additive (Festuca), or less-than-additive (Medicago), where warming reduced the magnitude of drought effects. Results from this study highlight the sensitivity of diverse pasture species to increases in winter and spring drought severity similar to those predicted for this region, and that anticipated benefits of cool-season warming are unlikely to be realized. Overall, the substantial negative impacts on productivity suggest that future, warmer, drier climates will result in shortfalls in cool-season forage availability, with profound implications for the livestock industry and natural grazer communities.

Published
2022
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5. Does threatened species listing status predict climate change risk? A case study with Australian Persoonia (Proteaceae) species

Author

Samantha E. Andres, Jeff R. Powell, Nathan C. Emery, Paul D. Rymer, and Rachael V. Gallagher

Subjects
CMIP6, Ecological niche modelling, Habitat suitability modelling, Plant conservation, Trait ecology, Vulnerability assessment, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Climate change risk assessments are essential for the successful conservation and management of species under future climates. However, many management plans fail to include such assessments when evaluating threats to species or ecological communities. Species distribution models (SDMs) are versatile tools that can estimate species exposure to shifts in climate, but they lack information on the response capacity of species to climate change. Functional traits can be used in conjunction with SDMs to understand aspects of species biology that would suggest sensitivity to climate change. We illustrate how exposure to climate change and sensitivity of species based on their traits can be combined to generate predictions of climate change risk in four species listed as threatened (under state and federal legislation) and four unlisted plant species from the endemic Australian genus Persoonia (Proteaceae). We develop distribution models for each species using two emissions scenarios and assess four traits and two range metrics that are recognized as limiting factors in four potential climate change responses (reproduction, movement capability, habitat specialization, and spatial coverage) to assess the sensitivity of these eight species to climate change. Listed and unlisted species varied in niche breadth, environmental envelopes, and the percent contribution of variables to the model building process. Our models project a significant decline in habitat suitability under future climates at current occurrence locations for all species, and a 32–95% reduction in the total area (km2) of suitable habitat for all species by 2060, with significantly greater decline under the higher emissions scenario. Seven out of the eight species assessed ranked high for overall climate sensitivity therefore listing status may be a poor indicator of climate change risk to plant species. This has important implications for the continued focus on threatened taxa in conservation planning, particularly for hyper-diverse groups like plants and invertebrates where a species listing status is influenced by an often-slow progress towards comprehensive assessments of threat status.

Published
2021
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6. The mycobiome of Australian tree hollows in relation to the Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans species complexes

Author

Laura J. Schmertmann, Laszlo Irinyi, Richard Malik, Jeff R. Powell, Wieland Meyer, and Mark B. Krockenberger

Subjects
Australia, cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus, mycobiome, eucalypt, tree hollow, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by members of the Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans species complexes. The C. gattii species complex has a strong environmental association with eucalypt hollows (particularly Eucalyptus camaldulensis), which may present a source of infection. It remains unclear whether a specific mycobiome is required to support its environmental survival and growth. Conventional detection of environmental Cryptococcus spp. involves culture on differential media, such as Guizotia abyssinica seed agar. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based culture‐independent identification aids in contextualising these species in the environmental mycobiome. Samples from 23 Australian tree hollows were subjected to both culture‐ and amplicon‐based metagenomic analysis to characterize the mycobiome and assess relationships between Cryptococcus spp. and other fungal taxa. The most abundant genera detected were Coniochaeta, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, all being commonly isolated from decaying wood. There was no correlation between the presence of Cryptococcus spp. in a tree hollow and the presence of any other fungal genus. Some differences in the abundance of numerous taxa were noted in a differential heat tree comparing samples with or without Cryptococcus‐NGS reads. The study expanded the known environmental niche of the C. gattii and C. neoformans species complexes in Australia with detections from a further five tree species. Discrepancies between the detection of Cryptococcus spp. using culture or NGS suggest that neither is superior per se and that, rather, these methodologies are complementary. The inherent biases of amplicon‐based metagenomics require cautious interpretation of data through consideration of its biological relevance.

Published
2019
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7. Reciprocal Effects of Silicon Supply and Endophytes on Silicon Accumulation and Epichloë Colonization in Grasses

Author

Ximena Cibils-Stewart, Jeff R. Powell, Alison Jean Popay, Fernando Alfredo Lattanzi, Sue Elaine Hartley, and Scott Nicholas Johnson

Subjects
silica, Epichloë, hydroponics, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea S.), Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract

Cool season grasses associate asymptomatically with foliar Epichloë endophytic fungi in a symbiosis where Epichloë spp. protects the plant from a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, many grass species can accumulate large quantities of silicon (Si), which also alleviates a similar range of stresses. While Epichloë endophytes may improve uptake of minerals and nutrients, their impact on Si is largely unknown. Likewise, the effect of Si availability on Epichloë colonization remains untested. To assess the bidirectional relationship, we grew tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) hydroponically with or without Si. Grasses were associated with five different Epichloë endophyte strains [tall fescue: AR584 or wild type (WT); perennial ryegrass: AR37, AR1, or WT] or as Epichloë-free controls. Reciprocally beneficial effects were observed for tall fescue associations. Specifically, Epichloë presence increased Si concentration in the foliage of tall fescue by at least 31%, regardless of endophyte strain. In perennial ryegrass, an increase in foliar Si was observed only for plants associated with the AR37. Epichloë promotion of Si was (i) independent of responses in plant growth, and (ii) positively correlated with endophyte colonization, which lends support to an endophyte effect independent of their impacts on root growth. Moreover, Epichloë colonization in tall fescue increased by more than 60% in the presence of silicon; however, this was not observed in perennial ryegrass. The reciprocal benefits of Epichloë-endophytes and foliar Si accumulation reported here, especially for tall fescue, might further increase grass tolerance to stress.

Published
2020
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8. High habitat-specificity in fungal communities in oligo-mesotrophic, temperate Lake Stechlin (North-East Germany)

Author

Christian Wurzbacher, Norman Warthmann, Elizabeth Bourne, Katrin Attermeyer, Martin Allgaier, Jeff R. Powell, Harald Detering, Susan Mbedi, Hans-Peter Grossart, and Michael Monaghan

Subjects
Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

Freshwater fungi are a poorly studied ecological group that includes a high taxonomic diversity. Most studies on aquatic fungal diversity have focused on single habitats, thus the linkage between habitat heterogeneity and fungal diversity remains largely unexplored. We took 216 samples from 54 locations representing eight different habitats in the meso-oligotrophic, temperate Lake Stechlin in North-East Germany. These included the pelagic and littoral water column, sediments, and biotic substrates. We performed high throughput sequencing using the Roche 454 platform, employing a universal eukaryotic marker region within the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) to compare fungal diversity, community structure, and species turnover among habitats. Our analysis recovered 1027 fungal OTUs (97% sequence similarity). Richness estimates were highest in the sediment, biofilms, and benthic samples (189–231 OTUs), intermediate in water samples (42–85 OTUs), and lowest in plankton samples (8 OTUs). NMDS grouped the eight studied habitats into six clusters, indicating that community composition was strongly influenced by turnover among habitats. Fungal communities exhibited changes at the phylum and order levels along three different substrate categories from littoral to pelagic habitats. The large majority of OTUs (> 75%) could not be classified below the order level due to the lack of aquatic fungal entries in public sequence databases. Our study provides a first estimate of lake-wide fungal diversity and highlights the important contribution of habitat heterogeneity to overall diversity and community composition. Habitat diversity should be considered in any sampling strategy aiming to assess the fungal diversity of a water body.

Published
2016
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11. Silicon accumulation suppresses arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonisation in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon

Author

Scott N. Johnson, Jeff R. Powell, Adam Frew, and Ximena Cibils–Stewart

Subjects
Soil Science, Plant Science
Abstract

Purpose Silicon (Si) accumulation by grasses alleviates diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite this important functional role, we have limited understanding of how root microbial symbionts, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, affect Si uptake and even less about how Si supply and accumulation affect AM fungal colonisation. Our objective was to determine the nature of this two–way interaction in the model grass, Brachypodium distachyon. Methods We grew B. distachyon with five levels of Si supplementation using wild-type plants and a mutant (Bdlsi1-1) that has little capacity for Si uptake. Half of the plants were colonised by AM fungi; half were free of AM fungi. We measured Si accumulation, AM fungal colonisation, leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. Results AM fungi did not affect Si accumulation, although small increases occurred when root mass was included as a covariate. Si supplemented soil promoted plant growth and P uptake. Si accumulation suppressed colonisation by AM fungi and C concentrations in wild type but not in Bdlsi1-1 plants. Si concentrations were negatively correlated with C and N concentrations, with correlations being stronger in wild-type plants than Bdlsi1-1 plants. Conclusions Our results indicate that Si accumulation in the plant, rather than Si availability in the soil, underpinned reduced AMF colonisation. We propose that Si accumulation is unlikely to be impacted by AM fungi in plants with inherently high Si accumulation, but Si accumulation may suppress AM fungal colonisation in such plants.

Published
2022

12. Temporal dynamics in biotic and functional recovery following mining

Author

David J. Eldridge, Ian Oliver, Jeff R. Powell, Josh Dorrough, Yolima Carrillo, Uffe N. Nielsen, Catriona A. Macdonald, Brian Wilson, Christine Fyfe, Apsara Amarasinghe, Laura Kuginis, Travis Peake, Trish Robinson, Belinda Howe, and Manuel Delgado‐Baquerizo

Subjects
Ecology
Published
2022

15. Nitrogen niche partitioning between tropical legumes and grasses strengthens under elevated CO2

Author

Amber C. Churchill, Haiyang Zhang, Gil Won Kim, Karen L. M. Catunda, Ian C. Anderson, Forest Isbell, Ben Moore, Elise Pendall, Jonathan M. Plett, Jeff R. Powell, and Sally A. Power

Abstract

Plant community biodiversity can be maintained, at least partially, by shifts in species interactions between facilitation and competition for resources as environmental conditions change. These interactions also drive ecosystem functioning, including productivity, and can promote over-yielding-an ecosystem service prioritized in working landscapes that occurs when there is either less competition, more facilitation, or both, between species in a community than within species. Importantly, shifts in species interactions that can result in over-yielding are unclear given rising CO2concentrations, especially in the context of tropical mixed-species grasslands.We examined the relative performance of two species pairs of tropical pasture grasses and legumes growing in monoculture and mixtures in a glasshouse experiment manipulating CO2. We investigated how over-yielding can arise from nitrogen (N) niche partitioning and biotic facilitation using stable isotopes to differentiate soil N from biological N fixation (BNF) within N acquisition into aboveground biomass for these two-species mixtures.We found that N niche partitioning in species-level use of soil N vs. BNF drove species interactions in mixtures. Importantly partitioning, though not necessarily overyielding, was generally enhanced under elevated CO2. However, this finding was mixture-dependent based on biomass of dominant species in mixtures and the strength of selection effects for the dominant mixture species.This study demonstrates that rising atmospheric CO2may alter niche partitioning between co-occurring species, with negative implications for the over-yielding benefits predicted for legume-grass mixtures in working landscapes with tropical species. Furthermore, these changes in inter-species interactions have consequences for shifts in grassland composition that are not yet considered in larger-scale projections for impacts of climate change and species distributions.Graphical abstract (Image by H. Zhang):Among our tropical pasture species we found that grasses (dotted lines) grown in monoculture rely fully on soil nitrogen (N), while legumes (solid lines) grown in monoculture relied approximately equally on soil N and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to meet N requirements. When grown with tropical grasses, however, legumes shifted to rely more strongly on BNF, indicative of niche partitioning and decreased competition for soil nutrients with grasses. This separation of niche space was strengthened under elevated CO2conditions, ultimately reducing legume production.

Published
2023

18. Erratum: Searches for continuous gravitational waves from 15 supernova remnants and fomalhaut b with advanced LIGO (2019, ApJ, 875, 122)*

Author

A. Parida, S. S. Eikenberry, F. Frasconi, Chris A. Collins, R. Flaminio, Marcus E. Lower, Rosa Poggiani, V. Frey, E. K. Wessel, Nikhil Sarin, Odylio D. Aguiar, I. W. Martin, S. Farinon, P. Raffai, Andrew Matas, C. F. Da Silva Costa, M. A. Okada, G. Rutins, Graham Woan, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, D. Passuello, A. Cirone, H. S. Chen, Hyun Lee, J. D. Lough, K. Mason, S. A. Bilgili, E. C. Ferreira, Robert L. Byer, J. Calderón Bustillo, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, O. Halim, N. A. Robertson, Stuart Reid, F. J. Hayes, Patrick Godwin, N. Sennett, P. Kumar, Jacob Scheuer, B. R. Hall, J. Hanks, R. M. Martin, David A. Nichols, Edward K. Porter, J. G. Bartlett, Márton Tápai, K. W. Tsang, C. Horst, W. A. Campbell, Andreas Freise, C. V. Kalaghatgi, M. Rakhmanov, G. Pagano, Paul D. Lasky, J. W. Westhouse, M. C. Araya, Srishti Tiwari, C. Lazzaro, Patricia Schmidt, V. Brisson, Bernard F. Schutz, Li Ju, Matthew Pitkin, D. Cohen, Kiran Prasai, P. J. Veitch, S. A. Usman, C. Messenger, Liam Cunningham, E. A. M. Muniz, Daniel A. Shaddock, P. Gruning, Brittany Kamai, Riccardo Ciolfi, Alberto Vecchio, Geoffrey Mo, J. M. Fishner, Roman Schnabel, J. Hanson, M. Wade, M. Montani, P. Sharma, Héctor Estellés, N. Letendre, F. Ricci, A. Lenon, J. E. Brau, A. A. van Veggel, Richard Gray, Efim A. Khazanov, Peter T. H. Pang, C. Affeldt, G. Ballardin, Moritz Mehmet, A. A. Ciobanu, M. Granata, Minchuan Zhou, F. Marion, P. Brockill, Nancy Aggarwal, Hang Yu, P. G. Murray, Fabien Kéfélian, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, S. R. Thondapu, J. R. Palamos, Michele Zanolin, S. Mukherjee, T. J. Massinger, T. Vo, V. Kalogera, N. Leroy, G. D. Hammond, Javed Rana, H. Fong, G. Greco, M. Haney, T. A. Callister, Alec Mishkin, R. Cavalieri, S. R. P. Mohapatra, G. Giordano, K. Toland, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, H. Ohta, Vuk Mandic, B. Bécsy, M. Kasprzack, I. Dave, B. D. Lackey, R. L. Ward, Scott Coughlin, A.J. Weinstein, K. H. Lai, M. Phelps, H. S. Cho, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, E. Capocasa, M. Chan, S. Walsh, D. J. McManus, A. Schönbeck, B. Rajbhandari, Andrew Mehta, S. D. Linker, R. Robie, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, R. D. Kennedy, José A. Font, Gregorio Carullo, S. Kumar, J. Prasad, H. K. Gulati, V. Raymond, Steven Bloemen, H. J. Bulten, Shiuh Chao, P. J. Sutton, N. Singh, C. Buy, Samuele Cortese, J. McIver, Vivishek Sudhir, P. A. Altin, A. Basti, N. A. Lockerbie, E. Schreiber, Charalampos Markakis, P. Grassia, Kipp Cannon, M. Steinke, P.H. Nguyen, Ryan N. Lang, Z. Doctor, Alyssa Garcia, J. H. Romie, Carlos O. Lousto, S. Sitmukhambetov, Alejandro Torres-Forné, A. Samajdar, D. M. Wysocki, T. Mistry, Mark A. Scheel, Charlie Hoy, F. Clara, M. A. Aloy, T. M. Evans, C. North, Thomas Dent, P. Corban, P. Ajith, B. Mours, Mandar Patil, Abhirup Ghosh, J. Neilson, Bala R. Iyer, Y. K. Lecoeuche, M. Muratore, Karsten Danzmann, Fabrizio Barone, N. Mukund, P. B. Covas, M. C. Edwards, T. Hinderer, Marta Colleoni, J. A. Giaime, Michael Pürrer, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, A. Grado, D. C. Vander-Hyde, S. S. Y. Chua, J. Eichholz, J.-P. Coulon, Hua Wang, E. A. Chase, J. Betzwieser, G. Kang, L. R. Cominsky, O. A. Hannuksela, Z. Frei, A. Pal-Singh, S. Caride, Kevin Barkett, N. Bode, S. E. Gossan, Tristan Briant, R. Gustafson, Antoine Heidmann, Rana X. Adhikari, S. McCormick, C. Casentini, Slawomir Gras, D. Töyrä, H. Overmier, S. W. S. Ng, G. Wang, M. C. Heintze, J. S. Areeda, I. Belahcene, B. B. Lane, N. Mazumder, Maher Yazback, F. Donovan, J. Bosveld, N. A. Holland, N. V. Keerthana, M.L. Walker, C. Cahillane, L. Sun, M. C. Milovich-Goff, Dániel Barta, J. D. E. Creighton, V. Gayathri, P. Puppo, J.-D. Fournier, S. J. Kapadia, A. L. Stuver, A. S. Sengupta, H. W. Lee, I. Di Palma, S. T. Countryman, Francesco Pannarale, E. A. Huerta, J. L. Wright, Alessandra Corsi, B. W. Schulte, A. Rocchi, J. P. Zendri, R. Kashyap, Chandra Kant Mishra, R. Bhandare, Sylvain Marsat, Lee McCuller, T. Bulik, T. D. Abbott, O. Puncken, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, Philip F. Hopkins, C. Cocchieri, B. Goncharov, R. Birney, M. Kinley-Hanlon, I. Fiori, Shawn Rosofsky, Jun Liu, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, D. Sellers, J. Meidam, Jeff R. Powell, Riccardo Sturani, D. Hoak, Stefan L. Danilishin, Patrick Brady, L. Matone, Haocun Yu, M. Landry, R. M. S. Schofield, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, V. Avendano, R. Mittleman, Nelson Christensen, Geoffrey Lovelace, Soichiro Morisaki, John Worden, P. Couvares, Carl-Johan Haster, O. J. Piccinni, L. Rolland, C. L. Romel, Miriam Cabero, Alessandra Buonanno, L. Wallace, S. Biscoveanu, M. B. Shaner, Benjamin J. Owen, Alexander Urban, Antoni Ramos-Buades, V. V. Frolov, A. Singhal, F. Carbognani, Jordan Camp, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, M. Laxen, Anchal Gupta, A. Królak, B. D. Cheeseboro, G. Cerretani, P. J. Easter, J. F. J. van den Brand, M. J. Szczepańczyk, L. Di Fiore, E. Bonilla, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, Jessica Steinlechner, A. Neunzert, P.-F. Cohadon, M. Heurs, Irina Kowalska, E. Katsavounidis, Xiuling Li, C. I. Torrie, Jan Harms, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Kin Sing Stephen Lee, Frank Ohme, M. Tonelli, R. De Rosa, Kwan-Lok Li, I. Nardecchia, Reed Essick, Martin Hendry, Cecilio García-Quirós, S. Kandhasamy, M. Fishbach, B. Sorazu, Christopher Wipf, Archisman Ghosh, A. P. Lundgren, Gabrielle Allen, E. J. Daw, M. Punturo, F. Garufi, Antonio Marquina, Surendra Nadh Somala, I. Dorrington, Robert J. McCarthy, T. A. Ferreira, R. Frey, Joseph Smith, S. Brunett, J. Zweizig, A. W. Heptonstall, E. L. Merilh, D. Barker, K. D. Giardina, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, C. Ingram, L. Pinard, L. Naticchioni, Salvatore Vitale, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, N. Man, Antonios Kontos, D. Moffa, J. J. McCann, J.-M. Isac, D. Hofman, Linqing Wen, A. Bisht, A. Kutynia, M. A. Page, Tyson Littenberg, Z. Tornasi, Junwei Cao, Sebastian Steinlechner, T. J. Slaven-Blair, S. ShyamSundar, C. Stachie, Hongyu Shen, O. de Varona, J. B. Kanner, Federico Ferrini, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, Christopher P. L. Berry, S. H. Huttner, G. M. Harry, Andrea Chincarini, K. Venkateswara, Yuri Levin, C. Austin, C.D. Booth, M. Barsuglia, S. Appert, A. Giazotto, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, T. Z. Summerscales, A. Viceré, T. Huynh-Dinh, Fabio Hernandez, H. Cao, Ashok Kumar, D. J. Vine, W. Katzman, Alena Ananyeva, D. C. Coyne, Stanislav Babak, Rico K. L. Lo, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, F. Y. Khalili, Ken K. Y. Ng, A. Hreibi, M. Thomas, D. Fiorucci, Manuela Rizzo, H. Radkins, A. Bozzi, A. K. Prajapati, A. R. Wade, M. Agathos, M. Brinkmann, R. Quitzow-James, N. N. Janthalur, B. Sassolas, K. Izumi, L. Xiao, J. S. Lange, H. Y. Chia, M. C. Díaz, W. S. Kim, M. H. Wimmer, K. Haughian, S. Hochheim, M. Yvert, M. Nery, Marc Favata, L. E. Wade, Roger Jones, V. J. Roma, A. P. Spencer, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, A. Masserot, M. Khursheed, Ettore Majorana, Robert Stone, Alessandro Nagar, D. D. Brown, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, Sebastien Biscans, P. Fulda, P. Charlton, F. Magaña-Sandoval, L. Aiello, M. Gosselin, A. R. Williamson, D. Huet, R. Green, M. Was, M. C. Tringali, A. K. Zadrożny, E. E. Cowan, V. Boschi, L. Zhang, J. H. Klika, M. Bawaj, J. Junker, M. van Beuzekom, K. W. Chung, David Coward, T. Hardwick, D. Steinmeyer, F. Travasso, M. Constancio, A. Allocca, Sascha Husa, G. Venugopalan, D.B. DeBra, Mikhail L. Gorodetsky, C. Whittle, Z. Khan, P. Ehrens, Paul M. Ricker, Y. Setyawati, H. Khan, S. E. Barclay, B. F. Whiting, F. Brighenti, C. Talbot, J. H. Briggs, J. Casanueva Diaz, D. H. Reitze, A. F. Brooks, P. J. Quinonez, V. Kringel, J. L. Willis, Ofek Birnholtz, M. F. Carney, P. Schale, R. Bonnand, Mariana Fazio, H. Vocca, C. Van Den Broeck, E. Sowell, Albrecht Rüdiger, Xing-Jiang Zhu, Jochen Kissel, Felice Sorrentino, V. Srivastava, D. Talukder, Michał Bejger, M. Standke, M. Croquette, David A. Williams, A. Effler, I. W. Harry, D. Mukherjee, Y. R. Chen, J. Jiang, Alessandro Bertolini, M. Fays, D. Moraru, J. C. Driggers, Matthew Evans, M. Bitossi, G. Bergmann, K. Wette, M. M. Hanke, Leo Singer, E. Cesarini, M. Hulko, T. D. Creighton, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Jörg Hennig, Eric Howell, A. Strunk, G. Vedovato, L. E. H. Datrier, D. B. Kozak, D. Stocks, C. Vorvick, P. Thomas, M. Arène, S. B. Anderson, Tim Dietrich, A. Perreca, G. Gemme, A. Di Lieto, R. A. Eisenstein, S. J. Chamberlin, Jishnu Suresh, G. D. Meadors, Z. A. Warden, R. Gouaty, T. Zelenova, Riccardo Bassiri, John J. Oh, M. Vasúth, Jonathan Cripe, N. Kijbunchoo, E. Cuoco, Sheelu Abraham, K. Kawabe, S. M. Aston, Michael W. Coughlin, G. D. O'Dea, Bruno Giacomazzo, Giuseppe Intini, M. Drago, Guenakh Mitselmakher, B. A. Boom, A. M. Sergeev, T. Etzel, J.-G. Ducoin, M. Eisenmann, A. Dmitriev, S. Leavey, Hai-Ping Cheng, A. Iess, L. K. Nuttall, D. Wilken, S. Katsanevas, R. Goetz, C. Adams, R. M. Blair, D. Sigg, S. W. Ballmer, D. M. Shoemaker, Binlei Ding, V. Bossilkov, Lindsay DeMarchi, I. Khan, K. Siellez, D. Sentenac, R. Macas, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, Sergio Gaudio, D. B. Tanner, A. Trovato, Olivier Minazzoli, Magnus Manske, M. Razzano, C. C. Yancey, F. Vetrano, Zachariah B. Etienne, Jennifer Watchi, E. Maros, R. C. Walet, V. P. Mitrofanov, R. Colgan, C. S. Unnikrishnan, G. Moreno, V. Kondrashov, P. Leaci, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, S. P. Stevenson, Achamveedu Gopakumar, R. Inta, C. J. Richardson, S. Klimenko, M. J. Yap, C. Palomba, W. G. Anderson, G. Cella, F.L. Linde, P. Booker, L. Milano, S. C. Tait, N. V. Krishnendu, A. Pasqualetti, W. Del Pozzo, W. M. Farr, A. C. Green, Fausto Acernese, M. Korobko, B. C. Pant, C. Messick, J. Derby, J. Healy, K. A. Thorne, A. Cumming, M. Denys, M. Tse, S. Ascenzi, S. E. Dwyer, R. M. Magee, David Keitel, V. Germain, S. J. Cooper, Giacomo Ciani, K. Rao, Yongjung Kim, Peter Weßels, I. A. Bilenko, L. Haegel, David J. Ottaway, B. P. Abbott, H. Vahlbruch, J. C. Mills, E. K. Gustafson, K. Riles, J. Y. Vinet, H. Middleton, S. Doravari, H. Heitmann, Piotr Jaranowski, M. S. Shahriar, P. Ruggi, M. Weinert, H. A. G. Gabbard, D. M. Macleod, Karan Jani, B. L. Swinkels, Arunava Mukherjee, S. Privitera, L. Glover, Imre Bartos, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, H. Qi, E. Genin, J. Zhang, F. Baldaccini, B. U. Gadre, A. Lartaux-Vollard, B. Irwin, R. Shink, L. Rei, Huang-Wei Pan, Gijs Nelemans, S. Vass, Kenneth A. Strain, Jimin George, R. Coyne, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, T. J. Shaffer, M. Sieniawska, Fabrice Matichard, A. Paoli, K. A. Santiago, F. Fidecaro, G. M. Guidi, G. Cagnoli, Arnold Miller, H. N. Isa, Suvadeep Bose, V. Tiwari, V. Quetschke, Yann Bouffanais, Martin M. Fejer, L. F. Ortega, D. Lumaca, M. Pedraza, R. Bork, S. Ghonge, Y. Minenkov, P. Bacon, K. AultONeal, K. Chakravarti, E. D. Hall, L. Sammut, Lionel London, D. George, R. K. Lanza, Y. Boetzel, Alexander C. Jenkins, P. Dupej, Eric B. Flynn, Z. Márka, M. Mantovani, T. Prestegard, D. W. Yeeles, Xie Chen, A. Markowitz, Fabio Marchesoni, P. Hello, Samuel Deléglise, M. Merzougui, A. Fernandez-Galiana, S. M. Scott, M. Obergaulinger, Turlough P. Downes, F. Cavalier, A. Ain, R. J. Trudeau, K. Holt, Chunglee Kim, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, C. De Rossi, W. Parker, A. Gennai, Rahul Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Milan Gupta, G. Dálya, B. Gateley, G. Cho, J. C. Bayley, Aaron Buikema, V. Sandberg, E. J. King, M. J. Cowart, S. Koley, M. Boer, G. Mendell, S. J. Jadhav, B. Idzkowski, V. Loriette, V. Skliris, J. K. Blackburn, E. Chassande-Mottin, Shubhanshu Tiwari, G. Koekoek, L. Trozzo, C. Pankow, P. M. Meyers, Koh Ueno, Christian Pedersen, Albert Lazzarini, Kyungmin Kim, N. Koper, H. Wittel, M. Deenadayalan, B. O'Reilly, A. W. Jones, Sheila Rowan, S. G. Schwalbe, D. Pascucci, R. De Pietri, S. Mitra, T. Sadecki, W. Ren, Rocco Romano, John D. Scott, J. Z. Wang, S. Grunewald, R. Prasanna, R. Cotesta, R. G. Ormiston, S. Kaufer, Rainer Weiss, David E. McClelland, Paul J. Groot, M. Zevin, R. A. Mercer, S. Ossokine, Jinsook Kim, Rebecca Fisher, J. Li, A. M. Holgado, H. Fair, Samaya Nissanke, X. Liu, M. A. Bizouard, K. Bossie, John Veitch, J. Lehmann, Al Imran Malik, K. G. Arun, J. D. Tasson, C. K. Cheong, J. R. Gair, M. Fitz-Axen, B. K. Berger, S. D'Antonio, N. Arnaud, K. E. Ramirez, W. Z. Korth, Daniel E. Holz, F. Di Renzo, Torrey Cullen, B. J. J. Slagmolen, Archana Pai, F. Paoletti, Vijay Varma, M. MacInnis, Marco Romanelli, M. Fyffe, F. Cipriano, David Blair, C. Fee, Gabriela Gonzalez, F. Aubin, G. Stratta, Jesper Munch, K. R. Corley, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, J. Birch, S. Bae, P. Rapagnani, F. J. Raab, D. Tuyenbayev, B. Patricelli, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, S. Barnum, D. Buskulic, S. G. Gaonkar, E. Coccia, M. E. Zucker, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, Xiaohui Fan, J. G. Rollins, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, M. De Laurentis, D. Ugolini, P. Clearwater, G. Valdes, David Jones, M. R. Ganija, L.-W. Wei, Haixing Miao, G. Bogaert, R. Taylor, P. Popolizio, Koji Arai, Ryan Lynch, A. D. Viets, D. Meacher, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, E. J. Sanchez, S. Ponrathnam, G. A. Prodi, K. L. Dooley, Fangchen Feng, Lisa Barsotti, Kris Ryan, E. A. Quintero, Marco Cavaglia, J.J. Bero, Leo Tsukada, David H. Shoemaker, M. Lormand, D. J. Stops, S. Karki, Anirban Dasgupta, E. Z. Hamilton, R. J. G. Jonker, J. S. H. Lee, T. Dal Canton, J. Warner, R. Passaquieti, D. Verkindt, Mairi Sakellariadou, G. Pillant, S. H. R. Yuen, Keith Rose, K. S. Karvinen, F. Martelli, C. Rajan, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Peter R. Saulson, V. Sequino, Tenglin Li, R. DeSalvo, D. Estevez, B. Pang, Paul T. Baker, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, D. Rosińska, J. C. Barayoga, V. Fafone, R. Tso, Jonathan Richardson, F. Piergiovanni, Chang-Hwan Lee, N. Sanchis-Gual, N. Radulescu, L. Mereni, Terry G. McRae, S. Mastrogiovanni, Richard J. Abbott, L. G. Prokhorov, Patrick M. Koch, S. Antier, S. Banagiri, A. Grant, D. Chatterjee, T. L. Lam, A. Pele, A. Chiummo, Nergis Mavalvala, Alessandro Longo, Richard J. Oram, M. Davier, Jerome Degallaix, François Bondu, F. Badaracco, Sebastian Khan, B. C. Barish, Hartmut Grote, R. J. E. Smith, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, G. Losurdo, Luca Gammaitoni, R. Metzdorff, C. J. Perez, B. D. O'Brien, M. K. M. Bader, O. Chaibi, Devon S. Johnson, C. Bradaschia, P. Oppermann, Neil J. Cornish, S. Frasca, M. Di Giovanni, Ik Siong Heng, Kai Staats, F-L. Lin, L. Conti, M. Chaturvedi, S. Márka, Stephen Fairhurst, Carl Blair, Peter Aufmuth, T. Di Girolamo, V. Mangano, A. L. Miller, S. Ghosh, László Á. Gergely, A. Macquet, P. Astone, B. Lantz, Daichi Tsuna, K. Mogushi, P. J. King, J. T. Whelan, S. G. Crowder, J. Feicht, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, António Alves da Silva, Q. Chu, S. V. Angelova, L. Magaña Zertuche, Lili Yang, Laura Cadonati, D. A. Steer, M. Branchesi, Zefeng Zhou, D. Y. T. Pong, L. Kleybolte, E. Massera, F. Wellmann, Edward Seidel, O. E. S. Sauter, J. Woehler, S. Chung, K. S. Phukon, A. Avila-Alvarez, Chad Hanna, A. Bramley, C. Kimball, J. Oberling, M. Pirello, K. Gill, Walter Winkler, A. S. Markosyan, Harald Lück, J. Bidler, M. Cho, G. Gaur, S. C. McGuire, J. F. Read, F. Nocera, C. Zhao, Alicia M. Sintes, S. Di Pace, K. Haris, T. Zhang, N. Demos, Thibaut Jacqmin, T. Regimbau, I. Maksimovic, G. Hemming, S. M. Koehlenbeck, M. Saleem, M. Oliver, Douglas Davis, Geraint Pratten, E. Goetz, Tarun Souradeep, Andrea Taracchini, D. Bersanetti, G. Ashton, S. Penn, J. V. van Heijningen, Yu Wang, F. Thies, G. L. Mansell, V. Dattilo, Edwin J. Son, Eric Thrane, Stefan Hild, Y. Ma, A. Brillet, C. Michel, M. Vardaro, Sarah Caudill, T. D. Knowles, F. Robinet, V. B. Adya, J. K. Wofford, F. Cleva, M. P. Ross, T. B. Edo, M. Pichot, Maximiliano Isi, E. M. Gretarsson, Ying Guo, D. Beniwal, Peter Fritschel, Wenxiao Wang, M. Masso-Reid, S. Kwang, L. E. Sanchez, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, L. Salconi, C. A. Costa, Zhihui Du, Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), (Astro)-Particles Physics, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gravitational wave, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, LIGO, Supernova, Fomalhaut, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Equation (5) of the published article?(Abbott et al. 2019) is in error; it should read (Formula Presented) The upper limits on ò presented in the published article are unaffected by this error.

Published
2021

19. β-diversity in temperate grasslands is driven by stronger environmental filtering of plant species with large genomes

Author

Hai‐Yang Zhang, Xiao‐Tao Lü, Cun‐Zheng Wei, Jeff R. Powell, Xiao‐Bo Wang, Ding‐Liang Xing, Zhu‐Wen Xu, Huan‐Long Li, and Xing‐Guo Han

Subjects
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Elucidating mechanisms underlying community assembly and biodiversity patterns is central to ecology and evolution. Genome size (GS) has long been hypothesized to potentially affect species' capacity to tolerate environmental stress and might therefore help drive community assembly. However, its role in driving β-diversity (i.e., spatial variability in species composition) remains unclear. We measured GS for 161 plant species and community composition across 52 sites spanning a 3200-km transect in the temperate grasslands of China. By correlating the turnover of species composition with environmental dissimilarity, we found that resource filtering (i.e., environmental dissimilarity that includes precipitation, soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations) affected β-diversity patterns of large-GS species more than small-GS species. By contrast, geographical distance explained more variation of β-diversity for small-GS than for large-GS species. In a 10-year experiment manipulating levels of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus, adding resources increased plant biomass in species with large-GS, suggesting that large-GS species are more sensitive to the changes of resource availability. These findings highlight the role of GS in driving community assembly and predicting species responses to global change.

Published
2022

22. Soil chemistry and fungal communities are associated with dieback in an Endangered Australian shrub

Author

Samantha E. Andres, Nathan J. Emery, Paul D. Rymer, and Jeff R. Powell

Subjects
Soil Science, Plant Science
Abstract

Background and aims Field surveys across known populations of the Endangered Persoonia hirsuta (Proteaceae) in 2019 suggested the soil environment may be associated with dieback in this species. To explore how characteristics of the soil environment (e.g., pathogens, nutrients, soil microbes) relate to dieback, a soil bioassay (Experiment 1) was conducted using field soils from two dieback effected P. hirsuta populations. Additionally, a nitrogen addition experiment (Experiment 2) was conducted to explore how the addition of soil nitrogen impacts dieback. Methods The field soils were baited for pathogens, and soil physiochemical and microbial community characteristics were assessed and related to dieback among plants in the field and nursery-grown plants inoculated with the same field soils. Roots from inoculated plants were harvested to confirm the presence of soil pathogens and root-associated endophytes. Using these isolates, a dual culture antagonism assay was performed to examine competition among these microbes and identify candidate pathogens or pathogen antagonists. Results Dieback among plants in the field and Experiment 1 was associated with soil physiochemical properties (nitrogen and potassium), and soil microbes were identified as significant indicators of healthy and dieback-affected plants. Plants in Experiment 2 exhibited greater dieback when treated with elevated nitrogen. Additionally, post-harvest culturing identified fungi and other soil pathogens, some of which exhibited antagonistic behavior. Conclusion This study identified candidate fungi and soil physiochemical properties associated with observed dieback and dieback resistance in an Endangered shrub and provides groundwork for further exploring what drives dieback and how it can be managed to promote the conservation of wild populations.

Published
2022

23. Environmental and Geographical Factors Structure Soil Microbial Diversity in New Caledonian Ultramafic Substrates: A Metagenomic Approach.

Author

Véronique Gourmelon, Laurent Maggia, Jeff R Powell, Sarah Gigante, Sara Hortal, Claire Gueunier, Kelly Letellier, and Fabian Carriconde

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Soil microorganisms play key roles in ecosystem functioning and are known to be influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, such as plant cover or edaphic parameters. New Caledonia, a biodiversity hotspot located in the southwest Pacific, is one-third covered by ultramafic substrates. These types of soils are notably characterised by low nutrient content and high heavy metal concentrations. Ultramafic outcrops harbour diverse vegetation types and remarkable plant diversity. In this study, we aimed to assess soil bacterial and fungal diversity in New Caledonian ultramafic substrates and to determine whether floristic composition, edaphic parameters and geographical factors affect this microbial diversity. Therefore, four plant formation types at two distinct sites were studied. These formations represent different stages in a potential chronosequence. Soil cores, according to a given sampling procedure, were collected to assess microbial diversity using a metagenomic approach, and to characterise the physico-chemical parameters. A botanical inventory was also performed. Our results indicated that microbial richness, composition and abundance were linked to the plant cover type and the dominant plant species. Furthermore, a large proportion of Ascomycota phylum (fungi), mostly in non-rainforest formations, and Planctomycetes phylum (bacteria) in all formations were observed. Interestingly, such patterns could be indicators of past disturbances that occurred on different time scales. Furthermore, the bacteria and fungi were influenced by diverse edaphic parameters as well as by the interplay between these two soil communities. Another striking finding was the existence of a site effect. Differences in microbial communities between geographical locations may be explained by dispersal limitation in the context of the biogeographical island theory. In conclusion, each plant formation at each site possesses is own microbial community resulting from multiple interactions between abiotic and biotic factors.

Published
2016
Full Text
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24. Finding fungal ecological strategies: Is recycling an option?

Author

Amy E. Zanne, E. Toby Kiers, Habacuc Flores-Moreno, William K. Cornwell, Anouk van 't Padje, and Jeff R. Powell

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Distribution (economics), Plant Science, Biology, Body size, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Animals, Nutritional modes, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny, Imputation, Diversity, Ecology, Fungal ecology, business.industry, Ecological Modeling, Fungi, Guilds, Plants, Traits, Guild, Trait, Key (cryptography), business, Ecological strategy schemes, 010606 plant biology & botany, Diversity (business)
Abstract

High-throughput sequencing (e.g., amplicon and shotgun) has provided new insight into the diversity and distribution of fungi around the globe, but developing a framework to understand this diversity has proved challenging. Here we review key ecological strategy theories developed for macro-organisms and discuss ways that they can be applied to fungi. We suggest that while certain elements may be applied, an easy translation does not exist. Particular aspects of fungal ecology, such as body size and growth architecture, which are critical to many existing strategy schemes, as well as guild shifting, need special consideration in fungi. Moreover, data on shifts in traits across environments, important to the development of strategy schemes for macro-organisms, also does not yet exist for fungi. We end by suggesting a way forward to add data. Additional data can open the door to the development of fungi-specific strategy schemes and an associated understanding of the trait and ecological strategy dimensions employed by the world's fungi.

Published
2020

26. Myristate and the ecology of AM fungi: significance, opportunities, applications and challenges

Author

Matthias C. Rillig, Anika Lehmann, Ian C. Anderson, Masahiro Ryo, Annette Manntschke, Yun Liang, Peter Oviatt, Stefan Hempel, Eva F. Leifheit, Joana Bergmann, Haiyang Zhang, V. Bala Chaudhary, Yudi M. Lozano, Stavros D. Veresoglou, Janis Antonovics, Milica Lakovic, Johannes Lehmann, Gaowen Yang, Carlos A. Aguilar-Trigueros, Erqin Li, Daniel R. Lammel, Moisés A. Sosa-Hernández, Leonie Grünfeld, Milos Bielcik, Liliana Pinek, Coline A Deveautour, India Mansour, Julien Roy, Jeff R. Powell, Dongwei Wang, and Max-Bernhard Ballhausen

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Rhizophagus irregularis, restoration, Physiology, Ecology (disciplines), Plant Science, Fungus, Myristic Acid, Plant Roots, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Symbiosis, Mycorrhizae, Myristates, Glomeromycota, agriculture, ecosystem, biology, arbuscular mycorrhiza, Fungal ecology, Ecology, fungi, Fungi, myristate, biology.organism_classification, Arbuscular mycorrhiza, 030104 developmental biology, ecology, 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie::577 Ökologie, Arbuscular mycorrhizal, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

A recent study by Sugiura and coworkers reported the non-symbiotic growth and spore production of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, when the fungus received an external supply of certain fatty acids, myristates (C:14). This discovery follows the insight that AM fungi receive fatty acids from their hosts when in symbiosis. If this result holds up and can be repeated under nonsterile conditions and with a broader range of fungi, it has numerous consequences for our understanding of AM fungal ecology, from the level of the fungus, at the plant community level, and to functional consequences in ecosystems. In addition, myristate may open up several avenues from a more applied perspective, including improved fungal culture and supplementation of AM fungi or inoculum in the field. We here map these potential opportunities, and additionally offer thoughts on potential risks of this potentially new technology. Lastly, we discuss the specific research challenges that need to be overcome to come to an understanding of the potential role of myristate in AM ecology.

Published
2020

27. Aboveground resource allocation in response to root herbivory as affected by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Author

Scott N. Johnson, Adam Frew, and Jeff R. Powell

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Herbivore, Resistance (ecology), ved/biology, Phosphorus, fungi, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, food and beverages, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, Plant physiology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plant Science, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Colonisation, Saccharum, Nutrient, Agronomy, chemistry, Terrestrial plant, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associate with the majority of terrestrial plants, influencing their growth, nutrient uptake and defence chemistry. Consequently, AM fungi can significantly impact plant-herbivore interactions, yet surprisingly few studies have investigated how AM fungi affect plant responses to root herbivores. This study aimed to investigate how AM fungi affect plant tolerance mechanisms to belowground herbivory. We examined how AM fungi affect plant (Saccharum spp. hybrid) growth, nutrient dynamics and secondary chemistry (phenolics) in response to attack from a root-feeding insect (Dermolepida albohirtum). Root herbivory reduced root mass by almost 27%. In response, plants augmented investment in aboveground biomass by 25%, as well as increasing carbon concentrations. The AM fungi increased aboveground biomass, phosphorus and carbon. Meanwhile, root herbivory increased foliar phenolics by 31% in mycorrhizal plants, and increased arbuscular colonisation of roots by 75% overall. AM fungi also decreased herbivore performance, potentially via increasing root silicon concentrations. Our results suggest that AM fungi may be able to augment plant tolerance to root herbivory via resource allocation aboveground and, at the same time, enhance plant root resistance by increasing root silicon. The ability of AM fungi to facilitate resource allocation aboveground in this way may be a more widespread strategy for plants to cope with belowground herbivory.

Published
2019

28. Pastures and Climate Extremes: Impacts of Cool Season Warming and Drought on the Productivity of Key Pasture Species in a Field Experiment

Author

Amber C. Churchill, Haiyang Zhang, Kathryn J. Fuller, Burhan Amiji, Ian C. Anderson, Craig V. M. Barton, Yolima Carrillo, Karen L. M. Catunda, Manjunatha H. Chandregowda, Chioma Igwenagu, Vinod Jacob, Gil Won Kim, Catriona A. Macdonald, Belinda E. Medlyn, Ben D. Moore, Elise Pendall, Jonathan M. Plett, Alison K. Post, Jeff R. Powell, David T. Tissue, Mark G. Tjoelker, and Sally A. Power

Subjects
Plant Science
Abstract

Shifts in the timing, intensity and/or frequency of climate extremes, such as severe drought and heatwaves, can generate sustained shifts in ecosystem function with important ecological and economic impacts for rangelands and managed pastures. The Pastures and Climate Extremes experiment (PACE) in Southeast Australia was designed to investigate the impacts of a severe winter/spring drought (60% rainfall reduction) and, for a subset of species, a factorial combination of drought and elevated temperature (ambient +3°C) on pasture productivity. The experiment included nine common pasture and Australian rangeland species from three plant functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses and legumes) planted in monoculture. Winter/spring drought resulted in productivity declines of 45% on average and up to 74% for the most affected species (Digitaria eriantha) during the 6-month treatment period, with eight of the nine species exhibiting significant yield reductions. Despite considerable variation in species’ sensitivity to drought, C4 grasses were more strongly affected by this treatment than C3 grasses or legumes. Warming also had negative effects on cool-season productivity, associated at least partially with exceedance of optimum growth temperatures in spring and indirect effects on soil water content. The combination of winter/spring drought and year-round warming resulted in the greatest yield reductions. We identified responses that were either additive (Festuca), or less-than-additive (Medicago), where warming reduced the magnitude of drought effects. Results from this study highlight the sensitivity of diverse pasture species to increases in winter and spring drought severity similar to those predicted for this region, and that anticipated benefits of cool-season warming are unlikely to be realized. Overall, the substantial negative impacts on productivity suggest that future, warmer, drier climates will result in shortfalls in cool-season forage availability, with profound implications for the livestock industry and natural grazer communities.

Published
2021

29. Assessing translocation management techniques through experimental trials: a case study of the endangered shrub Persoonia hirsuta

Author

Nathan J. Emery, David Gregory, Samantha E Andres, Catherine A. Offord, and Jeff R. Powell

Subjects
Ecology, biology, ved/biology, Ecology (disciplines), ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Endangered species, Chromosomal translocation, biology.organism_classification, Shrub, Proteaceae, Persoonia, Threatened species, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Published
2021

30. Ecological stoichiometry and fungal community turnover reveal variation among mycorrhizal partners in their responses to warming and drought

Author

Yolima Carrillo, Haiyang Zhang, Jeff R. Powell, Amber C. Churchill, Chioma Igwenagu, Elise Pendall, Catriona A. Macdonald, Sally A. Power, Jonathan M. Plett, and Ian C. Anderson

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Environmental change, Hypha, chemistry.chemical_element, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Plant Roots, 03 medical and health sciences, Soil, Nutrient, Mycorrhizae, Ecological stoichiometry, Botany, Genetics, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Mycelium, Soil Microbiology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Phosphorus, fungi, Fungi, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, Plants, Droughts, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Terrestrial ecosystem, Mycobiome
Abstract

Symbiotic fungi mediate important energy and nutrient transfers in terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental change can lead to shifts in communities of symbiotic fungi, but the consequences of these shifts for nutrient dynamics among symbiotic partners are poorly understood. Here, we assessed variation in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in tissues of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a host plant (Medicago sativa) in response to experimental warming and drought. We linked compositional shifts in AM fungal communities in roots and soil to variation in hyphal chemistry by using high-throughput DNA sequencing and joint species distribution modelling. Compared to plants, AM hyphae was 43% lower in (C) and 24% lower in (N) but more than nine times higher in (P), with significantly lower C:N, C:P and N:P ratios. Warming and drought resulted in increases in (P) and reduced C:P and N:P ratios in all tissues, indicating fungal P accumulation was exacerbated by climate-associated stress. Warming and drought modified the composition of AM fungal communities, and many of the AM fungal genera that were linked to shifts in mycelial chemistry were also negatively impacted by climate variation. Our study offers a unified framework to link climate change, fungal community composition, and community-level functional traits. Thus, our study provides insight into how environmental change can alter ecosystem functions via the promotion or reduction of fungal taxa with different stoichiometric characteristics and responses.

Published
2021

31. AusTraits, a curated plant trait database for the Australian flora

Author

Robert M. Kooyman, Richard P. Duncan, Ben Sparrow, Ning Dong, Christopher Szota, Hans Lambers, Andrew G. Baker, Timothy J. Curran, Samuel C. Andrew, Guy Taseski, Anthony Manea, Maria von Balthazar, David H. Duncan, Peter A. Vesk, Catherine Marina Pickering, Ellen M. Curtis, Andrea López-Martinez, Chris J. Blackman, David Cheal, Caroline E. R. Lehmann, John M. Dwyer, Caio Guilherme Pereira, Susan G. Laurance, Anthony Bean, Tom North, Karel Mokany, Steve J. Sinclair, Margaret M. Mayfield, Nicholas S.G. Williams, Brad Oberle, Owen K. Atkin, Ashika Jagdish, Matthew I. Daws, John Joseph Kanowski, Lydia K. Guja, William K. Cornwell, Martyna M. Kotowska, Angela T. Moles, Martin Henery, Amy E. Zanne, Benjamin Smith, Elizabeth M. Tasker, Raymond J. Carpenter, Maurizio Rossetto, Per Milberg, Sabine Kasel, Melinda Pickup, Maria S. Vorontsova, Nigel W. M. Warwick, David T. Tissue, John W. Morgan, Ülo Niinemets, Meredith Cosgrove, Gregory J. Jordan, Susanna Venn, James Lawson, Matthew D. Denton, James S. Camac, Barbara Rye, Jarrah Wills, Erik J. Veneklaas, Tara Angevin, Joe Atkinson, Neil C. Turner, Carl R. Gosper, Tony Auld, Victoria A. Reynolds, John Huisman, Elizabeth Caldwell, Bree Anne Laugier-Kitchener, Nicholas Moore, Udayangani Liu, Christopher H. Lusk, Jugoslav Ilic, Marlien van der Merwe, Helen G. Coleman, Hannah McPherson, Odhran S. O'Sullivan, Erika Cross, Tanja Lenz, Graham Zemunik, Stuart Allen, Annette Muir, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Susanne Schmidt, James D. Lewis, Hervé Sauquet, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Elizabeth Wenk, Michelle R. Leishman, Mark G. Tjoelker, Jane A. Catford, Carlos Fonseca, Guomin Huang, Daniel Jin, Etienne Laliberté, William K. Morris, Samantha E. M. Munroe, Ian J. Wright, Rachel J. Standish, Honglang Duan, Andrew O’Reilly-Nugent, Iain Colin Prentice, Geoff Burrows, Peta L. Clode, Colin J. Yates, James K. McCarthy, Alex R. Chapman, Lesley Hughes, Alexander W. Cheesman, Michael L. Roderick, Genevieve Buckton, Ruby E. Stephens, Lucas A. Cernusak, Suzanne M. Prober, Mark Westoby, Brendan J. Lepschi, Jennifer L. Funk, Jason G. Bragg, Janice M. Lord, Burak K. Pekin, Carolyn Vlasveld, Renee Smith, Collin W. Ahrens, Jennifer Firn, Dieter F. Hochuli, Deborah M. G. Apgaua, Laura J. Pollock, Fonti Kar, Daniel J. Metcalfe, Freya Thomas, Dean Nicolle, Jocelyn Howell, Adrienne B. Nicotra, Julieta A. Rosell, Lasantha K. Weerasinghe, Jennifer Read, Gordon Drummond Sanson, Michael A. Sams, Jürg Schönenberger, Amy K. Hahs, Ben Richardson, Robert Lanfear, Mark K. J. Ooi, Anna Monro, Marco F. Duretto, Frank van Langevelde, Yusuke Onoda, Saskia Grootemaat, Kasia Ziemińska, Patrick E. Hayes, Grazyna Paczkowska, Kyle W. Tomlinson, Ben J. French, Pengzhen Du, Stefan K. Arndt, Kristine Y. Crous, Jessie A. Wells, David Y. P. Tng, Philip K. Groom, Daniel C. Laughlin, Sally A. Power, Manuel Esperón-Rodríguez, Paul D. Rymer, Colin P. Osborne, Oula Ghannoum, Keith J. Bloomfield, Lynda D. Prior, Byron B. Lamont, Áine Nicholson, Trevor Meers, Daniel S. Falster, Pieter Poot, Charles A. Warren, Dony Indiarto, Michele Kohout, Sean M. Gleason, Timothy L. Staples, Caitlan Baxter, Susana Magallón, Enrique Jurado, Félix de Tombeur, Matthew Alfonzetti, Ben D. Moore, Doug Frood, Susan E. Everingham, Peter G. Wilson, David M. J. S. Bowman, Emma F. Gray, Gregory Chandler, Matthew White, John R. Evans, Hao Ran Lai, Gregory R. Cawthray, Greg R. Guerin, Anne Fuchs, Sonya R. Geange, Caroline L. Gross, Jane L. DeGabriel, Fiona M. Soper, Claire Farrell, Matthew T. Harrison, Andrea Leigh, Anna E. Richards, Timothy J. Brodribb, Rachael V. Gallagher, Brendan Choat, Jürgen Kellermann, Mark A. Adams, Belinda Kenny, Kerrie M. Sendall, Jeff R. Powell, Si-Chong Chen, Cheryl Edwards, Saul A. Cunningham, Michael D. Crisp, Felix K. S. Lim, Brook Clinton, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre [UNSW Sydney], School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Sydney] (BEES), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW)-University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Western Sydney University, Macquarie University [Sydney], CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Nanchang Institute of Technology, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, Flora, Databases, Factual, Evolution, Science, Ecology (disciplines), Biodiversity, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Library and Information Sciences, computer.software_genre, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Education, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Information system, Life Science, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Scope (project management), Database, Ecology, Australia, Plants, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, Field (geography), Computer Science Applications, Phenotype, Taxon, Geography, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, WIAS, Trait, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, computer, 010606 plant biology & botany, Information Systems
Abstract

We introduce the AusTraits database - a compilation of values of plant traits for taxa in the Australian flora (hereafter AusTraits). AusTraits synthesises data on 448 traits across 28,640 taxa from field campaigns, published literature, taxonomic monographs, and individual taxon descriptions. Traits vary in scope from physiological measures of performance (e.g. photosynthetic gas exchange, water-use efficiency) to morphological attributes (e.g. leaf area, seed mass, plant height) which link to aspects of ecological variation. AusTraits contains curated and harmonised individual- and species-level measurements coupled to, where available, contextual information on site properties and experimental conditions. This article provides information on version 3.0.2 of AusTraits which contains data for 997,808 trait-by-taxon combinations. We envision AusTraits as an ongoing collaborative initiative for easily archiving and sharing trait data, which also provides a template for other national or regional initiatives globally to fill persistent gaps in trait knowledge., Measurement(s)plant traitTechnology Type(s)digital curationSample Characteristic - OrganismViridiplantaeSample Characteristic - LocationAustralia Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14545755

Published
2021
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32. Phosphorus availability and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi limit soil C cycling and influence plant responses to elevated CO2 conditions

Author

Yolima Carrillo, Elise Pendall, Jeff R. Powell, and Laura Castañeda-Gómez

Subjects
Biomass (ecology), Nutrient, Agronomy, chemistry, Microorganism, Soil organic matter, Phosphorus, chemistry.chemical_element, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Cycling, Decomposition
Abstract

Enhanced soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and organic phosphorus (P) cycling may help sustain plant productivity under elevated CO2 (eCO2) and P-limiting conditions. P-acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and their impacts on SOM decomposition may become even more relevant in these conditions. Yet, experimental evidence of the interactive effect of AM fungi and P availability influencing altered SOM cycling under eCO2 is scarce and the mechanisms of this control are poorly understood. Here, we performed a pot experiment manipulating P availability, AM fungal presence and atmospheric CO2 levels and assessed their impacts on soil C cycling and plant growth. Plants were grown in chambers with a continuous 13C-input that allowed differentiation between plant- and SOM-derived fractions of respired CO2 (R), dissolved organic C (DOC) and microbial biomass (MBC) as relevant C pools in the soil C cycle. We hypothesised that under low P availability, increases in SOM cycling may support sustained plant growth under eCO2 and that AM fungi would intensify this effect. We found the impacts of CO2 enrichment and P availability on soil C cycling were generally independent of each other with higher root biomass and slight increases in soil C cycling under eCO2 occurring regardless of the P treatment. Contrary to our hypotheses, soil C cycling was enhanced with P addition suggesting that low P conditions were limiting soil C cycling. eCO2 conditions increased the fraction of SOM-derived DOC pointing to increased SOM decomposition with eCO2. Finally, AM fungi increased microbial biomass under eCO2 conditions and low-P without enhanced soil C cycling, probably due to competitive interactions with free-living microorganisms over nutrients. Our findings in this plant-soil system suggest that, contrary to what has been reported for N-limited systems, the impacts of eCO2 and P availability on soil C cycling are independent of each other.

Published
2021

33. Temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungal communities and co‐associations with grassland plant communities following experimental manipulation of rainfall

Author

Suzanne Donn, Kirk L. Barnett, Coline A Deveautour, Sally A. Power, Alison E. Bennett, Jeff R. Powell, and Raúl Ochoa-Hueso

Subjects
2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Plant community, Plant Science, 15. Life on land, Biology, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, 03 medical and health sciences, 13. Climate action, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Published
2019

34. The mycobiome of Australian tree hollows in relation to the Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans species complexes

Author

Richard Malik, Laura J Schmertmann, Jeff R. Powell, Laszlo Irinyi, Wieland Meyer, and Mark B. Krockenberger

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Guizotia, Species complex, cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus, Zoology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, eucalypt, lcsh:QH540-549.5, medicine, Cryptococcus gattii, Tree hollow, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, biology, Australia, 15. Life on land, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Metagenomics, Cryptococcosis, mycobiome, tree hollow, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by members of the Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans species complexes. The C. gattii species complex has a strong environmental association with eucalypt hollows (particularly Eucalyptus camaldulensis), which may present a source of infection. It remains unclear whether a specific mycobiome is required to support its environmental survival and growth. Conventional detection of environmental Cryptococcus spp. involves culture on differential media, such as Guizotia abyssinica seed agar. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based culture‐independent identification aids in contextualising these species in the environmental mycobiome. Samples from 23 Australian tree hollows were subjected to both culture‐ and amplicon‐based metagenomic analysis to characterize the mycobiome and assess relationships between Cryptococcus spp. and other fungal taxa. The most abundant genera detected were Coniochaeta, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, all being commonly isolated from decaying wood. There was no correlation between the presence of Cryptococcus spp. in a tree hollow and the presence of any other fungal genus. Some differences in the abundance of numerous taxa were noted in a differential heat tree comparing samples with or without Cryptococcus‐NGS reads. The study expanded the known environmental niche of the C. gattii and C. neoformans species complexes in Australia with detections from a further five tree species. Discrepancies between the detection of Cryptococcus spp. using culture or NGS suggest that neither is superior per se and that, rather, these methodologies are complementary. The inherent biases of amplicon‐based metagenomics require cautious interpretation of data through consideration of its biological relevance.

Published
2019

35. A soil fungal metacommunity perspective reveals stronger and more localised interactions above the tree line of an alpine/subalpine ecotone

Author

Sarah Beck, Ian C. Anderson, Barbara Drigo, Jeff R. Powell, Beck, Sarah, Anderson, Ian C, Drigo, Barbara, and Powell, Jeff R

Subjects
Metacommunity, Community, Ecology, Australia, Community structure, Soil Science, Edaphic, Species sorting, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, Ecotone, 15. Life on land, Microbiology, mass effects, Geography, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, community assembly, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, dispersal, Tree line
Abstract

Dispersal affects community structure by facilitating colonisation and homogenising local communities, while species sorting along environmental gradients contributes to divergent community assembly. Fungi often have widespread distributions and are assumed to be dispersed easily across the landscape, with environmental selection being a primary driver of community assembly. To investigate the influence of spatial and environmental characteristics in shaping fungal community patterns, we characterised 143 communities of soil fungi along an altitudinal transect in Australia transitioning from subalpine to alpine vegetation (approximately 150 m difference in elevation over a distance of 1200 m). First, we inferred drivers of community assembly using canonical analyses including climate, edaphic properties, vegetation and spatial variables, all of which explained a statistically significant but very small amount of variation. We then employed an approach that defines the metacommunity with which each local community interacts via immigration and emigration and then estimates metacommunity characteristics. Using this approach, we inferred scales over which community interactions occurred along spatial, environmental and phylogenetic dimensions and the strength of community interactions based on the similarity of local communities to the metacommunity. Constructed metacommunities above the tree line consisted of local communities that were more clustered in space and more homogeneous than those at or below the tree line. Thus, mixing is likely occurring to a greater degree among fewer communities in the alpine environment. Comparisons of metacommunity estimates suggested that fungal evolutionary histories did not constrain community assembly as strongly as spatial proximity or environmental variation. This work suggests that differences exist in how fungal communities assembly along this altitudinal transect, despite site on its own explaining little compositional variation, and that the rate and the degree of species mixing among communities differs depending on the environmental context. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Published
2019

36. Delving into the dark ecology: A continent-wide assessment of patterns of composition in soil fungal communities from Australian tussock grasslands

Author

Jacqueline Edwards, Ashley E. Franks, Andrew Bissett, Corinne Celestina, Pauline M. Mele, Jennifer L. Wood, Eleonora Egidi, Tom W. May, and Jeff R. Powell

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Tussock, Ecological Modeling, Ecology (disciplines), Community structure, Edaphic, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Arid, Temperate climate, Endemism, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany, Trophic level
Abstract

Soil fungi play essential roles in many terrestrial processes, but our knowledge of the forces governing fungal distribution and community composition along broad-scale environmental gradients is still limited. In this study, we explored biogeographic distribution and composition of soil fungal communities associated with 62 tussock grasslands across different regions of Australia. Climatic parameters had only a limited correlation with fungal community structure, while edaphic variables and spatial distance were significantly associated with changes in fungal community composition. We also observed high variations in composition among fungal assemblages from different ecological regions, suggesting some regional endemism in these communities. The discrete distribution of fungi in soil was further confirmed by indicator analysis, which identified distinct indicator operational taxonomic units associated with grasslands from different climatic regions. Finally, fungi with flexible trophic interactions had a central role in the network architecture of both arid and temperate communities. Taken together, the results from our study confirm the prominent role of soil physico-chemical status and geographic location in determining fungal biogeographic patterns over large scales in Australia.

Published
2019

37. Genome size mediates the effect of environmental filtering in determining plant β-diversity across temperate grasslands

Author

Xiaobo Wang, Dingliang Xing, Jeff R. Powell, Xiao-Tao Lü, Haiyang Zhang, Cunzheng Wei, and Xingguo Han

Subjects
chemistry, Ecology, Phosphorus, Biodiversity, Climate change, chemistry.chemical_element, Plant community, Evolutionary ecology, Precipitation, Biology, Transect, Genome size
Abstract

Elucidating mechanisms underlying community assembly and biodiversity patterns is central to ecology and evolution. Genome size (GS, i.e. nuclear DNA content) determines species’ capacity to tolerate environmental stress or to exploit new environments and therefore potentially drive community assembly. However, its role in driving β-diversity (i.e., the site-to-site variability in species composition) remains unclear. We measured GS for 169 plant species and investigated their occurrences within plant communities across 52 sites spanning a 3200-km transect in the temperate grasslands of China. We found environmental factors showed larger effects on β-diversity of large-GS than that of small-GS species. Community weighted mean GS increased with mean annual precipitation, soil total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, but decreased with mean annual temperature, suggesting a negative selection against species with large GS in resources-limited or warmer climates. These findings highlight the roles for GS in driving community assembly and predicting species responses to climate change.

Published
2021

38. Epichloë-endophytes increase constitutive and herbivore-induced silicon defences in grasses but do not directly increase grass resistance to a chewing insect herbivore

Author

Casey R. Hall, Wade J. Mace, Susan E. Hartley, Alison J. Popay, Scott N. Johnson, Jeff R. Powell, Fernando A. Lattanzi, and Ximena Cibils-Stewart

Subjects
Herbivore, Resistance (ecology), Silicon, chemistry, media_common.quotation_subject, Botany, chemistry.chemical_element, Insect, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Epichloë, media_common
Abstract

Grasses accumulate large concentrations of silicon (Si) which alleviates a range of stresses including defence against herbivores. Likewise, grasses symbiotically associate with foliar Epichloë-fungal endophytes which provide herbivore defence, mainly via the production of alkaloids. Some Epichloë-endophytes increase foliar Si concentrations, particularly in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) but also in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne); it is unknown whether this impacts herbivores. Likewise, while Si is primarily a physical defence against herbivores, it can also affect defensive secondary metabolites; Si supply might therefore also affect alkaloids produced by Epichloë-endophytes, however, this remains untested. We grew tall fescue and perennial ryegrass in a factorial combination with or without Si supplementation, in the absence or presence of a chewing herbivore; Helicoverpa armigera. Grasses were associated with four different Epichloë-endophyte strains (tall fescue: AR584; perennial ryegrass: AR37, AR1, or wild type) or as Epichloë-free controls. Specifically, we assessed how Si supply and Epichloë-endophyte presence impacts plant growth and chemistry, and how their interaction with herbivory affects foliar Si concentrations and alkaloid production. Subsequently, their effects on H. armigera relative growth rates (RGR) were evaluated. In Fescue, the AR584-endophyte increased constitutive (herbivore-free) and induced (herbivore-inoculated) silicon concentrations when Si was supplied. In perennial ryegrass, AR37-endophyte increased constitutive and induced silicon concentration, meanwhile, AR1-endophyte increased constitutive levels only. Si supply and herbivory did not affect alkaloids produced by AR584- or AR1/Wt-endophyte in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass, respectively. However, Si suppressed herbivore-induced production of alkaloids in the AR37-endophyte perennial ryegrass association. Si was a more effective defence in tall fescue than perennial ryegrass, significantly reducing H. armigera RGR. Our results suggest that Si reduced herbivore performance to such an extent in tall fescue that it was operating at maximum effect and endophyte-mediated increases in Si concentration made no further difference. Si had a more modest impact on herbivores in perennial ryegrass, potentially linked to silicon decreasing herbivore feeding and thus, suppressing herbivore-induced alkaloids. We provide novel evidence that increased Si concentrations in some cases interact with endophyte-produced chemical defences, which could ultimately impact plant resistance to herbivores.

Published
2021

39. Overlooked interactions between the leguminous plant and silicon: Concepts, contexts and consequences

Author

Scott N. Johnson, Susan E. Hartley, Jeff R. Powell, and Rocky Putra

Subjects
Silicon, chemistry, fungi, food and beverages, chemistry.chemical_element, Environmental ethics, Sociology
Abstract

Plants associate with bacteria over the course of evolution. For example, leguminous plants (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) have evolved a distinct symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) about 60 million years ago. Rhizobia are housed in specialised root structures, the nodules, and provide the host plants with available nitrogen. In exchange, the host plant rewards rhizobia with carbon-based compounds. The legume-rhizobia symbiosis differs from being mutualistic to somewhat parasitic. One of the driving factors of that is soil nutrients, e.g. silicon (Si). Yet, the functional role of Si in legumes is largely overlooked.Previous studies suggest that Si has positive impacts on the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. For example, existing literature demonstrates that Si alleviates a broad range of environmental stresses. Crucially, there is a growing number of studies reporting that Si promotes symbiotic traits, such as increased root nodulation and nitrogen fixation across several leguminous species. To better understand this, a conceptual framework was recently proposed. It is hypothesised that Si uptake and accumulation (silicification) in plant tissues may compensate the high metabolic expenditure of carbon in cell wall formation, accelerate solute transport and gas exchange in the nodules, and protect the plants against stresses.To investigate the impacts of Si enrichment on functional traits in legumes, a glasshouse experiment was conducted with a model legume, barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) associated with a rhizobial (Ensifer meliloti) strain SM1021. Three plant genotypes were either enriched with Si (+Si) or untreated (-Si). Furthermore, a suite of key functional traits broadly grouped as plant growth, physiology, elemental chemistry, nodule activity and nitrogen fixation were quantified using several analytical/chemical techniques. Si enrichment altered several traits depending on plant genotype and symbiosis with rhizobia. For example, nodule activity was generally promoted in +Si relative to -Si plants, but with a more profound impact in one specific genotype (Sephi). This promotion was correlated positively with silicification either in the foliar or nodule depending on plant genotype.To examine a context dependency of Si impacts in legumes, a full-factorial experiment in a glasshouse was undertaken with the same model legume (two genotypes) and two rhizobial strains, i.e. SM1021 and SM1022, which the former strain is less effective than the latter. Each host-rhizobial association was supplemented with and without Si and challenged with the foliar-chewing cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) for a 5-day larval infestation (+herbivore and -herbivore). At 30-day post infestation, plants were harvested and further analysed for nodule traits and plant chemistry. Silicon enrichment strongly increased nodule numbers in both rhizobial strains but only in -herbivore plants and this impact was wiped out in +herbivore plants. However, foliar Si was induced only in +Si relative to -Si in +herbivore plants and the reverse was true for foliar C that might indicate a trade-off between Si and C following herbivory. In addition, Si enrichment generally promoted total soluble protein. Finally, when foliar amino acids (AAs) were clustered into essential, non-essential and total compounds, Si enrichment consistently promoted AAs only when herbivory was absent and shifted to a lesser extent when herbivory was present.

Published
2021

40. Advances in understanding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal effects on soil nutrient cycling

Author

Jeff R. Powell and Haiyang Zhang

Subjects
Agronomy, Soil nutrients, fungi, food and beverages, Environmental science, Cycling, Arbuscular mycorrhizal
Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi assist with plant acquisition of nutrients, with most studies focussing on the nutrient forms taken up and translocated to the host. Recent studies have focussed on how extraradical fungal hyphae can affect nutrient ransformations, leaching and movement. However, it is still unclear the extent that nutrient cycling is influenced in agricultural contexts. Moreover, much of the mechanistic knowledge is limited to a few plants and fungi studied under controlled conditions, suggesting a need for innovation addressing the broader diversity of agricultural AM plant-fungal associations. This chapter summarises how AM fungi can influence specific soil nutrient processes, then focuses specifically on AM fungi in crop production systems and examples of (in)compatibilities in these systems. These research areas are then contextualized with new approaches to understand AM fungal roles in nutrient acquisition and utilisation, which the authors propose will lead to applications in improving nutrient use efficiency of agroecosystems.

Published
2021

41. Assembly processes lead to divergent soil fungal communities within and among 12 forest ecosystems along a latitudinal gradient

Author

Ji-Zheng He, Niu-Niu Ji, Liang-Dong Guo, Cheng Gao, Zhiqun Huang, Hang-Wei Hu, Sheng-Sheng Jin, Liang Chen, Jeff R. Powell, Yong Zheng, and Yong-Long Wang

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Beta diversity, Biodiversity, Plant Science, Subtropics, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, Soil, Forest ecology, Temperate climate, Ecosystem, Soil Microbiology, Ecology, Fungi, Plant community, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, 010606 plant biology & botany, Mycobiome
Abstract

Latitudinal gradients provide opportunities to better understand soil fungal community assembly and its relationship with vegetation, climate, soil and ecosystem function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly is essential for predicting compositional responses to changing environments. We quantified the relative importance of stochastic and deterministic processes in structuring soil fungal communities using patterns of community dissimilarity observed within and between 12 natural forests and related these to environmental variation within and among sites. The results revealed that whole fungal communities and communities of arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi consistently exhibited divergent patterns but with less divergence for ectomycorrhizal fungi at most sites. Within those forests, no clear relationships were observed between the degree of divergence within fungal and plant communities. When comparing communities at larger spatial scales, among the 12 forests, we observed distinct separation in all three fungal groups among tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones. Soil fungal β-diversity patterns between forests were also greater when comparing forests exhibiting high environmental heterogeneity. Taken together, although large-scale community turnover could be attributed to specific environmental drivers, the differences among fungal communities in soils within forests was high even at local scales.

Published
2021

42. Erratum: Search for gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1 in the second Advanced LIGO observing run with an improved hidden Markov model [Phys. Rev. D 100, 122002 (2019)]

Author

S. J. Jadhav, Samuele Cortese, Charlie Hoy, V. Srivastava, M. Fays, Rebecca Fisher, J. Li, Chris A. Collins, T. Hinderer, A. Di Lieto, Rana X. Adhikari, Al Imran Malik, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Vasúth, Nikhil Sarin, Jonathan Cripe, M. Fyffe, Gabriela Gonzalez, K. R. Corley, F. Donovan, C. F. Da Silva Costa, V. Bossilkov, D. Lumaca, M. A. Okada, K. Mason, S. A. Bilgili, J. D. E. Creighton, Soichiro Morisaki, Jun Liu, E. C. Ferreira, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, D. B. Tanner, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, O. Halim, K. W. Tsang, W. Katzman, M. Yvert, R. M. S. Schofield, M. Nery, L. Naticchioni, R. M. Martin, David A. Nichols, M. Korobko, P. J. Veitch, W. A. Campbell, Ettore Majorana, Benjamin J. Owen, J. F. J. van den Brand, J. Junker, S. Sunil, M. Tacca, S. Hochheim, Martin Hendry, Cecilio García-Quirós, P. Ehrens, Paul M. Ricker, H. Khan, T. Prestegard, G. Cho, H. Fong, G. Greco, M. Bitossi, G. Bergmann, P. A. Altin, Antonios Kontos, S. Walsh, J. G. Bartlett, Márton Tápai, P.H. Nguyen, Junwei Cao, Y. Boetzel, A. Samajdar, K. Wette, F. Thies, John J. Oh, E. A. M. Muniz, Riccardo Ciolfi, Peter T. H. Pang, B. W. Schulte, L. Xiao, F. Ricci, C. Affeldt, R. Goetz, D. C. Vander-Hyde, C. Adams, A. A. Ciobanu, B. Mours, Mandar Patil, Abhirup Ghosh, Liam Cunningham, Archana Pai, F. Paoletti, Z. B. Etienne, Tristan Briant, P. Ruggi, P. Fulda, S. H. Huttner, A. Mullavey, T. J. N. Nelson, Peter Aufmuth, Gregorio Carullo, R. M. Blair, D. Sigg, T. Di Girolamo, S. W. Ballmer, D. M. Shoemaker, Hua Wang, L. Sun, S. R. P. Mohapatra, J. D. Lough, G. Giordano, K. Toland, D. J. Hofman, M. Punturo, Slawomir Gras, S. W. S. Ng, G. Moreno, S. Kumar, C. Buy, Callum Dale Booth, A. M. Sintes, Andrew Melatos, M. Lorenzini, A. Masserot, S. E. Barclay, J. L. Willis, J. McIver, J. H. Briggs, Mark Hannam, Ofek Birnholtz, S. Ghosh, László Á. Gergely, D. M. Wysocki, A. Macquet, B. Lantz, Daichi Tsuna, R. D. Kennedy, José A. Font, N. Singh, Eric Howell, S. Leavey, Chandra Kant Mishra, R. Bhandare, Piotr Jaranowski, K. Mogushi, N. Bode, D. George, Dániel Barta, R. K. Lanza, P. Dupej, Eric B. Flynn, B. Gateley, Aaron Buikema, R. W. L. Jones, C. C. Wipf, E. J. King, A. Strunk, N. Kijbunchoo, Sheelu Abraham, M. J. Cowart, Hai-Ping Cheng, A. Iess, L. K. Nuttall, S. T. Countryman, Surabhi Sachdev, Christopher J. Moore, S. Biscoveanu, Antoni Ramos-Buades, V. V. Frolov, S. Mitra, Xiaohui Fan, Richard O'Shaughnessy, B. Barr, A. D. Viets, D. Meacher, D. Tuyenbayev, Kevin Barkett, I. Dorrington, I. Di Palma, R. Kirchhoff, B. L. Pearlstone, Kendall Ackley, R. K. Nayak, H. Y. Chia, F. Magaña-Sandoval, A. Allocca, M. F. Carney, Ajay Kumar, Jörg Hennig, Charalampos Markakis, R. Pedurand, Benno Willke, A. Grado, T. Sadecki, W. Ren, S. Grunewald, R. Prasanna, R. L. Ward, P. J. Sutton, Alyssa Garcia, J. H. Romie, P. J. King, J. T. Whelan, K. H. Lai, S. G. Crowder, J. Feicht, Joey Shapiro Key, J. R. Sanders, M. Bawaj, M. M. Hanke, S. B. Anderson, M. R. Ganija, S. Ponrathnam, S. Karki, D. Verkindt, O. Puncken, M. B. Shaner, S. B. Coughlin, A. Neunzert, P.-F. Cohadon, M. Heurs, Reed Essick, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, F. Frasconi, T. Hardwick, D. Steinmeyer, F. Travasso, Michał Bejger, M. Standke, M. Croquette, A. Effler, J. Jiang, A. Perreca, G. Gemme, M. Drago, Guenakh Mitselmakher, Zhihui Du, A. Parida, S. S. Eikenberry, K. E. Ramirez, S. Barnum, Ryan Lynch, D. C. Williams, Sung-Po Chao, R. De Rosa, Kwan-Lok Li, D. Passuello, I. Nardecchia, A. Cirone, Hiroyuki Ohta, Robert J. McCarthy, Tim Dietrich, Jennifer Watchi, Sergio Gaudio, C. J. Richardson, J. Healy, V. Kringel, A. M. Holgado, R. Macas, G. Billingsley, S. Macfoy, N. Mukund, L. R. Cominsky, R. Gustafson, Linqing Wen, R. Flaminio, B. A. Boom, A. M. Sergeev, B. Pang, Z. Tornasi, P. Kumar, S. Kandhasamy, M. Fishbach, B. Sorazu, A. Kutynia, Paul T. Baker, A. K. Lenon, S. Mastrogiovanni, M. Pedraza, F. Cavalier, M. Fitz-Axen, Marcus E. Lower, J. S. Kissel, Hartmut Grote, S. Doravari, A. Singhal, Alena Ananyeva, Odylio D. Aguiar, I. W. Martin, Andrea Chincarini, A. K. Zadrożny, T. Z. Summerscales, Leo Tsukada, E. Z. Hamilton, S. A. Usman, Roman Schnabel, J. E. Brau, V. Boschi, M. van Beuzekom, R. Tso, Jonathan Richardson, L. Mereni, G. Losurdo, R. Metzdorff, M. C. Milovich-Goff, J. L. Wright, Patrick M. Koch, S. Antier, S. Banagiri, Alessandra Corsi, S. Raja, S. E. Strigin, H. S. Chen, S. Husa, S. Bose, J. Zweizig, V. Germain, J. Steinlechner, C. Cahillane, V. Gayathri, H. Fair, D. H. Shoemaker, P. Brockill, R. L. Savage, A. S. Bell, Hyun Lee, J. Calderón Bustillo, Edward K. Porter, C. Messenger, M. J. Yap, C. Palomba, S. Ascenzi, S. Privitera, M. S. Shahriar, Lee McCuller, T. Bulik, T. D. Abbott, G. Cagnoli, Devon S. Johnson, C. Horst, Alberto Vecchio, Geoffrey Mo, J. M. Fishner, M. Montani, H. J. Bulten, Geoffrey Lovelace, T. Mistry, G. Rutins, Graham Woan, M. H. Wimmer, M. Constancio, D. Rosińska, A. A. van Veggel, Richard Gray, Efim A. Khazanov, G. Ballardin, Moritz Mehmet, Kiran Prasai, Alessandra Buonanno, C.-J. Haster, Gabrielle Allen, J.-M. Isac, F. Marion, N. Leroy, Nancy Aggarwal, Zahoor Ali Khan, M. Phelps, S. Babak, Alexander C. Jenkins, Xie Chen, A. Markowitz, S. Vitale, G. Dálya, M. Laxen, Anchal Gupta, F. Y. Khalili, Robert L. Byer, Stuart Reid, F. J. Hayes, Jacob Scheuer, B. Bécsy, M. Kasprzack, Bala R. Iyer, S. S. Y. Chua, S. McCormick, C. Casentini, G. Wang, L. Matone, Vuk Mandic, Neil J. Cornish, M. J. Szczepańczyk, Denis Martynov, Marco Bazzan, F-L. Lin, D. J. McManus, C. Ingram, L. Pinard, B. R. Hall, Héctor Estellés, N. Letendre, Alec Mishkin, R. Cavalieri, I. Dave, C. Talbot, E. J. Daw, Maurizio Canepa, Antonio Marquina, Rosa Poggiani, V. Frey, A. K. Mehta, E. K. Wessel, S. Farinon, P. Raffai, T. L. Lam, Alessandro Longo, Richard J. Oram, François Bondu, F. Badaracco, Daniel E. Holz, B. J. J. Slagmolen, B. Patricelli, D. S. Wu, Margaret Millhouse, N. Sennett, Patrick Godwin, K. L. Dooley, Marta Colleoni, J. A. Giaime, L. Wallace, A. Królak, R. Frey, Joseph Smith, S. Brunett, D. Barker, A. Bisht, Maher Yazback, Y. K. Lecoeuche, G. M. Harry, K. Venkateswara, R. Cotesta, T. Etzel, J. B. Kanner, Robert Stone, Alessandro Nagar, J. C. Barayoga, A. Dmitriev, A. R. Williamson, Albrecht Rüdiger, Xing-Jiang Zhu, R. A. Eisenstein, Jishnu Suresh, Federico Ferrini, E. L. Merilh, N. Koper, Sebastian Steinlechner, A. Pasqualetti, M. Tse, D. M. Macleod, B. L. Swinkels, L. Glover, Vivishek Sudhir, V. Tiwari, Yann Bouffanais, Lijing Shao, G. Vajente, S. M. Gaebel, A. K. Srivastava, A. E. Pace, E. Schreiber, A. Basti, Ryan N. Lang, M. Rakhmanov, G. Pagano, G. D. Meadors, J. Eichholz, Li Ju, J.-P. Coulon, E. A. Chase, Z. Frei, Sofia Suvorova, T. Zelenova, D. H. Reitze, S. Caride, A. F. Brooks, P. J. Quinonez, J.-D. Fournier, Riccardo Bassiri, Magnus Manske, M. C. Araya, Srishti Tiwari, C. Lazzaro, Philip F. Hopkins, Leo Singer, Patricia Schmidt, V. Brisson, M. Obergaulinger, E. Maros, L. Trozzo, S. Katsanevas, I. Fiori, T. A. Ferreira, K. D. Giardina, J. K. Wofford, P. Leaci, P. Booker, K. W. Chung, S. Kaufer, Shawn Rosofsky, Haocun Yu, Archisman Ghosh, A. P. Lundgren, M. A. Page, Hongyu Shen, D. C. Coyne, K. Izumi, E. Cesarini, S. D. Linker, R. Robie, Mark A. Scheel, M. Fletcher, B. Hughey, Albert Lazzarini, S. G. Gaonkar, Jimin George, M. Sieniawska, K. Chakravarti, Fabio Marchesoni, P. Hello, Haixing Miao, Y. R. Chen, Samaya Nissanke, M. A. Bizouard, B. K. Berger, Ken K. Y. Ng, A. Hreibi, F. Clara, Alessandro Bertolini, Achamveedu Gopakumar, S. L. Danilishin, G. Bogaert, J. J. Bero, Manuela Rizzo, R. Taylor, Daniel A. Shaddock, Brittany Kamai, Rainer Weiss, G. Venugopalan, J. C. Driggers, D.B. DeBra, C. V. Kalaghatgi, J. Hanson, C. Whittle, Kyungmin Kim, B. O'Reilly, P. Gruning, K. Siellez, B. F. Schutz, N. V. Krishnendu, J. Derby, K. A. Thorne, M. Was, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, J. S. Lange, B. Irwin, M. C. Tringali, A. C. Green, Andrew Matas, J. Hanks, Fausto Acernese, C. Gray, G. H. Ogin, T. J. Shaffer, A. Ain, C. Fee, R. J. Trudeau, J. Birch, S. Bae, E. Coccia, C. S. Unnikrishnan, B. U. Gadre, W. M. Farr, B. C. Pant, J.-G. Ducoin, M. Eisenmann, R. C. Walet, Fangchen Feng, S. E. Gossan, M. Boer, Shubhanshu Tiwari, M. E. Zucker, C. Graef, B. A. Weaver, J. G. Rollins, Lindsay DeMarchi, L.-W. Wei, V. P. Mitrofanov, Lisa Barsotti, Anirban Dasgupta, L. Milano, W. Del Pozzo, Hang Yu, R. J. G. Jonker, H. Heitmann, M. A. Aloy, J. S. Areeda, K. A. Santiago, A. Gennai, Rahul Kumar, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Kris Ryan, E. A. Quintero, I. Belahcene, John Worden, A. S. Sengupta, H. W. Lee, P. Couvares, H. Vocca, Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, G. Vedovato, L. E. H. Datrier, D. B. Kozak, C. Messick, Imre Bartos, D. Stocks, M. Mantovani, Francesco Pannarale, C. Vorvick, L. Sammut, David Blair, S. Koley, Jan Harms, David E. McClelland, Lionel London, B. Idzkowski, V. Loriette, V. Skliris, G. Kang, A. Pal-Singh, A. Rocchi, B. B. Lane, C. Cocchieri, M. Khursheed, N. V. Keerthana, M.L. Walker, B. Goncharov, R. Birney, M. Kinley-Hanlon, G. Koekoek, F. Brighenti, D. Ugolini, P. Clearwater, E. J. Fauchon-Jones, M. Lormand, V. Quetschke, Martin M. Fejer, R. Bork, S. Ghonge, K. AultONeal, M. Hulko, G. D. O'Dea, E. Cuoco, Bruno Giacomazzo, V. Avendano, P. G. Murray, D. J. Stops, Fabien Kéfélian, J. S. H. Lee, T. Dal Canton, Felix Wellmann, J. Warner, R. Passaquieti, X. Liu, R. Mittleman, S. D'Antonio, Binlei Ding, D. Pascucci, C. C. Yancey, Nelson Christensen, K. Bossie, C. Rajan, M. Agathos, S. Meshkov, Seog Oh, A. Cumming, G. A. Prodi, S. M. Scott, L. van der Schaaf, S. A. Pai, E. Genin, J. Zhang, Jay D. Tasson, M. Landry, R. DeSalvo, L. Di Fiore, F. Baldaccini, L. F. Ortega, Felice Sorrentino, A. Chiummo, W. G. Anderson, J. H. Hough, P. W. F. Forsyth, S. R. Thondapu, J. R. Palamos, D. Moraru, O. V. Palashov, Sean T. McWilliams, F. Piergiovanni, G. Cella, F.L. Linde, N. Sanchis-Gual, N. Radulescu, N. A. Robertson, Giuseppe Intini, D. Moffa, Giacomo Ciani, K. Rao, J. J. McCann, B. P. Abbott, Michele Zanolin, D. W. Yeeles, D. Chatterjee, T. J. Slaven-Blair, S. ShyamSundar, C. Stachie, T. J. Massinger, T. Vo, E. K. Gustafson, V. Kalogera, C. De Rossi, C. Austin, J. Bosveld, M. Barsuglia, Y. Levin, R. J. E. Smith, Luca Gammaitoni, Sebastien Biscans, A. Trovato, M. Davier, Jordan Camp, F. Vetrano, S. Vass, J. K. Blackburn, E. Chassande-Mottin, Sylvain Marsat, Sheila Rowan, R. Coyne, Fabrice Matichard, G. D. Hammond, Javed Rana, S. E. Dwyer, R. M. Magee, David Keitel, L. Zhang, J. H. Klika, L. Rolland, Christopher P. L. Berry, K. S. Phukon, S. J. Cooper, A. Lartaux-Vollard, N. Man, Z. Márka, K. A. Strain, M. K. M. Bader, O. Chaibi, P. Thomas, M. Arène, M. Pürrer, M. Merzougui, Matthew Evans, T. D. Creighton, R. Inta, K. Haughian, L. Kuo, H. Yamamoto, E. Capocasa, M. Chan, A. Schönbeck, B. Rajbhandari, S. Fairhurst, J. Prasad, S. Frasca, S. Klimenko, Kai Staats, L. Conti, M. Chaturvedi, Carl Blair, M. Thomas, H. Vahlbruch, J. C. Mills, K. Riles, J. Y. Vinet, H. Middleton, D. Talukder, Rob Evans, I. W. Harry, Z. A. Warden, R. Gouaty, V. Raymond, M. Weinert, H. A. G. Gabbard, F. Fidecaro, G. M. Guidi, Steven Bloemen, N. A. Lockerbie, Michael Steinke, Arnold Miller, H. N. Isa, Carlos O. Lousto, S. Sitmukhambetov, C. North, Thomas Dent, P. Corban, P. Ajith, A. J.R. Weinstein, M. Muratore, M. C. Heintze, F. Carbognani, E. Katsavounidis, Xiuling Li, H. Radkins, A. Bozzi, M. Brinkmann, M. C. Díaz, D. Huet, David Coward, Mikhail L. Gorodetsky, R. Bonnand, Mariana Fazio, Olivier Minazzoli, M. Razzano, R. Colgan, F. Martelli, Karan Jani, R. Shink, Pradeep Kumar Sharma, L. Rei, Huang-Wei Pan, Gijs Nelemans, E. D. Hall, Turlough P. Downes, K. Holt, Chunglee Kim, V. Sandberg, Karsten Danzmann, Koh Ueno, A. W. Jones, R. De Pietri, Rocco Romano, John D. Scott, R. A. Mercer, S. Ossokine, Jinsook Kim, C. K. Cheong, S. Stevenson, F. Aubin, G. Stratta, Jesper Munch, D. Buskulic, M. De Laurentis, C-H. Lee, Andreas Freise, Paul D. Lasky, J. W. Westhouse, Matthew Pitkin, D. Cohen, M. Wade, M. Granata, Minchuan Zhou, K. S. Karvinen, S. Mukherjee, T. M. Evans, P. B. Covas, V. Kondrashov, Arunava Mukherjee, M. C. Edwards, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, Alexander Urban, B. D. Cheeseboro, G. Cerretani, P. J. Easter, Christian Pedersen, Y. Minenkov, P. Bacon, A. Viceré, T. Huynh-Dinh, M. Cabero, H. Cao, D. J. Vine, W. Z. Korth, J. C. Bayley, Marc Favata, L. E. Wade, V. J. Roma, H. Wittel, M. Deenadayalan, A. P. Spencer, D. D. Brown, F. Di Renzo, Torrey Cullen, Anthony A. Amato, N. van Bakel, G. Valdes, David Jones, Marco Cavaglia, K. Kawabe, S. G. Schwalbe, J. Z. Wang, R. G. Ormiston, S. M. Aston, Michael W. Coughlin, A. W. Heptonstall, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Peter R. Saulson, V. Sequino, I. Khan, R. Abbott, Terry G. McRae, L. G. Prokhorov, J. R. Gair, Samuel Deléglise, A. Fernandez-Galiana, A. L. Stuver, J. P. Zendri, C. Pankow, P. M. Meyers, F. Cipriano, Paul J. Groot, M. Zevin, S. Appert, Y. Setyawati, A. Giazotto, P. Shawhan, I. Ferrante, F. J. Raab, Rico K. L. Lo, P. Charlton, Kejia Lee, S. C. Tait, Yongjung Kim, Peter Weßels, I. A. Bilenko, L. Haegel, John Veitch, J. Lehmann, N. Arnaud, Vijay Varma, M. MacInnis, S. Caudill, Marco Romanelli, P. Rapagnani, David J. Ottaway, A. Paoli, W. Parker, P. Popolizio, E. J. Sanchez, John A. Clark, Ben Farr, W. S. Kim, Christophe Collette, Ho-Gyu Lee, C. J. Perez, B. D. O'Brien, C. Bradaschia, P. Oppermann, M. Di Giovanni, Ik Siong Heng, S. Márka, V. Mangano, A. L. Miller, P. Astone, Mairi Sakellariadou, G. Pillant, S. H. R. Yuen, O. de Varona, Keith Rose, Tenglin Li, D. Estevez, V. Fafone, D. Mukherjee, A. Grant, A. Pele, Nergis Mavalvala, Jerome Degallaix, Sebastian Khan, B. C. Barish, O. J. Piccinni, E. Bonilla, Irina Kowalska, M. Tonelli, Koya Arai, R. Quitzow-James, N. N. Janthalur, B. Sassolas, Fabrizio Barone, J. Betzwieser, E. Goetz, Tarun Souradeep, S. Penn, V. B. Adya, G. L. Mansell, V. Dattilo, Edwin J. Son, Stefan Hild, Y. Ma, A. Brillet, M. Vardaro, F. Robinet, Antoine Heidmann, António Alves da Silva, Q. Chu, D. Töyrä, H. Overmier, H. Qi, S. V. Angelova, L. Magaña Zertuche, Lili Yang, M. Branchesi, Zefeng Zhou, D. Y. T. Pong, E. Massera, Edward Seidel, O. E. S. Sauter, J. Woehler, S. Chung, N. Mazumder, A. Avila-Alvarez, K. Gill, Liam Dunn, Walter Winkler, A. S. Markosyan, Harald Lück, M. Cho, N. A. Holland, G. Gaur, S. C. McGuire, J. F. Read, S. Di Pace, K. Haris, D. Sellers, N. Demos, I. Maksimovic, G. Hemming, J. Meidam, Jeff R. Powell, S. M. Koehlenbeck, Riccardo Sturani, D. Hoak, D. Sentenac, Patrick Brady, M. Haney, T. A. Callister, H. S. Cho, William Moran, H. K. Gulati, Rahul Kashyap, Alejandro Torres-Forné, J. Neilson, B. D. Lackey, P. Grassia, Z. Doctor, D. M. Wilken, O. A. Hannuksela, Andrea Taracchini, P. Puppo, S. J. Kapadia, E. A. Huerta, C. L. Romel, F. Garufi, Surendra Nadh Somala, Tyson Littenberg, D. Fiorucci, A. K. Prajapati, A. R. Wade, G. Kuehn, C. M. Mow-Lowry, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, L. Aiello, M. Gosselin, R. Green, E. E. Cowan, B. F. Whiting, J. Casanueva Diaz, P. Schale, C. Van Den Broeck, E. Sowell, T. Zhang, Thibaut Jacqmin, T. Regimbau, C. I. Torrie, M. Saleem, M. Oliver, Douglas Davis, Geraint Pratten, D. Bersanetti, G. Ashton, J. V. van Heijningen, Yu Wang, Francisco Hernandez Vivanco, Eric Thrane, C. Michel, T. D. Knowles, F. Ohme, F. Cleva, M. P. Ross, T. B. Edo, M. Pichot, Maximiliano Isi, E. M. Gretarsson, Ying Guo, D. Beniwal, Peter Fritschel, Wenxiao Wang, M. Masso-Reid, K. C. Cannon, S. Kwang, L. E. Sanchez, Enrico Calloni, G. Traylor, Thomas Corbitt, L. Salconi, C. A. Costa, Laura Cadonati, D. A. Steer, L. Kleybolte, Chad Hanna, A. Bramley, C. Kimball, J. Oberling, M. Pirello, J. Bidler, F. Nocera, C. Zhao, Milan Gupta, G. Mendell, Laboratoire des matériaux avancés (LMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Institut des Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'informatiON (Institut FOTON), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB [Collège de France]), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques (IHES), IHES, LIGO Scientific, VIRGO, Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Aloy, M. A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arene, M., Arnaud, N., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., Aufmuth, P., Aultoneal, K., Austin, C., Avendano, V., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barnum, S., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Becsy, B., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Beniwal, D., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bernuzzi, S., Bero, J. J., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhandare, R., Bidler, J., Bilenko, I. A., Bilgili, S. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bode, N., Boer, M., Boetzel, Y., Bogaert, G., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Booth, C. D., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossie, K., Bossilkov, V., Bosveld, J., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Briggs, J. H., Brighenti, F., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. 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G., Collins, C., Cominsky, L. R., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrion, I., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Cotesta, R., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Croquette, M., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Dal Canton, T., Dalya, G., Danilishin, S. L., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Da Silva Costa, C. F., Datrier, L. E. H., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., Debra, D., Deenadayalan, M., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deleglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., Demarchi, L. M., Demos, N., Dent, T., De Pietri, R., Derby, J., De Rosa, R., De Rossi, C., Desalvo, R., De Varona, O., Dhurandhar, S., Diaz, M. C., Dietrich, T., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Ding, B., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Dmitriev, A., Doctor, Z., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducoin, J. -G., Dupej, P., Dwyer, S. E., Easter, P. J., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenmann, M., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Estelles, H., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fazio, M., Fee, C., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Feng, F., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferreira, T. A., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fishner, J. M., Fitz-Axen, M., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Flynn, E., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Forsyth, P. W. F., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H. A., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garcia, A., Garcia-Quiros, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, A., Ghosh, S., Giacomazzo, B., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Giordano, G., Glover, L., Godwin, P., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Goncharov, B., Gonzalez, G., Gonzalez Castro, J. M., Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Grassia, P., Gray, C., Gray, R., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Green, R., Gretarsson, E. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Gulati, H. K., Guo, Y., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gustafson, E. 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S., Jones, A. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Junker, J., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kamai, B., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Kapadia, S. J., Karki, S., Karvinen, K. S., Kashyap, R., Kasprzack, M., Katsanevas, S., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, S., Kawabe, K., Keerthana, N. V., Kefelian, F., Keitel, D., Kennedy, R., Key, J. S., Khalili, F. Y., Khan, H., Khan, I., Khan, S., Khan, Z., Khazanov, E. A., Khursheed, M., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, C., Kim, J. C., Kim, K., Kim, W., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., Kimball, C., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kinley-Hanlon, M., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kleybolte, L., Klika, J. H., Klimenko, S., Knowles, T. D., Koch, P., Koehlenbeck, S. M., Koekoek, G., Koley, S., Kondrashov, V., Kontos, A., Koper, N., Korobko, M., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Kringel, V., Krishnendu, N., Krolak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwang, S., Lackey, B. D., Lai, K. H., Lam, T. L., Landry, M., Lane, B. B., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., Lanza, R. K., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lecoeuche, Y. K., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, J., Lee, K., Lehmann, J., Lenon, A., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Li, J., Li, K. J. L., Li, T. G. F., Li, X., Lin, F., Linde, F., Linker, S. D., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, J., Liu, X., Lo, R. K. L., Lockerbie, N. A., London, L. T., Longo, A., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Lower, M. E., Luck, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macas, R., Macfoy, S., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Macquet, A., Magana-Sandoval, F., Magana Zertuche, L., Magee, R. M., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Malik, A., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Markowitz, A., Maros, E., Marquina, A., Marsat, S., Martelli, F., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martynov, D. V., Mason, K., Massera, E., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., Mccann, J. J., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mccormick, S., Mcculler, L., Mcguire, S. C., Mciver, J., Mcmanus, D. J., Mcrae, T., Mcwilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Mehta, A. K., Meidam, J., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. A., Mereni, L., Merilh, E. L., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Metzdorff, R., Meyers, P. M., Miao, H., Michel, C., Middleton, H., Mikhailov, E. E., Milano, L., Miller, A. L., Miller, A., Millhouse, M., Mills, J. C., Milovich-Goff, M. C., Minazzoli, O., Minenkov, Y., Mishkin, A., Mishra, C., Mistry, T., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Mo, G., Moffa, D., Mogushi, K., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Montani, M., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morisaki, S., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mukherjee, A., Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muniz, E. A., Muratore, M., Murray, P. G., Nagar, A., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Neilson, J., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Nery, M., Neunzert, A., Ng, K. Y., Ng, S., Nguyen, P., Nichols, D., Nissanke, S., Nocera, F., North, C., Nuttall, L. K., Obergaulinger, M., Oberling, J., O'Brien, B. D., O'Dea, G. D., Ogin, G. H., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ohme, F., Ohta, H., Okada, M. A., Oliver, M., Oppermann, P., Oram, R. J., O'Reilly, B., Ormiston, R. G., Ortega, L. F., O'Shaughnessy, R., Ossokine, S., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Pace, A. E., Pagano, G., Page, M. A., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pal-Singh, A., Pan, H. -W., Pang, B., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Parida, A., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patil, M., Patricelli, B., Pearlstone, B. L., Pedersen, C., Pedraza, M., Pedurand, R., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perez, C. J., Perreca, A., Pfeiffer, H. P., Phelps, M., Phukon, K. S., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pillant, G., Pinard, L., Pirello, M., Pitkin, M., Poggiani, R., Pong, D. Y. T., Ponrathnam, S., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Powell, J., Prajapati, A. K., Prasad, J., Prasai, K., Prasanna, R., Pratten, G., Prestegard, T., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L. G., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Purrer, M., Qi, H., Quetschke, V., Quinonez, P. J., Quintero, E. A., Quitzow-James, R., Raab, F. J., Radkins, H., Radulescu, N., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Rajbhandari, B., Rakhmanov, M., Ramirez, K. E., Ramos-Buades, A., Rana, J., Rao, K., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Ren, W., Ricci, F., Richardson, C. J., Richardson, J. W., Ricker, P. M., Riles, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Roma, V. J., Romanelli, M., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romie, J. H., Rose, K., Rosinska, D., Rosofsky, S. G., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rudiger, A., Ruggi, P., Rutins, G., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sakellariadou, M., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Samajdar, A., Sammut, L., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, L. E., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. R., Santiago, K. A., Sarin, N., Sassolas, B., Saulson, P. R., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Schale, P., Scheel, M., Scheuer, J., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schonbeck, A., Schreiber, E., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwalbe, S. G., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seidel, E., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sennett, N., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Setyawati, Y., Shaddock, D. A., Shaffer, T., Shahriar, M. S., Shaner, M. B., Shao, L., Sharma, P., Shawhan, P., Shen, H., Shink, R., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., Shyamsundar, S., Siellez, K., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Silva, A. D., Singer, L. P., Singh, N., Singhal, A., Sintes, A. M., Sitmukhambetov, S., Skliris, V., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Slaven-Blair, T. J., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Somala, S., Son, E. J., Sorazu, B., Sorrentino, F., Souradeep, T., Sowell, E., Spencer, A. P., Srivastava, A. K., Srivastava, V., Staats, K., Stachie, C., Standke, M., Steer, D. A., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steinmeyer, D., Stevenson, S. P., Stocks, D., Stone, R., Stops, D. J., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strigin, S. E., Strunk, A., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Sudhir, V., Summerscales, T. Z., Sun, L., Sunil, S., Suresh, J., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepanczyk, M. J., Tacca, M., Tait, S. C., Talbot, C., Talukder, D., Tanner, D. B., Tapai, M., Taracchini, A., Tasson, J. D., Taylor, R., Thies, F., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thondapu, S. R., Thorne, K. A., Thrane, E., Tiwari, S., Tiwari, V., Toland, K., Tonelli, M., Tornasi, Z., Torres-Forne, A., Torrie, C. I., Toyra, D., Travasso, F., Traylor, G., Tringali, M. C., Trovato, A., Trozzo, L., Trudeau, R., Tsang, K. W., Tse, M., Tso, R., Tsukada, L., Tsuna, D., Tuyenbayev, D., Ueno, K., Ugolini, D., Unnikrishnan, C. S., Urban, A. L., Usman, S. A., Vahlbruch, H., Vajente, G., Valdes, G., Van Bakel, N., Van Beuzekom, M., Van Den Brand, J. F. J., Van Den Broeck, C., Vander-Hyde, D. C., Van Heijningen, J. V., Van Der Schaaf, L., Van Veggel, A. A., Vardaro, M., Varma, V., Vass, S., Vasuth, M., Vecchio, A., Vedovato, G., Veitch, J., Veitch, P. J., Venkateswara, K., Venugopalan, G., Verkindt, D., Vetrano, F., Vicere, A., Viets, A. D., Vine, D. J., Vinet, J. -Y., Vitale, S., Vo, T., Vocca, H., Vorvick, C., Vyatchanin, S. P., Wade, A. R., Wade, L. E., Wade, M., Walet, R., Walker, M., Wallace, L., Walsh, S., Wang, G., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, W. H., Wang, Y. F., Ward, R. L., Warden, Z. A., Warner, J., Was, M., Watchi, J., Weaver, B., Wei, L. -W., Weinert, M., Weinstein, A. J., Weiss, R., Wellmann, F., Wen, L., Wessel, E. K., Wessels, P., Westhouse, J. W., Wette, K., Whelan, J. T., Whiting, B. F., Whittle, C., Wilken, D. M., Williams, D., Williamson, A. R., Willis, J. L., Willke, B., Wimmer, M. H., Winkler, W., Wipf, C. C., Wittel, H., Woan, G., Woehler, J., Wofford, J. K., Worden, J., Wright, J. L., Wu, D. S., Wysocki, D. M., Xiao, L., Yamamoto, H., Yancey, C. C., Yang, L., Yap, M. J., Yazback, M., Yeeles, D. W., Yu, H., Yuen, S. H. R., Yvert, M., Zadrozny, A. K., Zanolin, M., Zelenova, T., Zendri, J. -P., Zevin, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Zhao, C., Zhou, M., Zhou, Z., Zhu, X. J., Zucker, M. E., Zweizig, J., Dunn, L. M., Suvorova, S., Evans, R. J., and Moran, W.

Subjects
Physics, data analysis method, erratum, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gravitational wave, Scorpius X-1, LIGO, gravitational radiation, gravitational radiation: direct detection, 01 natural sciences, gravitational radiation detector, Theoretical physics, cosmic rays, binary: spin, gravitational radiation: emission, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Experiments in gravity, X-ray: binary, Hidden Markov model, numerical calculations, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, cosmology
Abstract

International audience; We present results from a semicoherent search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass x-ray binary Scorpius X-1, using a hidden Markov model (HMM) to track spin wandering. This search improves on previous HMM-based searches of LIGO data by using an improved frequency domain matched filter, the J-statistic, and by analyzing data from Advanced LIGO’s second observing run. In the frequency range searched, from 60 to 650 Hz, we find no evidence of gravitational radiation. At 194.6 Hz, the most sensitive search frequency, we report an upper limit on gravitational wave strain (at 95% confidence) of h095%=3.47×10-25 when marginalizing over source inclination angle. This is the most sensitive search for Scorpius X-1, to date, that is specifically designed to be robust in the presence of spin wandering.

Published
2021

43. Pastures and Climate Extremes: Impacts of cool season warming and drought on the productivity of key pasture species in a field experiment

Author

Ian C. Anderson, Alison K. Post, Amber C. Churchill, Chioma Igwenagu, Catriona A. Macdonald, Benjamin D. Moore, Belinda E. Medlyn, Karen L. M. Catunda, Yolima Carrillo, Vinod Jacob, Burhan Amiji, Sally A. Power, Jonathan M. Plett, Elise Pendall, David T. Tissue, Kathryn J. Fuller, Jeff R. Powell, Gil Won Kim, Haiyang Zhang, Manjunatha H. Chandregowda, Mark G. Tjoelker, and Craig V. M. Barton

Subjects
geography, Biomass (ecology), geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, biology.organism_classification, Pasture, Agronomy, Productivity (ecology), Environmental science, Digitaria eriantha, Ecosystem, Monoculture, Rangeland, Annual percentage yield
Abstract

Shifts in the timing, intensity and/or frequency of climate extremes, such as severe drought and heatwaves, can generate sustained shifts in ecosystem function with important ecological and economic impacts for rangelands and managed pastures. The Pastures and Climate Extremes experiment (PACE) in Southeast Australia was designed to investigate the impacts of a severe winter/spring drought (60% rainfall reduction) and, for a subset of species, a factorial combination of drought and elevated temperature (ambient +3 °C) on pasture productivity. The experiment included nine common pasture and Australian rangeland species from three plant functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses and legumes) planted in monoculture. Winter/spring drought resulted in productivity declines of 45% on average and up to 74% for the most affected species (Digitaria eriantha) during the 6-month treatment period, with eight of the nine species exhibiting significant yield reductions. Despite considerable variation in species’ sensitivity to drought, C4 grasses were more strongly affected by this treatment than C3 grasses or legumes. Warming also had negative effects on cool-season productivity, associated at least partially with exceedance of optimum growth temperatures in spring and indirect effects on soil water content. The combination of winter/spring drought and year-round warming resulted in the greatest yield reductions. We identified responses that were either additive such that there was only as significant warming effect under drought (Festuca), or less-than-additive, where there was no drought effect under warming (Medicago), compared to ambient plots. Results from this study highlight the sensitivity of diverse pasture species to increases in winter and spring drought severity similar to those predicted for this region, and that anticipated benefits of cool-season warming are unlikely to be realised. Overall, the substantial negative impacts on productivity suggest that future, warmer, drier climates will result in shortfalls in cool-season forage availability, with profound implications for the livestock industry and natural grazer communities.

Published
2020

44. Extraction and Purification of DNA from Wood at Various Stages of Decay for Metabarcoding of Wood-Associated Fungi

Author

Brad Oberle, Amy E. Zanne, Jeff R. Powell, Gillian L. Powell, Jessica Rigg, Michaela D. J. Blyton, and Darcy F. Young

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Extraction (chemistry), Sampling (statistics), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Decomposition, DNA
Abstract

Assessment of endophytic and saprotrophic microbial communities from wood-extracted DNA presents challenges due to the presence of surface microbes that contaminate samples and plant compounds that act as inhibiting agents. Here, we describe a method for decontaminating, sampling, and processing wood at various stages of decay for high-throughput extraction and purification of DNA.

Published
2020

45. Extraction and Purification of DNA from Wood at Various Stages of Decay for Metabarcoding of Wood-Associated Fungi

Author

Jeff R, Powell, Michaela, Blyton, Brad, Oberle, Gillian L, Powell, Jessica, Rigg, Darcy, Young, and Amy E, Zanne

Subjects
Fungi, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, DNA, Wood
Abstract

Assessment of endophytic and saprotrophic microbial communities from wood-extracted DNA presents challenges due to the presence of surface microbes that contaminate samples and plant compounds that act as inhibiting agents. Here, we describe a method for decontaminating, sampling, and processing wood at various stages of decay for high-throughput extraction and purification of DNA.

Published
2020

46. The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment

Author

Belinda E. Medlyn, Kristine Y. Crous, Sally A. Power, Peter B. Reich, Teresa E. Gimeno, Catriona A. Macdonald, Bruna Marques dos Santos, Scott N. Johnson, Brajesh K. Singh, David S. Ellsworth, Riikka Rinnan, Elise Pendall, Luke Collins, Andrew N. Gherlenda, Jinyan Yang, Yolima Carrillo, Elizabeth H.J. Neilson, Ian C. Anderson, Mark G. Tjoelker, Laura Castañeda-Gómez, Sönke Zaehle, Uffe N. Nielsen, John E. Drake, K. Mahmud, Sarah L. Facey, Raúl Ochoa-Hueso, Craig V. M. Barton, Agnieszka Wujeska-Klause, Benjamin Smith, Remko A. Duursma, Jeff R. Powell, Paul D. Rymer, Matthias M. Boer, Jennifer K. M. Walker, Kathryn M. Emmerson, Nam Jin Noh, Loïc Nazaries, Shun Hasegawa, Juan Piñeiro, Johanna Pihlblad, Varsha S. Pathare, Martin G. De Kauwe, Roberto L. Salomón, Ülo Niinemets, Mingkai Jiang, Markus Riegler, Alexandre A. Renchon, Astrid Kännaste, and Ben D. Moore

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Carbon Sequestration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Forests, Carbon sequestration, Global Warming, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Carbon cycle, Soil respiration, Soil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biomass, Photosynthesis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Eucalyptus, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Atmosphere, Carbon sink, Carbon Dioxide, chemistry, Agronomy, Carbon dioxide, Environmental science, New South Wales, Ecosystem respiration, Carbon
Abstract

Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO2) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth1–5, thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration6. Although evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO2 fertilization effect on biomass growth3–5, it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO2 in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands7–10, photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO2 without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO2 unclear4,5,7–11. Here using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responded to four years of eCO2 exposure. We show that, although the eCO2 treatment of +150 parts per million (+38 per cent) above ambient levels induced a 12 per cent (+247 grams of carbon per square metre per year) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone accounting for half of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO2, and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on ubiquitous CO2 fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in global forests. Carbon dioxide enrichment of a mature forest resulted in the emission of the excess carbon back into the atmosphere via enhanced ecosystem respiration, suggesting that mature forests may be limited in their capacity to mitigate climate change.

Published
2020

47. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake but disarm defences in plant roots, promoting plant-parasitic nematode populations

Author

Adam Frew, Jeff R. Powell, Scott N. Johnson, Alison E. Bennett, and Gaétan Glauser

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, biology, ved/biology, Soil biology, fungi, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, food and beverages, Soil Science, Context (language use), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Pratylenchus neglectus, Colonisation, Nematode, Symbiosis, Terrestrial plant, Botany, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Mycorrhiza, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous components of the soil biota which live symbiotically with terrestrial plants. Plant-parasitic nematodes are an important group of soil-dwelling invertebrates that inflict considerable damage to crops, representing a serious threat to food security. The effects of the AM symbiosis on plant-parasitic nematodes can be variable, and the mechanisms driving such variability remain ambiguous. We tested the impacts of inoculation with AM fungi on the root metabolic profile and nutritional chemistry of two varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum), and how this affected populations of the plant-parasitic nematode Pratylenchus neglectus. AM fungi reduced plant biomass by almost 24%, yet increased root concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and zinc by 50%, 15% and 16%, respectively. Contrary to our predictions, nematode populations were 47–117% higher on AM inoculated plants, depending on variety. Untargeted metabolomic profiling revealed significant effects of mycorrhizal colonisation on certain markers of biological interest, these compounds were the benzoxazinoid glucoside defence compounds DIBOA-Glc, HMBOA-Glc and HDMBOA-Glc. Overall, mycorrhizae reduced abundances of these defence metabolites, which were potentially driving AM fungi – nematode interactions; although for DIBOA-Glc this was dependent on wheat variety. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between total AM colonisation and DIBOA-Glc concentrations. Our results demonstrate AM fungi can reduce plant biomass and supress root defence compounds associated with plant resistance to invertebrate pests, while still providing nutritional benefit to the host plant. This highlights that mycorrhizal colonisation of wheat varieties can have simultaneous positive and negative effects on different plant traits which drive plant-herbivore interactions. In working towards effective exploitation of the AM symbiosis in sustainable plant production, the context dependent outcomes of mycorrhizal-plant-nematode interactions is a key challenge. Untargeted metabolomic profiling offers the ability to reveal some of the driving mechanisms underpinning such complex tripartite interactions in the soil.

Published
2018

48. Potentials and pitfalls in the analysis of bipartite networks to understand plant–microbe interactions in changing environments

Author

Alison E. Bennett, Jeff R. Powell, and Darren M. Evans

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, biology, Ecology, Plant microbe, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Endophyte, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Symbiosis, Bipartite graph, Environmental DNA, Mycorrhiza, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecological network analysis
Published
2018

49. Towards robust and repeatable sampling methods in <scp>eDNA</scp> ‐based studies

Author

Ian D. Hogg, Stephane Boyer, Paul P. Gardner, Andreas Makiola, Robert J. Holdaway, Ian A. Dickie, Sergio E. Morales, Richard P. Duncan, Jeff R. Powell, Gavin Lear, Hannah L. Buckley, Louise Weaver, Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte UMR7261 (IRBI), Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Waikato, University of Waikato [Hamilton], Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], University of Auckland [Auckland], Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, and Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Standardization, Biodiversity, Sampling (statistics), Sample (statistics), Replicate, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Freshwater ecosystem, Data science, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Abundance (ecology), Genetics, Environmental DNA, 14. Life underwater, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Biotechnology
Abstract

DNA-based techniques are increasingly used for measuring the biodiversity (species presence, identity, abundance and community composition) of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. While there are numerous reviews of molecular methods and bioinformatic steps, there has been little consideration of the methods used to collect samples upon which these later steps are based. This represents a critical knowledge gap, as methodologically sound field sampling is the foundation for subsequent analyses. We reviewed field sampling methods used for metabarcoding studies of both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystem biodiversity over a nearly three-year period (n = 75). We found that 95% (n = 71) of these studies used subjective sampling methods and inappropriate field methods and/or failed to provide critical methodological information. It would be possible for researchers to replicate only 5% of the metabarcoding studies in our sample, a poorer level of reproducibility than for ecological studies in general. Our findings suggest greater attention to field sampling methods, and reporting is necessary in eDNA-based studies of biodiversity to ensure robust outcomes and future reproducibility. Methods must be fully and accurately reported, and protocols developed that minimize subjectivity. Standardization of sampling protocols would be one way to help to improve reproducibility and have additional benefits in allowing compilation and comparison of data from across studies.

Published
2018

50. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem function

Author

Matthias C. Rillig and Jeff R. Powell

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Physiology, Ecology, media_common.quotation_subject, fungi, Niche differentiation, Biodiversity, Context (language use), Biota, Plant Science, Plants, 15. Life on land, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Mycorrhizae, Ecosystem, Species richness, 010606 plant biology & botany, Diversity (politics), media_common, Global biodiversity
Abstract

Contents Summary 1059 I. Introduction: pathways of influence and pervasiveness of effects 1060 II. AM fungal richness effects on ecosystem functions 1062 III. Other dimensions of biodiversity 1062 IV. Back to basics - primary axes of niche differentiation by AM fungi 1066 V. Functional diversity of AM fungi - a role for biological stoichiometry? 1067 VI. Past, novel and future ecosystems 1068 VII. Opportunities and the way forward 1071 Acknowledgements 1072 References 1072 SUMMARY: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play important functional roles in ecosystems, including the uptake and transfer of nutrients, modification of the physical soil environment and alteration of plant interactions with other biota. Several studies have demonstrated the potential for variation in AM fungal diversity to also affect ecosystem functioning, mainly via effects on primary productivity. Diversity in these studies is usually characterized in terms of the number of species, unique evolutionary lineages or complementary mycorrhizal traits, as well as the ability of plants to discriminate among AM fungi in space and time. However, the emergent outcomes of these relationships are usually indirect, and thus context dependent, and difficult to predict with certainty. Here, we advocate a fungal-centric view of AM fungal biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships that focuses on the direct and specific links between AM fungal fitness and consequences for their roles in ecosystems, especially highlighting functional diversity in hyphal resource economics. We conclude by arguing that an understanding of AM fungal functional diversity is fundamental to determine whether AM fungi have a role in the exploitation of marginal/novel environments (whether past, present or future) and highlight avenues for future research.

Published
2018

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