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This article sharpens consideration of aspects of policy transfer to address climate change and gives greater attention to the context that might support efficient adaptive resilience. Using the example of Australian reforms to water policy, we evaluate how different elements of policy proved more (less) successful in facilitating efficient adaptation to climate variability and thus expose elements that might be more (less) attractive as candidates for policy transfer. Overall, we find that Australian policy reforms in the water sector provide useful guidance in some instances and not others. Establishing caps on extraction, flexible water markets and individual carry over rights generally facilitated flexible and efficient adaptation, and could be transferred. Related policy concepts, like formulating clear water planning rules and entitlements, are worth considering for implementation elsewhere, even if the groundwork on governance is a prerequisite. We also note the importance of shaping drought responses from government in such a way as not to distort the incentives for individual adaptation, and there is some evidence of this working in the Australian setting. Achieving transferability of these policies, however, may be a challenge. Australian policies around ‘hard infrastructure’ investments have generally proved less desirable and ideally should not be considered as a roadmap. These relate specifically to: (1) extravagant augmentation of urban supply; (2) using infrastructure to supposedly improve irrigation efficiency for environmental water provision; and (3) governments’ infrastructure responses after flooding. None of these approaches is consistent with the aim of fostering adaptation to a more variable climatic future. Key policy insights Australian water policies that have focussed on capping water extractions, development of flexible markets and specifying rights to allow greater flexibility have generally worked well against a changing climate, and could be transferred. The development of clear planning rules and entitlements also proved important, although the conditions to favour transfer are difficult to engender. Policies dealing with hard physical infrastructure have proven problematic and their adoption elsewhere is discouraged, even if transfer is more amenable. Encouraging more individual adaptation to flooding is a particularly significant challenge, even in a country renowned for drought. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The main result of this article is a characterization of the permutations ?: N ? N that map a set with zero asymptotic density into a set with zero asymptotic density; a permutation has this property if and only if the lower asymptotic density of Cp tends to 1 as p ? ? where p is an arbitrary natural number and Cp = {l : ?-1(l)? lp}. We then show that a permutation has this property if and only if it maps statistically convergent sequences into statistically convergent sequences.

Let I , J be two ideals on N which contain the family Fin of finite sets. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions on the entries of an infinite real matrix A = ( a n , k ) which maps I -convergent bounded sequences into J -convergent bounded sequences and preserves the corresponding ideal limits. The well-known characterization of regular matrices due to Silverman–Toeplitz corresponds to the case I = J = Fin . Lastly, we provide some applications to permutation and diagonal matrices, which extend several known results in the literature.

This paper presents the findings of a group of teacher candidates with undergraduate degrees in a STEM discipline who were followed through an intensive 1-year preparation program and their 1st year of teaching. We report on the affordances and challenges participants’ discipline knowledge presented to developing pedagogical content knowledge during their student teaching experience and their 1st year of teaching. The participants were interviewed at 3 different times: the start of their teacher preparation program, the end of a year-long clinical teaching experience, and the end of their 1st year of teaching. Their mentor teachers were interviewed at the end of the participants’ year of student teaching. Each semi-structured interview included questions regarding the participants’ discipline backgrounds and transition to teaching. The interviews were coded and analyzed to identify emergent themes. We found that having mathematics or science discipline knowledge allowed for several affordances: participants could focus on teaching, readily provide alternative explanations, and incorporate additional resources into lessons. A challenge of their discipline knowledge, possibly exacerbated by biased views of their disciplines, was making content accessible to students. We consider these findings in light of a framework we have developed for mathematics and science teacher pedagogical content knowledge. We suggest teacher preparation programs for teacher candidates with mathematics and science undergraduate degrees need not only devote specialized attention to connecting that content knowledge to teaching but also engage these prospective teachers in situations that purposefully make evident to them the need to attend to student thinking.

Seismic data with reliable amplitude and phase can significantly impact drilling programs by providing valuable descriptions of the reservoir and overburden, especially for complicated or subtle plays. Processing steps such as velocity tomography and amplitude-preserving migration are critical for producing high-quality seismic images, but equally important are surface-related premigration processing steps that can significantly alter seismic amplitude and phase information, such as deconvolution. During land dynamite seismic acquisition, source and receiver responses are affected by surface conditions and inhomogeneous weathering layers. For example, even with the exact charge size, the response from each shot can vary greatly as the medium around the charge changes. Receiver recordings are affected similarly by near-surface conditions. An improper correction or a lack of correction for near-surface anomalies during seismic preprocessing will reduce the subsurface resolution and negatively bias subsurface descriptions that are dependent on reliable amplitude and phase information. Surface-consistent deconvolution can help to attenuate surface-consistent biases. There are several ways to quality-control (QC) this processing step. Different consequences result from various choices of deconvolution parameters.

The main result of this note is that if I is an ideal generated by a regular double summability matrix summability method T that is the product of two nonnegative regular matrix methods for single sequences, then I-statistical convergence and convergence in I-density are equivalent. In particular, the method T generates a density µT with the additive property (AP) and hence, the additive property for null sets (APO). The densities used to generate statistical convergence, lacunary statistical convergence, and general de la Vallée-Poussin statistical convergence are generated by these types of double summability methods. If a matrix T generates a density with the additive property then T-statistical convergence, convergence in T-density and strong T-summabilty are equivalent for bounded sequences. An example is given to show that not every regular double summability matrix generates a density with additve property for null sets.

A characterization of summability matrices that preserve the asymptotic equivalence of two sequences is given, where asymptotic equivalence is defined with respect to an ideal I of subsets of N. Pobyvanets (1980) gave necessary and sufficient conditions for a nonnegative summability matrix A to have the property that, for two nonnegative sequences x and y bounded away from 0, the ratio Ax/Ay tends to 1 whenever x/y tends to 1; an analogous characterization is given where the convergence of x/y is with respect to an ideal I as well as a new proof of Pobyvanets’ theorem. Similar extensions are given of theorems of Marouf and Li, in particular characterizations of summabilty matrices that map sequences x and y such that x/y is I-convergent to 1 to sequences with the property that the ratio of the sums of their tails or the ratio of the supremum of their tails also tend to 1 with respect to an ideal J. The main results of this paper are characterizations of summability matrices that preserve the asymptotic equivalence of two sequences, where the measures of asymptotic equivalence are defined with respect to an ideal of subsets of N. The work builds on, and generalizes, similar theorems characterizing matrices that preserve asymptotic equivalence when defined using the standard definition of sequential convergence. The starting point for this paper is a 1980 theorem of Pobyvanets [16], which gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a nonnegative summability matrix A to have the property that, for two nonnegative sequences x and y bounded away from 0, one has that Ax/Ay tends to 1 whenever x/y tends to 1. In this paper we establish this result (and others) where the convergence of x/y is with respect 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 40A35; Secondary 40G15.

A reform process is underway in the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia) to reallocate water from irrigated agriculture to the environment. The scale, complexity and politics of the recovery process have prompted interest in the role of local environmental water managers within state and federal governance arrangements. This paper examines prospects for a local role in environmental water management through the lens of the subsidiarity principle: the notion that effective governance devolves tasks to the lowest level with the political authority and capacity to perform them. The article defines and applies the subsidiarity principle to assess evolving federal-state-local interactions in environmental water policy, planning and practice in Australia's Murray-Darling River. In this context, subsidiarity is useful to clarify institutional roles and their coordination at a whole-of-river level. This analysis demonstrates opportunities for a local role in information gathering, innovation and operational flexibility to respond to opportunities in real time. It identifies significant limits to local action in upstream-downstream tradeoffs, economies of scale, capacity building and cost sharing for basin-wide or national interests, and accountability mechanisms to balance local, state and national rights and responsibilities. Lessons are relevant internationally for regions confronting complex allocation tradeoffs between human and environmental needs within multi-jurisdictional federal systems. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Governments in Australia are purchasing water entitlements to secure water for environmental benefit, but entitlements generate an allocation profile that does not correspond fully to environmental flow requirements. Therefore, how environmental managers will operate to deliver small and medium-sized inundation environmental flows remains uncertain. To assist environmental managers with the supply of inundation flows at variable times, it has been suggested that allocation trade be incorporated into efforts aimed at securing water. This paper provides some qualitative and quantitative perspective on what influences southern Murray–Darling Basin irrigators to trade allocation water at specific times across and within seasons using a market transaction framework. The results suggest that while irrigators now have access to greater risk-management options, environmental managers should consider the possible impact of institutional change before intervening in traditional market activity. The findings may help improve the design of intervention strategies to minimise possible market intervention impacts and strategic behaviour.

Over-allocation of fresh water resources to consumptive uses, coupled with recurring drought and the prospect of climate change, is compromising the stocks of natural capital in the world’s basins and reducing their ability to provide ecosystem services. To combat this, governments world wide are making significant investment in efforts to improve sharing of water between consumptive uses and the environment, with many investments centred on modernisation of inefficient irrigation delivery systems, and the purchase of water by government for environmental flows. In this study, spatial targeting was applied within a cost-benefit framework to reconfigure agricultural land use in an irrigation district to achieve a 20% reduction in agricultural water use to increase environmental flows and improve the provision of other ecosystem services. We demonstrate using spatial planning and optimisation models that a targeted land use reconfiguration policy approach could potentially increase the net present value of ecosystem services by up to AUS$463.7m. This provides a threshold level of investment that would be justified on the basis of benefits that the investment produces. The increase in ecosystem services include recovering 61 GL of water for environmental flows, the sequestration of 10.6m tonnes of CO2-e/yr, a 13 EC (?S/cm) reduction in river salinity, and an overall 24% increase in the value of agriculture. Without a targeted approach to planning, a 20% reduction in water for irrigation could result in the loss of AUS$68.7m in economic returns to agriculture which may be only marginally offset by the increased value of ecosystem services resulting from the return of 61 GL of water to the environment.

Conservation investment in agricultural landscapes has evolved to take a more market-based or business approach. However, current levels of conservation investment are not likely to mitigate degradation to natural capital and ecosystem services. We propose the further evolution of a conservation industry to generate substantially increased investment in conservation in agricultural landscapes, particularly from the private sector. A mature conservation industry is envisaged as comprising of investors, producers, and service providers who produce conservation products and services, exchanged via market transactions. A number of requirements for a viable and effective conservation industry are identified including institutional infrastructure (conservation market institutions and regulatory systems), information provision (quantifying benefits, business models, and accounting and auditing standards), and facilitation (entrepreneurship incubation and capacity building). A conservation industry requires careful design and planning in order to operate effectively. Whilst it is not without risk, a conservation industry has the potential to increase participation and investment in conservation actions and enhance the sustainability of agricultural landscapes. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This article evaluates irrigated agriculture sector response and resultant economic impacts of climate change for a part of the Murray Darling Basin in Australia. A water balance model is used to predict reduced basin inflows for mild, moderate and severe climate change scenarios involving 1, 2 and 4 degrees C warming, and predict 13, 38 and 63% reduced inflows. Impact on irrigated agricultural production and profitability are estimated with a mathematical programming model using a two-stage approach that simultaneously estimates short and long-run adjustments. The model accounts for a range of adaptive responses including: deficit irrigation, temporarily following of some areas, permanently reducing the irrigated area and changing the mix of crops. The results suggest that relatively low cost adaptation strategies are available for a moderate reduction in water availability and thus costs of such a reduction are likely to be relatively small. In more severe climate change scenarios greater costs are estimated. Adaptations predicted include a reduction in total area irrigated and investments in efficient irrigation. A shift away from perennial to annual crops is also predicted as the latter can be managed more profitably when water allocations in some years are very low. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Environmental policy makers are interested in ways to prevent environmental degradation without significantly limiting economic and social development. Increasingly, market-based instruments are being incorporated into the suite of policy tools to accomplish these aims. However, the lack of information on market-based instruments accessible to non-economists limits understanding of how and when a market-based instrument can be integrated into a traditional policy regime. This paper aims to address the lack of accessible information using a generic screening process for policy instruments demonstrated through application to a non-point source pollution problem in Lake Taupo, New Zealand. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Irrigation induced salinity is adversely affecting the agricultural industry and the environment in many countries around the world. Spatial location of irrigation enterprises has been identified as one important factor that needs to be taken into account by policies aimed at mitigating salinity. In particular, policies aimed at restricting the location of irrigation enterprises have been recently proposed to address the irrigation induced salinity problem. This article compares and contrasts the costs of two versions of such a policy: a standalone irrigation zoning policy, where new irrigation enterprises are only allowed to locate in low salinity impact zones; and a salinity offsetting policy, where new irrigation enterprises can locate in high salinity impact zones, provided that they offset their salinity impact elsewhere. A key finding is that the offsetting policy is both less costly and more effective in reducing salinity than a standalone irrigation zoning policy. This is due to the presence of incentives for choosing "optimal" location of irrigation enterprises when the costs of salinity offsets are taken into account. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

A class of summability methods, called sliding window methods, for measurable real valued functions defined on [0,∞) is introduced. These methods are based on the methods of statistical convergence and lacunary statistical summability for sequences. Analogs of inclusion and consistency theorems for the sequential methods are established, along with examples, and a Cauchy criteria is given. This note introduces a class of summability methods, called sliding window methods, that can be applied to measurable functions defined on [0,∞). These methods are modeled on, but more general than, the methods of statistical convergence and lacunary statistical summability for sequences. We establish (and extend) some of the known results for sequential summability to the setting of real value functions defined on [0,∞).

Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Hydro-economic modeling is the combination of economic principles and hydrological modeling to achieve a more integrated representation of water resource management. In the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), hydro-economic modeling has been widely used to analyze and inform basin-wide water policy. A growing but uneven literature base has prompted this review of MDB hydro-economic studies published over the past three decades to identify innovations and avenues for advancement. We focus particularly on the treatment of uncertainty, which is inherent in all modeling. While consideration of uncertainty is increasing in prominence, our review indicates the robust treatment of epistemic and stochastic uncertainty have not been fully integrated in the hydro-economic modeling literature. When hydro-economic modeling results are used to inform policy, treatment of uncertainty has both technical and political implications. We conclude that the methodological rigor of MDB hydro-economic modeling can be vastly improved with greater attention to quantifying, reducing and communicating uncertainties inherent in the modeling of water resources. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Global agroecosystems can contribute to both climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation, and market mechanisms provide a highly prospective means of achieving these outcomes. However, the ability of markets to motivate the supply of carbon sequestration and biodiversity services from agricultural land is uncertain, especially given the future changes in environmental, economic, and social drivers. We quantified the potential supply of these services from the intensive agricultural land of Australia from 2013 to 2050 under four global outlooks in response to a carbon price and biodiversity payment scheme. Each global outlook specified emissions pathways, climate, food demand, energy price, and carbon price modeled using the Global Integrated Assessment Model (GIAM). Using a simplified version of the Land Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, economic returns to agriculture, carbon plantings, and environmental plantings were calculated each year. The supply of carbon sequestration and biodiversity services was then quantified given potential land use change under each global outlook, and the sensitivity of the results to key parameters was assessed. We found that carbon supply curves were similar across global outlooks. Sharp increases in carbon sequestration supply occurred at carbon prices exceeding 50 $ tCO(2)(-1) in 2015 and exceeding 65 $ tCO(2)(-1) in 2050. Based on GIAM-modeled carbon prices, little carbon sequestration was expected at 2015 under any global outlook. However, at 2050 expected carbon supply under each outlook differed markedly, ranging from 0 to 189 MtCO(2) yr(-1). Biodiversity services of 3.32% of the maximum may be achieved in 2050 for a 1 $B investment under median scenario settings. We conclude that a carbon market can motivate supply of substantial carbon sequestration but only modest amounts of biodiversity services from agricultural land. A complementary biodiversity payment can synergistically increase the supply of biodiversity services but will not provide much additional carbon sequestration. The results were sensitive to global drivers, especially the carbon price, and the domestic drivers of adoption hurdle rate and agricultural productivity. The results can inform the design of an effective national policy and institutional portfolio addressing the dual objectives of climate change and biodiversity conservation that is robust to future uncertainty in both national and global drivers. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The recent drought in south-eastern Australia saw the lowest inflows on record in the Murray-Darling Basin in 2006. As reservoirs were drawn down water availability for irrigation was cut. In 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, irrigators received about one third of their pre-drought allocations. Understanding how the irrigation sector adapted to less water will help planning for the next drought and a future in which irrigation water use will be reduced permanently in the basin. The aggregate responses that we report are consistent with reported data on strategies used by irrigators to adapt to less water, including water trading, input substitution, changes to crop mix, and improvements to technology leading to reduced water application rates and yield increases. These responses likely also provide some insight on how irrigators will adapt to future more permanent reductions in irrigation water and assist in the identification of constraints to adaption. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Let B be a Banach space. A B-valued sequence 〈 xk〉 is weakly statistically null provided lim n 1 n |{k ≤ n:|f(x k )| > e}| = 0 for all e > 0 and every continuous linear functional f on B. A Banach space is finite dimensional if and only if every weakly statistically null B-valued sequence has a bounded subsequence. If B is separable, B* is separable if and only if every bounded weakly statistically null B-valued sequence contains a large weakly null sequence. A characterization of spaces containing an isomorphic copy of l1 is given, and it is also shown that l2 has a “statistical M-basis” which is not a Schauder basis.

Over-allocation of water resources to irrigation, industry, and cities has severely impacted flow-dependent riverine ecosystems and led to growing interest in ways to restore water to the environment; one increasingly popular approach is water buybacks. This paper reviews US and Australian experiences in buying back water, focusing on the conditions which enable and inhibit environmental water acquisitions in each country. We also compare experiences with buyback efforts in fisheries, another natural resource sector. Lessons from these experiences provide important insights into how future water buyback programmes to acquire environmental water could be operated more effectively. The review suggests that the overall success of an environmental water buyback is likely to be enhanced by (1) legal and institutional settings which clearly define water rights and lower administrative and other barriers to water transfers, (2) non-governmental organizations and community groups which play a complementary role to government, (3) creation of a system that will fairly distribute future risk of water availability and provide choices for a variety of ways of obtaining water, and (4) efforts that minimize negative community impacts, thus helping to maximize irrigator participation. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

A consistent methodology enabling the estimation of the economic losses associated with drought and the comparison of estimates between sites and across time has been elusive. In this paper, we develop an ecosystem service approach to fill this research gap. We apply this approach to analysis of the Millennium Drought in the South Australian portion of the Murray-Darling Basin which provided a natural experiment for the economic estimation of hydrological ecosystem service losses. cataloguing estimates of expenditures incurred by Commonwealth and state governments, communities and individuals, we find that nearly $810 million was spent during the drought to mitigate losses, replace ecosystem services and adapt to new ecosystem equilibria. The approach developed here is transferable to other drought prone regions, providing insights into the potentially unexpected consequences of drought and ecosystem thresholds and socioeconomic and political tipping points after which ecosystem restoration may become very costly. Our application to the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin demonstrates the potential of this approach for informing water, drought preparedness and mitigation policy, and to contribute to more robust decision-making. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Groundwater trade is widely advocated for reallocating scarce groundwater resources between competing users, and managing over-allocated and declining aquifers. However, groundwater markets are still in their infancy, and the potential benefits and opportunities need investigation, particularly where there is a need to reduce the extraction from declining aquifers.This article evaluates economic impacts of reducing groundwater extraction for irrigation use in peri-urban Perth, Australia, where irrigation, a lake-based ecosystem, and public water supply are highly dependent on a declining groundwater resource. We present an assessment of market-based water trading approaches to reduce groundwater extraction with an economic model representing diversity in returns to groundwater use across a population of irrigators.The results indicate that potential economic costs of a proportional reduction in available groundwater for irrigation are 18-21% less if groundwater trade is possible. We also evaluate a water buyback from irrigation to provide public water supply as an alternative to new infrastructure. We find that buying back up to around 50% of current irrigation allocations could create new public water supply only at the cost of $0.32-0.39 million per GL, which is less than one fifth of the costs of new desalinisation or recycled water supply options ($2-3 million per GL). We conclude that, with rapid development of computer and internet based trading platforms that allows fast, efficient and low cost multiple party trading, it is increasingly feasible to realise the economic potentials of market-based trade approaches for managing overexploited aquifers. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Resource managers at parks and other protected areas are increasingly expected to factor climate change explicitly into their decision making frameworks. However, most protected areas are small relative to the geographic ranges of species being managed, so forecasts need to consider local adaptation and community dynamics that are correlated with climate and affect distributions inside protected area boundaries. Additionally, niche theory suggests that species' physiological capacities to respond to climate change may be underestimated when forecasts fail to consider the full breadth of climates occupied by the species rangewide. Here, using correlative species distribution models that contrast estimates of climatic sensitivity inferred from the two spatial extents, we quantify the response of limber pine (Pinus flexilis) to climate change in Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado, USA). Models are trained locally within the park where limber pine is the community dominant tree species, a distinct structural-compositional vegetation class of interest to managers, and also rangewide, as suggested by niche theory. Model forecasts through 2100 under two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5 W/m(2)) show that the distribution of limber pine in the park is expected to move upslope in elevation, but changes in total and core patch area remain highly uncertain. Most of this uncertainty is biological, as magnitudes of projected change are considerably more variable between the two spatial extents used in model training than they are between RCPs, and novel future climates only affect local model predictions associated with RCP 8.5 after 2091. Combined, these results illustrate the importance of accounting for unknowns in species' climatic sensitivities when forecasting distributional scenarios that are used to inform management decisions. We discuss how our results for limber pine may be interpreted in the context of climate change vulnerability and used to help guide adaptive management.

This article presents a model process for “bottom-up” teacher development of a proficiency-oriented, criterion-referenced second or foreign language curriculum. The process is designed for second and foreign language teachers and administrators at all levels of education (1) to enhance articulation and coherence of teaching objectives and practices between levels of language instruction and (2) to foster communicative teaching practices.

This article seeks to extend the model of cross-cultural miscommunication, or crosstalk, in two directions and constrain it in a third through an analysis of Soviet and American speakers' pronominal reference choices in a three-hour audio-video ‘spacebridge’ meeting. First, the potential causes of crosstalk are extended by demonstrating the role played by variation between speakers' uses of lexical features. Co-occurrence of divergent pronominal reference and overt verbal oppositions indicates that the groups' differing pronominally marked constructions of the speech activity — including the goals, participant structures, and types of information each group privileged — contributed to participants' miscommunication. Second, the explanation of crosstalk is enhanced by showing that much crosstalk is not purely accidental, as frequently claimed, but motivated by speakers' competing constructions of the context; that crosstalk is at once a failure of communication on one level and, on another level, a successful communicative strategy by which speakers protect their views of themselves and their world. Finally, the analysis reverses commonly held stereotypes of Soviets' and Americans' respective communicative styles, indicating that characterizations of communicative style must be constrained to specific speech events or activities.

This study compares the evaluative criteria which American ESL instructors and Japanese EFL instructors applied in rating ten compositions written by adult L1 Japanese EFL students. The instructors quantitatively rated the compositions and then stated their qualitative reasons for their ratings of each composition. The evaluative criteria of the two groups are assumed to indirectly reflect their respective instructional goals and emphases, and thereby reflect their respective societies’ theories of the uses and values of written English. In addition, the comparison may help Japanese and American English instructors to negotiate differences between the two educational contexts. In brief, the Japanese EFL teachers focused on matters of accuracy (content, word choice, and grammar), while the American ESL teachers focused on both intersentential features of the discourse and specific intrasentential grammatical features. The results also underscore an important methodological point: quantitative similarities in ratings may mask significant qualitative differences in the reasons for those ratings. That is, the American ESL and Japanese EFL instructors in this study, although agreeing substantially in their end-result ratings, followed different processes in arriving at those similar ratings and in fact disagree about what constitutes strong or weak writing.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed

[1] Many hydrologic systems are likely to be affected by climate change. This is of particular importance given that agricultural production systems are inextricably linked to the hydrologic systems they rely upon. Although irrigation is often employed as a method to dampen the effect of short-term variation in climatic inputs to agricultural production, sources of irrigation water are not immune to long-term climatic change. Irrigation water use decisions are most often made at the farm level. It is at this scale that the economic and social impacts of climate change will be manifest. This paper presents an integrated stochastic dynamic modeling framework that can be used to investigate the viability of irrigated farms under alternative climate change scenarios. The framework is applied to a theoretical farm in the Murray Darling Basin, Australia, under four potential future climate scenarios. It is found that neglecting interannual variability in climatic inputs to agriculture consistently underestimates the reduction in farm viability caused by climate change and that multiyear sequences of climate states strongly influence estimates of farm profitability.

The relationships holding between integral summability methods, certain set functions defined on ℘ ([0, ∞)), and certain closed subsets of β[0, ∞) - [0, ∞) have been discussed before. In this paper some of these results are extended to more general topological spaces. For a locally compact Tychonoff space X, relationships between set functions on ℘ (X), certain closed subsets of βX - X, and ideals of C*(X) are given, as are applications to summability theory.

In the first section we establish a connection between gap Tauberian conditions and isomorphic copies of Co for perfect coregular conservative BK spaces and in the second we give a characterisation of gap Tauberian conditions for strong summability with respect to a nonnnegative regular summability matrix. These results are used to show that a gap Tauberian condition for strong weighted mean summability is also a gap Tauberian condition for ordinary weighted mean summability. We also make a remark regarding the support set of a matrix and give a Tauberian theorem for a class of conull spaces.

An /-measure is a finitely additive nonnegative set function defined on a collection of subsets of [0, oo) which vanishes on bounded Lebesgue measurable sets. We define statistical convergence and convergence in density relative to an /-measure and use nonnegative regular integral summability methods to generate /-measures. We observe that, for a large class of regular integral summability methods, the notions of strong integral summability, convergence in density and statistical convergence (relative to the /-measure generated by the method) coincide for bounded functions. The support set of an /-measure is a subset of the Stone-Cech compactification of [0, oo) that is generated by the measure. We characterize /-measures that generate nowhere dense support sets and /-measures which have P-sets for support sets. The support set of a nonnegative regular integral summability method is used to introduce some summability invariants for bounded strong integral summability. We show that the support sets of /-measures generated by some summability methods are compact zero-dimensional F-spaces of weight c without isolated points, but that they need not be P'-spaces. 0. Introduction. Over the years a number of authors have discussed bounded strong summability, convergence in density and statistical convergence, where each of these notions is defined relative to a nonnegative regular matrix summability method. Each of these notions of convergence extends the usual definition of the limit and, it turns out, they are nicely related to one another. The pivot of most of these discussions is either the finitely additive measure generated by the matrix or the support set of the matrix. In this paper we adopt corresponding definitions for regular integral summability methods and show that, under necessary restrictions, many of the results known for matrix summability carry over to integral summability and can be used to establish summability invariants for bounded strong integral summability. Curiously, although used in harmonic analysis [20] and differential equations [19], there does not seem to be a standard introduction to

A summability method S S is called an R R -type summability method if S S is regular and x y xy is strongly S S -summable to 0 whenever x x is strongly S S -summable to 0 and y y is a bounded sequence. Associated with each R R -type summability method S S are the following two methods: convergence in μ \mu -density and μ \mu -statistical convergence where μ \mu is a measure generated by S S . In this note we extend the notion of statistically Cauchy to μ \mu -Cauchy and show that a sequence is μ \mu -Cauchy if and only if it is μ \mu -statistically convergent. Let W ( A ) = A ¯ β N ∩ β N ∖ N W\left ( A \right ) = {\overline A ^{\beta \mathbb {N}}} \cap \beta \mathbb {N}\backslash \mathbb {N} for A ⊂ N A \subset \mathbb {N} and K = ∩ { W ( A ) : A ⊆ N , χ A is strongly S − summable to 1 } \mathcal {K}{\text { = }} \cap \left \{ {W\left ( A \right ):A \subseteq \mathbb {N}{\text {,}}{\chi _A}\;{\text {is}}\;{\text {strongly}}\;S - {\text {summable}}\;{\text {to}}\;1} \right \} . Then μ \mu -Cauchy is equivalent to convergence in μ \mu -density if and only if every G δ {G_\delta } that contains K \mathcal {K} in β N ∖ N \beta \mathbb {N}\backslash \mathbb {N} is a neighborhood of K \mathcal {K} in β N ∖ N \beta \mathbb {N}\backslash \mathbb {N} . As an application, we show that the bounded strong summability field of a nonnegative regular matrix admits a Cauchy criterion.

This note gives a characterization of BK spaces that contain isomorphic copies of c 0 {c_0} in terms of matrix maps and a sufficient condition for a matrix map from l ∞ {l_\infty } into a BK space to be a compact operator. The primary tool used in this note is the Bessaga-Pelczynski characterization of Banach spaces which contain isomorphic copies of c 0 {c_0} . It is shown that weakly compact matrix maps on l ∞ {l_\infty } are compact and that, if E E is a BK space such that there is a matrix A A such that c 0 ⊆ E A {c_0} \subseteq {E_A} and E A {E_A} is not strongly conull, then E E must contain an isomorphic copy of c 0 {c_0} .

[1] Drainage from irrigation along the River Murray causes rising levels of saline discharge to the river and floodplains with adverse impacts including crop, water infrastructure and floodplain ecological health damage. These salinity impacts of drainage are time delayed by up to several decades. Investment in engineering infrastructure to pump saline water away from the river to evaporation basins has been a significant feature of public policy to address the issue. This article evaluates the costs and benefits of further engineering investments to offset expected future salinity growth. The analysis involves an integer programming optimization model that explicitly accounts for salinity impact time delays in benefit, cost accounting considering a long term, 100 year time horizon. A lower bound salinity growth scenario is evaluated involving increasingly efficient irrigation and further new irrigation development at locations where salinity impacts are comparatively small. This is compared to an upper bound salinity growth scenario with static irrigation efficiency and new irrigation development in high salinity impact areas. It is concluded that if conditions leading to the upper bound salinity growth scenario can not be avoided in the near term, the marginal costs of offsetting future salinity growth with additional engineering investment will exceed the marginal benefits several decades hence.