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We analyze the stellar abundances of massive galaxies ($\log M_\ast/M_\odot>10.5$) at $z=2$ in the IllustrisTNG simulation with the goal of guiding the interpretation of current and future observations, particularly from the James Webb Space Telescope. We find that the effective size, $R_e$, of galaxies strongly affects the abundance measurements: both [Mg/H] and [Fe/H] are anti-correlated with $R_e$, while the relative abundance [Mg/Fe] slightly increases with $R_e$. The $\alpha$ enhancement as tracked by [Mg/Fe] traces the formation timescale of a galaxy weakly, and mostly depends on $R_e$. Aperture effects are important: measuring the stellar abundances within 1~kpc instead of within $R_e$ can make a large difference. These results are all due to a nearly universal, steeply declining stellar abundance profile that does not scale with galaxy size -- small galaxies appear metal-rich because their stars live in the inner part of the profile where abundances are high. The slope of this profile is mostly set by the gas-phase abundance profile and not substantially modified by stellar age gradients. The gas-phase abundance profile, in turn, is determined by the strong radial dependence of the gas fraction and star formation efficiency. We develop a simple model to describe the chemical enrichment, in which each radial bin of a galaxy is treated as an independent closed-box system. This model reproduces the gas-phase abundance profile of simulated galaxies, but not the detailed distribution of their stellar abundances, for which gas and/or metal transport are likely needed., Comment: 16 pages, 12+2 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

This study configures a simple wind tunnel using a blower for generating wind energy, which is equivalent to natural wind, and a test system that measures properties of power. Also, the mechanical and electrical power in a small-scaled wind turbine are empirically measured to analyze the relationship between the mechanical and electrical power.

A planetary gear train consists of a sun gear, planet gears, and a ring gear and these gears are arranged as a concentric circle type. The gearbox proposed in this study arranges the planetary gear type as a double planetary gear train in which the output of the primary gear train is used as an input to the secondary planetary gear for accelerating its speed. In this design, a method that directly connects the input and output sections is introduced to obtain a high acceleration ratio and its applicability is verified for applying it to a small wind turbine through designing and fabricating the planetary gearbox.

Background More than 50% of all advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is diagnosed in patients older than 65 years. Chemotherapy in elderly patients has not been standardized even though cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been used in patients with advanced NSCLC as primary therapy. We investigated the efficacy and safety of combination chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin for elderly patients with advanced NSCLC. Methods Chemotherapy-naive patients (age ≥ 65 years) with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC were enrolled. Patients received docetaxel (75 mg/m2 on D1) and carboplatin (AUC of 5 mg/ml/min on D1) every 3 weeks. The end points included the response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and toxicity. Results A total of 43 patients was enrolled between March 2005 and December 2008, and 38 patients were evaluable. The median age was 74 years old (range, 65–84 years) and 39 patients (90.6%) had an ECOG PS of 0 or 1. Squamous cell carcinoma was observed in 18 patients (41.8%) and 24 patients (55.8%) had an increased Charlson comorbidity index score (CCI ≥ 1). The median number of treatment cycles was five (range, 1–8) and the relative dose intensity was 90.4% for docetaxel and 92.7% for carboplatin. The overall response rate was 46.5% (95% CI, 31.6–61.4) for with one complete response and 19 partial responses. The median follow-up duration was 14.4 months. The median PFS was 6.9 months (95% CI, 6.25–7.55) and the median OS was 13.1 months (95% CI, 10.20–16.07). The 1-year survival rate was 60%. In grade 3 or 4 hematological toxicities, neutropenia (37.2%), anemia (18.6%) and thrombocytopenia (4.6%) were shown. The non-hematological toxicities were tolerable. Conclusions The combination chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin was effective with tolerable toxicities in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPAR-δ), one of three PPAR subtypes, is a lipid-sensing nuclear receptor that has been implicated in multiple processes, including inflammation and cancer. To directly establish the role of PPAR-δ in colon cancer development and progression, we selected high-affinity RNA aptamers and expressed them in several colon cancer cell lines. Nuclear-expressed aptamers efficiently inhibited PPAR-δ–dependent transcription from a synthetic peroxisome proliferator response element–driven luciferase reporter. PPAR-δ–specific aptamers suppressed transcription from natural promoters of vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA levels were significantly reduced by the PPAR-δ–specific aptamers in colon cancer cells. Most significantly, HCT116 colon cancer cells with high-level expression of PPAR-δ–specific aptamers exhibited a striking loss of tumorigenic potential. Further study on these RNA aptamers could provide an opportunity to modulate PPAR-δ–mediated colon cancer development and progression. Taken together, our results establish an important role for PPAR-δ in transcription of tumor-promoting genes, which can be specifically modulated by high-affinity RNA intramers in colon cancer cells. The RNA intramers may be further developed as specific inhibitors for cancer therapeutic strategies. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(9):2664–73]

AB2 type Laves phase alloys have some promising properties as a negative electrode in rechargeable Ni/MH batteries because of high electrochemical capacity and good cyclic life. However, they have the disadvantage of requiring many charge–discharge cycles for activation. In this study, the mechanical milling with nickel has been introduced to modify the electrochemical behaviour of the ZrCrNi alloy. A composite-like structure (ZrCrNi+nickel) and nanocrystalline ZrCrNi were obtained through the mechanical milling and the hydrogenation behaviour of the electrode was greatly improved.