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This chapter aims to describe how executives are trained and how their career development is managed in European companies. It devotes to examining the management training and career development of executives, since a number of studies show that this theme figures among the main concerns of firms for the future. Training is the major objective of European firms and this fact has not varied during the last few years whereas the budget devoted to it keeps on increasing. The strategic decision makers also consider training and management development as a major objective for the next ten years with the emphasis on perceiving the different legal environments and understanding the differences between the markets. Analysing a firm's management practices theme by theme does not lead to an automatic grouping together of countries; on the contrary, the grouping varies greatly according to the subjects treated.

National audience; Cet article s'intègre dans un projet collaboratif qui vise à réaliser une analyse longitudinale de la production universitaire en Géographie. En particulier, nous présentons les premiers résultats de l'application d'une méthode de détection automatique de métaphores basée sur les modèles de thématiques latentes. Une analyse détaillée permet de mieux comprendre l'impact de certains choix et de réfléchir aux pistes de recherche que nous serons amenés à explorer pour améliorer ces résultats.

This paper examines the characteristics of first adopters of radically new products in the field of information technology combining telecommunications and television audiovisual functionality. More precisely, we are interested in identifying whether early owners of these new products share common characteristics with owners of older telecommunications or TV-based equipment. We have built a typology based on a phone survey of 617 households representative of the French population. The results lead to three groups: under-equipped, screen equipped and keyboard equipped households. This typology is crossed with an other one relative to the cultural behavior of the households. Finally, some insights about the way to launch new products in that Field are given.

International audience; In this paper, we present CatViz--Temporally-Sliced Correspondence Analysis Visualization. This novel method visualizes relationships through time and is suitable for large-scale temporal multivariate data. We couple CatViz with clustering methods, whereupon we introduce the concept of final centroid transfer, which enables the correspondence of clusters in time. Although CatViz can be used on any type of temporal data, we show how it can be applied to the task of exploratory visual analysis of text collections. We present a successful concept of employing feature-type filtering to present different aspects of textual data. We performed case studies on large collections of French and English news articles. In addition, we conducted a user study that confirms the usefulness of our method. We present typical tasks of exploratory text analysis and discuss application procedures that an analyst might perform. We believe that CatViz is general and highly applicable to large data sets because of its intuitiveness, effectiveness, and robustness. We expect that it will enable a better understanding of texts in huge historical archives.

Data warehouses are the core of decision support systems, which nowadays are used by all kind of enterprises in the entire world. Although many studies have been conducted on the need of decision support systems (DSSs) for small businesses, most of them adopt existing solutions and approaches, which are appropriate for large-scaled enterprises, but are inadequate for small and middle-sized enterprises. Small enterprises require cheap, lightweight architectures and tools (hardware and software) providing online data analysis. In order to ensure these features, we review web-based business intelligence approaches. For real-time analysis, the traditional OLAP architecture is cumbersome and storage-costly; therefore, we also review in-memory processing. Consequently, this paper discusses the existing approaches and tools working in main memory and/or with web interfaces (including freeware tools), relevant for small and middle-sized enterprises in decision making.

In this paper, text representation and feature selection strategies for Chinese text classification based on n-grams are discussed. Two steps feature selection strategy is proposed which combines the preprocess within classes with the feature selection among classes. Four different feature selection methods and three text representation weights are compared by exhaustive experiments. Both C-SVC classifier and Naive bayes classifier are adopted to assess the results. All experiments are performed on Chinese corpus TanCorpV1.0 which includes more than 14,000 texts divided in 12 classes. Our experiments concern: (1) the performance comparison among different feature selection strategies: absolute text frequency, relative text frequency, absolute n-gram frequency and relative n-gram frequency; (2) the comparison of the sparseness and feature correlation in the “text by feature” matrices produced by four feature selection methods; (3) the performance comparison among three term weights: 0/1 logical value, n-gram frequency numeric value (TF) and Tf*idf value.

To what extent is Human Resources Management in companies ready for 1992? Although a clear, definitive answer cannot be given at this point in time, certain trends and patterns are becoming increasingly clear and are indicating likely developments in the run-up to 1993. The authors base their discussion on more than 40 interviews with Human Resources Directors and Managing Directors of large European companies. Using a statistical method of data classification, they suggest a framework of companies in which the main differentiating factor is that of corporate strategy and its orientation.

To use Bootstrapping to estimate the Kaplan-Meier survival of sporadic forms of bilateral renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Over a period of 13 years, 759 patients were operated for RCC. 26 patients had bilateral sporadic RCC (3.4%) and 23 of them were reviewed with a median follow-up of 50 months (range: 7.8 to 143.4). The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of Kaplan-Meier survival was estimated according to the Greenwood (Gw) normalized method and by Bootstrap percentile (B*) with B = 1000.The overall 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 95.8% (95% CI Gw: [87.6-100] and B*: [92.1-96.4]) and 73.6% (95% CI Gw: [54.9-92.15] and B*: [72.3-86.5%]), respectively.For diseases with a low incidence, Bootstrapping can improve the precision of the Kaplan-Meier survival estimate, by providing a narrower CI. This statistical technique provides the clinician with more precise results in a study limited by a small number of patients.

We propose a fast and efficient sampling strategy to build decision trees from a very large database, even when there are many continuous attributes which must be discretized at each step. Successive samples are used, one on each tree node. After a brief description of two fast sequential simple random sampling methods, we apply elements of statistical theory in order to determine the sample size that is sufficient at each step to obtain a decision tree as efficient as one built on the whole database. Applying the method to a simulated database (virtually infinite size), and to five usual benchmarks, confirms that when the database is large and contains many numerical attributes, our strategy of fast sampling on each node (with sample size about n = 300 or 500) speed up the mining process while maintaining the accuracy of the classifier.

We propose a fast and efficient sampling strategy to build decision trees from a very large database, even when there are many numerical attributes which must be discretized at each step. Successive samples are used, one on each tree node. Applying the method to a simulated database (virtually infinite size) confirms that when the database is large and contains many numerical attributes, our strategy of fast sampling on each node (with sample size about n = 300 or 500) speeds up the mining process while maintaining the accuracy of the classifier.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of Bertin's graphics in the multidimensional data analysis. These graphics are straightforward and accurate methods for communicating the results of some multidimensional statistical methods such as the principal components analysis, correspondence analysis, and cluster analysis. Bertin's graphics provide a visual complement to the solutions of correspondence and cluster analyses. Data matrices are represented by a matrix of histograms that lie on the same scale where rows and columns are optimally permuted. This permutation is defined in terms of either progressive variation or sedation or by homogeneous groups distinct from one another or by block modeling. These permutation criteria—defined empirically by Bertin—are the criteria of the multivariate statistical methods; the diagonal sedation corresponds to the maximum correlation permutation of rows and columns in the correspondence analysis and the block criteria corresponds to the homogeneity of groups in the cluster analysis. The chapter discusses several concepts related to Bertin's rules of graphic syntax and presents a simple example of Bertin's graphics. A detailed discussion on the correspondence analysis, Bertin's graphics, and the cluster analysis is also presented in the chapter.

Many studies have established that birth dates during the winter and early spring months are more common in schizophrenic patients than in the general population. It has been hypothesized that children born in winter are more likely to be exposed to environmental factors which could lead to the development of schizophrenia later in life. Another finding of interest has been the demonstration in brain-imaging studies that mild ventricular enlargement is more often found in schizophrenic patients than in healthy control subjects. In the present report, an increased incidence of ventricular enlargement was found in schizophrenic patients born in the winter months. Although the relationship between seasonality of birth and brain abnormalities is unclear, these phenomena could be partly linked.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to rate clinical symptoms in 42 inpatients with schizophrenia before they were examined by computed tomography. Significantly higher mean size of lateral and third ventricles, and higher mean cortical atrophy were found in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy control subjects. Ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy were significantly related to low scores on the Composite subscale of the PANSS. Positive correlations were observed mainly with negative items such as blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, difficulties in abstract thinking, passive-apathetic social withdrawal, and lack of spontaneity of conversation. Additional positive correlations were observed with two items from the General Psychopathology subscale (mannerisms and disorientation). Inverse correlations were found with most positive items. These results suggest a relationship between brain structural abnormalities and the symptomatology of schizophrenia recorded with PANSS.

GAULLISM AS A FRACTION OF THE RIGHT: THE CASE OF THE RHÔNE-ALPES REGION, by ROBERT PONCEYRI and JEAN-HUGUES CHAUCHAT As far as the influence of Gaullism is concerned, the Rhône-Alpes region has a number of particular features. Systematic analysis of the six parliamentary elections under the Fifth Republic shows that it is a region where « centrist » sentiments are solidly established, and which is correspondingly hostile to Gaullism. In any event, the Gaullist electorate is not significantly different from the moderate electorate, and can therefore be considered legitimately to be part of it. [Revue française de science politique XXVIII (6), décembre 1978, pp. 1039-1054.], LE GAULLISME FRACTION DE LA DROITE : LE CAS DE LA RÉGION RHÔNE-ALPES ROBERT PONCEYRI et JEAN-HUGUES CHAUCHAT La région Rhône-Alpes, du point de l'influence du gaullisme, présente des caractéristiques particulières. L'analyse systématique des résultats des six élections législatives de la Cinquième République montre qu'il s'agit d'une région d'implantation privilégiée des courants « centristes » et, corrélativement, d'une région relativement réfractaire au gaullisme. En tout état de cause, l'électoral gaulliste ne se distingue pas significativement de l'électoral modéré et peut donc, à bon droit, en être considéré comme un élément. [Revue française de science politique XXVIII (6), décembre 1978, pp. 1039-1054.], Ponceyri Robert, Chauchat Jean-Hugues. Le gaullisme, fraction de la droite (les élections législatives de 1958 à 1978 dans la région Rhône-Alpes). In: Revue française de science politique, 28ᵉ année, n°6, 1978. pp. 1039-1054.

National audience; Si les recherches sur les métaphores en Géographie ne sont pas nouvelles, il n'existe pas d'étude de grande ampleur sur cette question. Pourtant les recherches et les réflexions exis-tantes menées de façon qualitative sur des petits corpus ont montré que les métaphores constituent une entrée particulièrement intéressante pour réfléchir sur la scientificité de la Géogra-phie. Dans le contexte des Humanités Numériques, un projet de recherche regroupant des cher-cheurs en Géographie, Informatique et Linguistique a donc identifié l'intérêt d'étudier ce trope sur un large corpus et cherche par conséquent à détecter automatiquement des métaphores dans des textes de Géographie. Cette communication présente un premier retour d'expérience de l'application de la méthode de Heintz et al. (2013). Il s'agit d'une première étape de tra-vail dont les résultats sont pour l'instant mitigés. Par conséquent, l'objectif est de présenter le processus de recherche en insistant sur les choix qui ont été faits et sur leurs conséquences permettant de mieux comprendre les résultats obtenus et d'envisager des améliorations à venir. La métaphore est un trope qui peut être défini comme un système de correspondances partielles entre un domaine source et un domaine cible. Le choix de la méthode de détection automatique de métaphores résulte d'un état des lieux sur la question. Le travail de Roy et al. (2006) présentant des évolutions diachroniques de métaphores conceptuelles dans des corpus textuels a été identifié comme le plus proche des attentes des géographes. Pourtant, la volonté de travailler sur un large corpus avec des thématiques diverses conduit à vouloir automatiser le processus de recherche. Dans ce cadre, le travail de Heintz et al. (2013) utilisant un modèle de thématiques latentes LDA (Allocation de Dirichlet Latente) est choisi comme répondant le mieux aux objectifs attendus. Il permet de travailler sur un large spectre de domaines sources de métaphores avec comme seule contrainte d'établir pour chaque domaine source quelques mots représentatifs. Concernant le domaine cible des métaphores, il est décidé dans un premier temps de cibler un seul domaine, celui de la Géographie. La méthode choisie s'appuie sur l'utilisation de la méthode LDA sur un large corpus, ici la moitié des articles de Wikipédia choisi de manière aléatoire, pour extraire 100 thématiques. Les domaines sources choisis par les spécialistes sont ensuite articulés à ces thématiques par l'in-termédiaire de mots représentatifs. Dans chaque phrase, la présence de chaque domaine source et du domaine cible est calculée par l'intermédiaire des fréquences d'apparition des mots dans les thématiques. Si une phrase contient le domaine cible et un domaine source sous repré-senté dans l'article (car la méthode fait l'hypothèse qu'une forte représentation est souvent le

In the context of multi-source databases, data fusion is a tricky task, and resolving inconsistency problems when merging duplicate information is one of the most intricate issues as it is generally resolved through subjective approaches. Using data quality dimensions may help sort out such a question impartially. Quality metrics are the objective criteria that justify the preference of a value v1 over a value v2; where v1 and v2 are both referring to the same real world entity but issue from different sources. However, this technique is fairly complicated when the v1 quality criteria are not all better than the v2 ones; when we have to choose, for instance, between a highly fresh but inconsistent data, and a consistent old one. Hence, we need a global qualifying score to facilitate the comparison. In this perspective, aggregation of data quality metrics can be the solution for computing a global and objective data quality score. In this paper, we introduce a solution that uses the Choquet integral as a means of aggregating data quality metrics.

Notre contribution porte sur l’analyse contrastive de trois concordanciers bi-multilingues en ligne (WebiText, Tradooit et Linguee) par le biais d’une approche que nous avons définie d’«archive» (Raus 2013). Après avoir présenté notre corpus, nous préciserons ce que nous entendons par approche d’archive et en tirerons des critères de testage spécifique. Enfin, nous testerons les concordanciers par ces critères à l’aide de la traduction de quelques syntagmes terminologiques de l’égalité H/F de l’anglais en français et proposerons un certain nombre d’améliorations possibles.

The development of Web 2.0 has resulted in the generation of a vast amount of online discussions. Mining and extracting quality knowledge from online discussions is significant for the industrial and marketing sector, as well as for e-commerce applications. Discussions of this kind encapsulate people's interests and beliefs and hence, there is a great interest in acquiring and developing online discussion analysis tools. The objective of this thesis is to define a model which represents online discussions and facilitates their analysis. We propose a graph-oriented model. The vertices of the graph represent postings. Each posting encapsulates information such as the content of the message, the author who has written it, the opinion polarity of the message and the time that the message was posted. The edges among the postings point out a "reply-to" relation. In other words they show which posting replies to what as it is given by the structure of the online discussion. The proposed model is accompanied by a number of measures which facilitate the discussion mining and the extraction of knowledge from it. There are opinion-oriented measures which deal with the opinion evolution within a discussion. Time-oriented measures exploit the presence of the temporal dimension within a model, while topic-oriented measures can be used in order to measure the presence of topics within a discussion. The user's presence inside the online discussions can be exploited either by social network techniques or through the new model which encapsulates knowledge about the author of each posting. In addition, a recommendation of messages is proposed to the user to enable a more efficient participation inside the discussion., Le développement du Web 2.0 a donné lieu à la production d'une grande quantité de discussions en ligne. La fouille et l'extraction de données de qualité de ces discussions en ligne sont importantes dans de nombreux domaines (industrie, marketing) et particulièrement pour toutes les applications de commerce électronique. Les discussions de ce type contiennent des opinions et des croyances de personnes et cela explique l'intérêt de développer des outils d'analyse efficaces pour ces discussions. L'objectif de cette thèse est de définir un modèle qui représente les discussions en ligne et facilite leur analyse. Nous proposons un modèle basé sur des graphes. Les sommets du graphe représentent les objets de type message. Chaque objet de type message contient des informations comme son contenu, son auteur, l'orientation de l'opinion qui y été exprimée et la date où il a été posté. Les liens parmi les objets message montrent une relation de type "répondre à". En d'autres termes, ils montrent quels objets répondent à quoi, conséquence directe de la structure de la discussion en ligne. Avec ce nouveau modèle, nous proposons un certain nombre de mesures qui guident la fouille au sein de la discussion et permettent d'extraire des informations pertinentes. Il existe des mesures centrées sur l'analyse de l'opinion qui traitent de l'évolution de l'opinion au sein de la discussion. Nous définissons également des mesures centrées sur le temps, qui exploitent la dimension temporelle du modèle, alors que les mesures centrées sur le sujet peuvent être utilisées pour mesurer la présence de sujets dans une discussion. La présence de l'utilisateur dans des discussions en ligne peut être exploitée soit par les techniques des réseaux sociaux, soit à travers notre nouveau modèle qui inclut la connaissance des auteurs de chaque objet message. De plus, une liste de messages clés est recommandée à l'utilisateur pour permettre une participation plus efficace au sein de la discussion.