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Tumor myeloid suppressor cells impede response to T cell checkpoint immunotherapy. Immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3, gene name, LILRB4) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) promotes antigen-specific tolerance. Circulating monocytic MDSCs that express ILT3 have been linked to clinical outcomes and a soluble form of ILT3 is elevated in certain cancers. We find that LILRB4 expression is correlated with Gene Expression Profile of T-cell inflamed tumor microenvironment shown to be significantly associated with response to the anti-PD1 antibody pembrolizumab across several tumor types. A potent and selective anti-ILT3 mAb effectively antagonized IL-10 polarization of DCs and enabled T cell priming. In an MLR assay anti-ILT3 combined with pembrolizumab afforded greater CD8+ T cell activation compared to either agent alone. Anti-ILT3 antibodies impaired the acquisition of a suppressive phenotype of monocytes co-cultured with SK-MEL-5 cancer cells, accompanied by a reduction in surface detection of peptidase inhibitor 16, a cis interaction candidate for ILT3. Growth of myeloid cell-abundant SK-MEL-5 tumors was abrogated by ILT3 blockade and remodeling of the immune tumor microenvironment was evident by CyTOF. These data support the testing of anti-ILT3 antibodies for the treatment of a wide range of solid tumors replete with myeloid cells.

BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have radically changed cancer therapy, but most patients with cancer are unresponsive or relapse after treatment. MK-5890 is a CD27 agonist antibody intended to complement ICI therapy. CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that plays a critical role in promoting responses of T cells, B cells and NK cells.MethodsAnti-CD27 antibodies were generated and selected for agonist activity using NF-кB luciferase reporter assays. Antibodies were humanized and characterized for agonism using in vitro T-cell proliferation assays. The epitope recognized on CD27 by MK-5890 was established by X-ray crystallography. Anti-tumor activity was evaluated in a human CD27 knock-in mouse. Preclinical safety was tested in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacodynamic properties were examined in mouse, rhesus monkeys and a phase 1 dose escalation clinical study in patients with cancer.ResultsHumanized anti-CD27 antibody MK-5890 (hIgG1) was shown to bind human CD27 on the cell surface with sub-nanomolar potency and to partially block binding to its ligand, CD70. Crystallization studies revealed that MK-5890 binds to a unique epitope in the cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1). MK-5890 activated CD27 expressed on 293T NF-κB luciferase reporter cells and, conditional on CD3 stimulation, in purified CD8+ T cells without the requirement of crosslinking. Functional Fc-receptor interaction was required to activate CD8+ T cells in an ex vivo tumor explant system and to induce antitumor efficacy in syngeneic murine subcutaneous tumor models. MK-5890 had monotherapy efficacy in these models and enhanced efficacy of PD-1 blockade. MK-5890 reduced in an isotype-dependent and dose-dependent manner circulating, but not tumor-infiltrating T-cell numbers in these mouse models. In rhesus monkey and human patients, reduction in circulating T cells was transient and less pronounced than in mouse. MK-5890 induced transient elevation of chemokines MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β in the serum of mice, rhesus monkeys and patients with cancer. MK-5890 was well tolerated in rhesus monkeys and systemic exposure to MK-5890 was associated with CD27 occupancy at all doses.ConclusionsMK-5890 is a novel CD27 agonistic antibody with the potential to complement the activity of PD-1 checkpoint inhibition in cancer immunotherapy and is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.

Reversible antibody self-association, while having major developability and therapeutic implications, is not fully understood or readily predictable and correctable. For a strongly self-associating humanized mAb variant, resulting in unacceptable viscosity, the monovalent affinity of self-interaction was measured in the low μM range, typical of many specific and biologically relevant protein–protein interactions. A face-to-face interaction model extending across both the heavy-chain (HC) and light-chain (LC) Complementary Determining Regions (CDRs) was apparent from biochemical and mutagenesis approaches as well as computational modeling. Light scattering experiments involving individual mAb, Fc, Fab, and Fab’2 domains revealed that Fabs self-interact to form dimers, while bivalent mAb/Fab’2 forms lead to significant oligomerization. Site-directed mutagenesis of aromatic residues identified by homology model patch analysis and self-docking dramatically affected self-association, demonstrating the utility of these predictive approaches, while revealing a highly specific and tunable nature of self-binding modulated by single point mutations. Mutagenesis at these same key HC/LC CDR positions that affect self-interaction also typically abolished target binding with notable exceptions, clearly demonstrating the difficulties yet possibility of correcting self-association through engineering. Clear correlations were also observed between different methods used to assess self-interaction, such as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Affinity-Capture Self-Interaction Nanoparticle Spectroscopy (AC-SINS). Our findings advance our understanding of therapeutic protein and antibody self-association and offer insights into its prediction, evaluation and corrective mitigation to aid therapeutic development.

Background: Aerobic formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) converts cysteine to formylglycine in vivo. Results: Purified FGE requires preactivation with copper to convert cysteine to formylglycine in vitro. Conclusion: FGE is a metalloenzyme. It is also a useful biocatalyst for the production of proteins that contain aldehyde tags. Significance: Understanding FGE biochemistry informs research on sulfatases and enables expanded biotechnology applications of the aldehyde tag., To further our aim of synthesizing aldehyde-tagged proteins for research and biotechnology applications, we developed methods for recombinant production of aerobic formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) in good yield. We then optimized the FGE biocatalytic reaction conditions for conversion of cysteine to formylglycine in aldehyde tags on intact monoclonal antibodies. During the development of these conditions, we discovered that pretreating FGE with copper(II) is required for high turnover rates and yields. After further investigation, we confirmed that both aerobic prokaryotic (Streptomyces coelicolor) and eukaryotic (Homo sapiens) FGEs contain a copper cofactor. The complete kinetic parameters for both forms of FGE are described, along with a proposed mechanism for FGE catalysis that accounts for the copper-dependent activity.

In the context of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), noncleavable linkers provide a means to deliver cytotoxic small molecules to cell targets while reducing systemic toxicity caused by nontargeted release of the free drug. Additionally, noncleavable linkers afford an opportunity to change the chemical properties of the small molecule to improve potency or diminish affinity for multidrug transporters, thereby improving efficacy. We employed the aldehyde tag coupled with the hydrazino- iso -Pictet-Spengler (HIPS) ligation to generate a panel of site-specifically conjugated ADCs that varied only in the noncleavable linker portion. The ADC panel comprised antibodies carrying a maytansine payload ligated through one of five different linkers. Both the linker-maytansine constructs alone and the resulting ADC panel were characterized in a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays measuring biophysical and functional properties. We observed that slight differences in linker design affected these parameters in disparate ways, and noted that efficacy could be improved by selecting for particular attributes. These studies serve as a starting point for the exploration of more potent noncleavable linker systems.

It is becoming increasingly clear that site-specific conjugation offers significant advantages over conventional conjugation chemistries used to make antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). Site-specific payload placement allows for control over both the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and the conjugation site, both of which play an important role in governing the pharmacokinetics (PK), disposition, and efficacy of the ADC. In addition to the DAR and site of conjugation, linker composition also plays an important role in the properties of an ADC. We have previously reported a novel site-specific conjugation platform comprising linker payloads designed to selectively react with site-specifically engineered aldehyde tags on an antibody backbone. This chemistry results in a stable C–C bond between the antibody and the cytotoxin payload, providing a uniquely stable connection with respect to the other linker chemistries used to generate ADCs. The flexibility and versatility of the aldehyde tag conjugation platform has enabled us to undertake a systematic evaluation of the impact of conjugation site and linker composition on ADC properties. Here, we describe the production and characterization of a panel of ADCs bearing the aldehyde tag at different locations on an IgG1 backbone conjugated using Hydrazino-iso-Pictet-Spengler (HIPS) chemistry. We demonstrate that in a panel of ADCs with aldehyde tags at different locations, the site of conjugation has a dramatic impact on in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic behavior in rodents; this advantage translates to an improved safety profile in rats as compared to a conventional lysine conjugate.

A Penn State study reveals that women applicants for technical jobs are interviewed differently than men. (Author)

Polo-like kinase-2 (Plk-2) has been implicated as the dominant kinase involved in the phosphorylation of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies, which are one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease neuropathology. Potent, selective, brain-penetrant inhibitors of Plk-2 were obtained from a structure-guided drug discovery approach driven by the first reported Plk-2-inhibitor complexes. The best of these compounds showed excellent isoform and kinome-wide selectivity, with physicochemical properties sufficient to interrogate the role of Plk-2 inhibition in vivo. One such compound significantly decreased phosphorylation of α-synuclein in rat brain upon oral administration and represents a useful probe for future studies of this therapeutic avenue toward the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines. TH expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner during neuronal development and differentiation. Because of its key regulatory role in central and peripheral catecholamine synthesis, TH is associated with the pathogenesis of several neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, schizophrenia, affective disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, developing a quantitative method to monitor the changes in TH expression in disease models could facilitate the identification and characterisation of neuromodulatory and neuroprotective therapeutic agents. The present report describes the generation and characterisation of a new set of monoclonal TH antibodies and the development of a novel sandwich ELISA for the quantitative detection of the TH protein in rodent brain tissue. This ELISA exhibits excellent reproducibility and good linearity in the analysis of complex brain tissue lysates. The cross-validation of the TH ELISA using semi-quantitative TH Western blot methods and HPLC measurement of dopamine levels suggests that the new TH ELISA is sufficiently sensitive to detect small-to-moderate region-specific differences, developmental changes, and Parkinson's disease-related changes in TH expression in rodent brains. This new TH ELISA also offers greater flexibility than conventional HPLC-based dopamine assays because the optimal tissue lysis buffer used for the detection of TH in brain tissue is also compatible with the analysis of other proteins associated with Parkinson's disease, such as α-synuclein, suggesting that this TH ELISA could be used in a multiplexed format.

Background The ability to site-specifically conjugate a protein to a payload of interest (e.g., a fluorophore, small molecule pharmacophore, oligonucleotide, or other protein) has found widespread application in basic research and drug development. For example, antibody-drug conjugates represent a class of biotherapeutics that couple the targeting specificity of an antibody with the chemotherapeutic potency of a small molecule drug. While first generation antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) used random conjugation approaches, next-generation ADCs are employing site-specific conjugation. A facile way to generate site-specific protein conjugates is via the aldehyde tag technology, where a five amino acid consensus sequence (CXPXR) is genetically encoded into the protein of interest at the desired location. During protein expression, the Cys residue within this consensus sequence can be recognized by ectopically-expressed formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE), which converts the Cys to a formylglycine (fGly) residue. The latter bears an aldehyde functional group that serves as a chemical handle for subsequent conjugation. Results The yield of Cys conversion to fGly during protein production can be variable and is highly dependent on culture conditions. We set out to achieve consistently high yields by modulating culture conditions to maximize FGE activity within the cell. We recently showed that FGE is a copper-dependent oxidase that binds copper in a stoichiometric fashion and uses it to activate oxygen, driving enzymatic turnover. Building upon that work, here we show that by supplementing cell culture media with copper we can routinely reach high yields of highly converted protein. We demonstrate that cells incorporate copper from the media into FGE, which results in increased specific activity of the enzyme. The amount of copper required is compatible with large scale cell culture, as demonstrated in fed-batch cell cultures with antibody titers of 5 g · L−1, specific cellular production rates of 75 pg · cell−1 · d−1, and fGly conversion yields of 95–98 %. Conclusions We describe a process with a high yield of site-specific formylglycine (fGly) generation during monoclonal antibody production in CHO cells. The conversion of Cys to fGly depends upon the activity of FGE, which can be ensured by supplementing the culture media with 50 uM copper(II) sulfate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0254-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Immunotherapy targeting of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been widely demonstrated to resolve amyloid deposition as well as associated neuronal, glial, and inflammatory pathologies. These successes have provided the basis for ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapy for treatment of AD in humans. Acute as well as chronic Abeta-targeted immunotherapy has also been demonstrated to reverse Abeta-related behavioral deficits assessing memory in AD transgenic mouse models. We observe that three antibodies targeting the same linear epitope of Abeta, Abeta(3-7), differ in their ability to reverse contextual fear deficits in Tg2576 mice in an acute testing paradigm. Reversal of contextual fear deficit by the antibodies does not correlate with in vitro recognition of Abeta in a consistent or correlative manner. To better define differences in antigen recognition at the atomic level, we determined crystal structures of Fab fragments in complex with Abeta. The conformation of the Abeta peptide recognized by all three antibodies was highly related and is also remarkably similar to that observed in independently reported Abeta:antibody crystal structures. Sequence and structural differences between the antibodies, particularly in CDR3 of the heavy chain variable region, are proposed to account for differing in vivo properties of the antibodies under study. These findings provide a structural basis for immunotherapeutic strategies targeting Abeta species postulated to underlie cognitive deficits in AD.

This preconference was a presentation of the Electronic Serials Cataloging Workshop created by the Serials Cataloging Cooperative Training Program (SCCTP). The workshop assumed a general knowledge of print serials cataloging and focused on issues specific to cataloging electronic serials. Presenter Jeanne Baker followed the course content developed by SCCTP, while highlighting changes introduced by the new CONSER standard record where applicable.

Anti-PD1 therapies show a remarkable improvement in response over many standard of care regimens, but there is a significant need to further increase patient responses. Recent clinical studies show improved response rate when combining anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 therapies. This provides “proof of concept” that the combination of two immunotherapies can enhance efficacy. The goal of our work was to evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) antagonism with anti-PD1 therapy in preclinical mouse tumor models. BTLA is an inhibitory co-receptor that modulates T cell function and is a marker of “exhausted” T cells. The inhibitory signal mediated by BTLA is initiated following engagement with herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), a ubiquitous receptor that is highly expressed on malignant cells. One of the challenges to evaluating BTLA in mouse models is the presence of strain-specific allelic polymorphisms. These sequence differences occur adjacent to the HVEM binding sites and can interfere with the ability of certain antibodies to recognize BTLA in different strains of mice or block the HVEM-BTLA signaling. C57BL/6-specific and strain agnostic BTLA binding antibodies are commercially available, but none antagonize HVEM signaling through BTLA in BALB/c mice. To more comprehensively evaluate the anti-BTLA/anti-PD1 combination regimen we generated a first-in-class BALB/c strain polymorphism specific BTLA antagonist monoclonal antibody (40E4) and identified clone PJ196 as a C57BL/6 strain polymorphism specific antagonist. We show that 40E4 and PJ196 not only block BTLA:HVEM interaction as measured by cell ELISA, but also reverse HVEM-mediated suppression in primary T cells from the appropriate mouse strain. An effector function reduced mouse IgG1 (D265A) chimeric form of 40E4 was generated for in vivo use. In combination with anti-PD1 (mDX400), 40E4 mIgG1 (D265A) shows improved tumor growth inhibition (TGI) over mDX400 alone in preclinical subcutaneous mouse models of breast cancer (EMT6) and colon cancer (CT26). To show that anti-BTLA enhancement of the anti-tumor response to mDX400 is not unique to BALB/c mice, we tested the combination of a C57BL/6 BTLA strain-polymorphism specific monoclonal antibody (PJ196) with mDX400. Using the subcutaneous MB49 model of bladder cancer, we show that treatment with PJ196 and mDX400 significantly improved TGI over mDX400 alone. This is the first report evaluating a BTLA antagonist monoclonal antibody in preclinical mouse tumor models and the first report to show BTLA antagonism enhances the effect of anti-PD1 therapy. Citation Format: Nathan R. Miselis, Douglas Linn, Clifford Restaino, Toya Baral, Jane Xia, Roanna Ueda, Anandi Sawant, Jeanne Baker, Gopalan Raghunathan, Xinzhong Wang1, Edward Bowman, Selvakumar Sukumar. Antagonism of the co-inhibitory receptor BTLA enhances efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment in murine syngeneic tumor models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 577. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-577

Summary Libraries are searching for practical and viable ways to provide users with information about serials titles in electronic aggregator collections. This session offered an overview of Cornell University's experience in developing policies and procedures to provide enhanced access to individual serials titles in databases such as UMI's ProQuest Direct. It also provided an update on recent work by the PCC Task Group on Journals in Aggregator Databases to design an aggregator analytic record, which could be used as a prototype by vendors.

Summary Numerous departments are involved in the serials processing chain, with functions becoming more inter-related in the online environment. At the University of Maryland at College Park, no one person or individual acted as a central clearing house for planning, implementing, or disseminating information about serials processing. This workshop examines function and process of a continuous quality improvement (CQI) team which studied the issues surrounding processing of serials, as well as the team's recommendations and their implementation.

Polo-like kinase-2 (Plk-2) is a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson’s disease and this Letter describes the SAR of a series of dihydropteridinone based Plk-2 inhibitors. By optimizing both the N-8 substituent and the biaryl region of the inhibitors we obtained single digit nanomolar compounds such as 37 with excellent selectivity for Plk-2 over Plk-1. When dosed orally in rats, compound 37 demonstrated a 41–45% reduction of pS129-α-synuclein levels in the cerebral cortex.

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is rarely used as a primary High-throughput Screening (HTS) tool in fragment-based approaches. With SPR instruments becoming increasingly high-throughput it is now possible to use SPR as a primary tool for fragment finding. SPR becomes, therefore, a valuable tool in the screening of difficult targets such as the ubiquitin E3 ligase Parkin. As a prerequisite for the screen, a large number of SPR tests were performed to characterize and validate the active form of Parkin. A set of compounds was designed and used to define optimal SPR assay conditions for this fragment screen. Using these conditions, more than 5000 pre-selected fragments from our in-house library were screened for binding to Parkin. Additionally, all fragments were simultaneously screened for binding to two off target proteins to exclude promiscuous binding compounds. A low hit rate was observed that is in line with hit rates usually obtained by other HTS screening assays. All hits were further tested in dose responses on the target protein by SPR for confirmation before channeling the hits into Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and other hit-confirmation assays.

TH17 cells enter tissues to facilitate pathogenic autoimmune responses, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the adhesion molecules involved in the unique migratory capacity of TH17 cells, into both inflamed and uninflamed tissues remain unclear. Herein, we characterize MCAM (CD146) as an adhesion molecule that defines human TH17 cells in the circulation; following in vitro restimulation of human memory T cells, nearly all of the capacity to secrete IL-17 is contained within the population of cells expressing MCAM. Furthermore, we identify the MCAM ligand as laminin 411, an isoform of laminin expressed within the vascular endothelial basement membranes under inflammatory as well as homeotstatic conditions. Purified MCAM-Fc binds to laminin 411 with an affinity of 27 nM, and recognizes vascular basement membranes in mouse and human tissue. MCAM-Fc binding was undetectable in tissue from mice with targeted deletion of laminin 411, indicating that laminin 411 is a major tissue ligand for MCAM. An anti-MCAM monoclonal antibody, selected for inhibition of laminin binding, as well as soluble MCAM-Fc, inhibited T cell adhesion to laminin 411 in vitro. When administered in vivo, the antibody reduced TH17 cell infiltration into the CNS and ameliorated disease in an animal model of MS. Our data suggest that MCAM and laminin 411 interact to facilitate TH17 cell entry into tissues and promote inflammation.

Introduction Inhibition of gamma-secretase presents a direct target for lowering Aβ production in the brain as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, gamma-secretase is known to process multiple substrates in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP), most notably Notch, which has limited clinical development of inhibitors targeting this enzyme. It has been postulated that APP substrate selective inhibitors of gamma-secretase would be preferable to non-selective inhibitors from a safety perspective for AD therapy. Methods In vitro assays monitoring inhibitor potencies at APP γ-site cleavage (equivalent to Aβ40), and Notch ε-site cleavage, in conjunction with a single cell assay to simultaneously monitor selectivity for inhibition of Aβ production vs. Notch signaling were developed to discover APP selective gamma-secretase inhibitors. In vivo efficacy for acute reduction of brain Aβ was determined in the PDAPP transgene model of AD, as well as in wild-type FVB strain mice. In vivo selectivity was determined following seven days x twice per day (b.i.d.) treatment with 15 mg/kg/dose to 1,000 mg/kg/dose ELN475516, and monitoring brain Aβ reduction vs. Notch signaling endpoints in periphery. Results The APP selective gamma-secretase inhibitors ELN318463 and ELN475516 reported here behave as classic gamma-secretase inhibitors, demonstrate 75- to 120-fold selectivity for inhibiting Aβ production compared with Notch signaling in cells, and displace an active site directed inhibitor at very high concentrations only in the presence of substrate. ELN318463 demonstrated discordant efficacy for reduction of brain Aβ in the PDAPP compared with wild-type FVB, not observed with ELN475516. Improved in vivo safety of ELN475516 was demonstrated in the 7d repeat dose study in wild-type mice, where a 33% reduction of brain Aβ was observed in mice terminated three hours post last dose at the lowest dose of inhibitor tested. No overt in-life or post-mortem indications of systemic toxicity, nor RNA and histological end-points indicative of toxicity attributable to inhibition of Notch signaling were observed at any dose tested. Conclusions The discordant in vivo activity of ELN318463 suggests that the potency of gamma-secretase inhibitors in AD transgenic mice should be corroborated in wild-type mice. The discovery of ELN475516 demonstrates that it is possible to develop APP selective gamma-secretase inhibitors with potential for treatment for AD.

Serial tracheal cultures were made in 129 patients who required tracheal intubation for 48 hours or longer. Twenty-eight patients were managed with endotracheal tubes and 101 had tracheostomy. Mechanical ventilation was required by 113 patients. Tracheal cultures became positive for pathogenic bacteria or fungi in 115 patients, and species of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Candida , and Proteus predominated. Replacement of one pathogen by another occurred frequently, and 43% of the patients became colonized with two or more gram-negative organisms. Tracheobronchitis occurred in 31 patients; 47 had pneumonitis; and 28 developed colonization without evidence of respiratory infection. Antibiotic overuse often resulted in infection with resistant organisms. The data suggest greater effort in distinguishing colonization from respiratory infection, with preferential omission of systemic antibiotics for simple colonization or tracheobronchitis.