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1. Changes in the Floating Plastic Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea in Relation to the Distance to Land.

Author

Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Stéphanie Petit, Amanda Elineau, Stéphane Bruzaud, Jean-Claude Crebassa, Bruno Dumontet, Elisa Martí, Gabriel Gorsky, and Andrés Cózar

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The composition, size distribution, and abundance of floating plastic debris in surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea were analyzed in relation to distance to land. We combined data from previously published reports with an intensive sampling in inshore waters of the Northwestern Mediterranean. The highest plastic concentrations were found in regions distant from from land as well as in the first kilometer adjacent to the coastline. In this nearshore water strip, plastic concentrations were significantly correlated with the nearness to a coastal human population, with local areas close to large human settlements showing hundreds of thousands of plastic pieces per km2. The ratio of plastic to plankton abundance reached particularly high values for the coastal surface waters. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polyamides were the predominant plastic polymers at all distances from coast (86 to 97% of total items), although the diversity of polymers was higher in the 1-km coastal water strip due to a higher frequency of polystyrene or polyacrylic fibers. The plastic size distributions showed a gradual increase in abundance toward small sizes indicating an efficient removal of small plastics from the surface. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of small fragments (< 2 mm) was higher within the 1-km coastal water strip, suggesting a rapid fragmentation down along the shoreline, likely related with the washing ashore on the beaches. This study constitutes a first attempt to determine the impact of plastic debris in areas closest to Mediterranean coast. The presence of a high concentration of plastic including tiny plastic items could have significant environmental, health and economic impacts.

Published
2016
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2. Chronic feeding exposure to virgin and spiked microplastics disrupts essential biological functions in teleost fish

Author

Mélanie Blanc, Xavier Cousin, Maria Larsson, Bettie Cormier, Jérôme Cachot, Mathieu Cabar, Florian Dubocq, Jean-Claude Crebassa, Steffen Keiter, Christelle Clérandeau, Florane Le Bihanic, Leo W. Y. Yeung, Marie-Laure Bégout, Örebro University, UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Service d' Experimentations Aquacoles [Palavas les Flots] (LSEA MARBEC), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Örebro University Hospital [Örebro, Sweden], Mälardalen University College, Mälardalen University (MDH), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Université Paris-Saclay-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Swedish Research Council Formas2015-01865University of Bordeaux, FranceJPI Oceans, ANR-15-JOCE-0002,EPHEMARE,Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics in marine ecosystems(2015), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB), and AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Microplastics, Reproductive toxicity, Environmental Engineering, Offspring, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Oryzias, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Growth alteration, 01 natural sciences, Lipid peroxidation, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, 14. Life underwater, Waste Management and Disposal, Zebrafish, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Aquatic ecosystem, Polyvinyl chloride, Pollution, 6. Clean water, chemistry, Polyethylene, Environmental chemistry, Adsorbed chemicals, Toxicity, Pyrene, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Genotoxicity
Abstract

International audience; Toxicity of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics (MPs), either virgin or spiked with chemicals, was evaluated in two short-lived fish using a freshwater species, zebrafish, and a marine species, marine medaka. Exposures were performed through diet using environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs over 4 months. No modification of classical biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, genotoxicity or F0 behaviour was observed. A significant decrease in growth was reported after at least two months of exposure. This decrease was similar between species, independent from the type of MPs polymer and the presence or not of spiked chemicals, but was much stronger in females. The reproduction was evaluated and it revealed a significant decrease in the reproductive output for both species and in far more serious numbers in medaka. PVC appeared more reprotoxic than PE as were MPs spiked with PFOS and benzophenone-3 compared to MPs spiked with benzo[a]pyrene. Further, PVC-benzophenone-3 produced behavioural disruption in offspring larvae. These results obtained with two species representing different aquatic environments suggest that microplastics exert toxic effects, slightly different according to polymers and the presence or not of sorbed chemicals, which may lead in all cases to serious ecological disruptions.

Published
2021
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3. Organic contaminants sorbed to microplastics affect marine medaka fish early life stages development

Author

Florane Le Bihanic, Marie-Laure Bégout, Steffen Keiter, Christelle Clérandeau, Jérôme Cachot, Bénédicte Morin, Xavier Cousin, Ricardo Beiras, Jean-Claude Crebassa, Bettie Cormier, Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Örebro University, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratorio de Microbioloxía, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar and ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swedish Research Council Formas 2015-01865, ANR-15-JOCE-0002,EPHEMARE,Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics in marine ecosystems(2015), UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Laboratoire Service d' Experimentations Aquacoles [Palavas les Flots] (LSEA MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Université Paris-Saclay-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, Microplastics, animal structures, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Oryzias, Developmental toxicity, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Benzophenone-3, Benzo(a)pyrene, Animals, Ingestion, skin and connective tissue diseases, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, Hatching, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Pollution, Marine medaka, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, embryonic structures, Toxicity, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical
Abstract

International audience; The role of polyethylene microplastics 4-6 mu m size (MPs) in the toxicity of environmental compounds to fish early life stages (ELS) was investigated. Marine medaka Oryzias melastigma embryos and larvae were exposed to suspended MPs spiked with three model contaminants: benzo(a)pyrene (MP-BaP), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (MP-PFOS) and benzophenone-3 (MP-BP3) for 12 days. There was no evidence of MPs ingestion but MPs agglomerated on the surface of the chorion. Fish ELS exposed to virgin MPs did not show toxic effects. Exposure to MP-PFOS decreased embryonic survival and prevented hatching. Larvae exposed to MP-BaP or MP-BP3 exhibited reduced growth, increased developmental anomalies and abnormal behavior. Compared to equivalent water-borne concentrations, BaP and PFOS appeared to be more embryotoxic when spiked on MPs than when alone in seawater. These results suggest a relevant pollutant transfer by direct contact of MPs to fish ELS that should be included in the ecotoxicological risk assessment of MPs.

Published
2020
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4. Changes in the Floating Plastic Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea in Relation to the Distance to Land

Author

Stéphanie Petit, Bruno Dumontet, Amanda Elineau, Gabriel Gorsky, Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Andrés Cózar, Elisa Martí, Stéphane Bruzaud, Jean Claude Crebassa, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne (LIMATB), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO), Expédition MED, Questembert, Department of Biology [Univ. of Cadiz], University of Cadiz, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), and Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Polymers, lcsh:Medicine, Environmental pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Abundance (ecology), Oceans, lcsh:Science, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Plankton, Pollution, Chemistry, Macromolecules, Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Plastics, Environmental Monitoring, Research Article, Environmental Engineering, Materials by Structure, Population, Materials Science, Bodies of water, Sea Water, Surface Water, Mediterranean Sea, Animals, 14. Life underwater, education, Materials by Attribute, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Water Pollution, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Polymer Chemistry, Debris, Invertebrates, Marine and aquatic sciences, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Plastic pollution, Environmental Pollution, Surface water
Abstract

International audience; The composition, size distribution, and abundance of floating plastic debris in surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea were analyzed in relation to distance to land. We combined data from previously published reports with an intensive sampling in inshore waters of the Northwestern Mediterranean. The highest plastic concentrations were found in regions distant from from land as well as in the first kilometer adjacent to the coastline. In this nearshore water strip, plastic concentrations were significantly correlated with the nearness to a coastal human population, with local areas close to large human settlements showing hundreds of thousands of plastic pieces per km2. The ratio of plastic to plankton abundance reached particularly high values for the coastal surface waters. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polyamides were the predominant plastic polymers at all distances from coast (86 to 97% of total items), although the diversity of polymers was higher in the 1-km coastal water strip due to a higher frequency of polystyrene or polyacrylic fibers. The plastic size distributions showed a gradual increase in abundance toward small sizes indicating an efficient removal of small plastics from the surface. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of small fragments (< 2 mm) was higher within the 1-km coastal water strip, suggesting a rapid fragmentation down along the shoreline, likely related with the washing ashore on the beaches. This study constitutes a first attempt to determine the impact of plastic debris in areas closest to Mediterranean coast. The presence of a high concentration of plastic including tiny plastic items could have significant environmental, health and economic impacts.

Published
2016
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5. Abundance, size and spatial distribution of neustonic microplastic in the Ligurian Sea (NW-Mediterranean Sea)

Author

Maria-Luiza Pedrotti, Stéphanie Petit, Stéphane Bruzaud, Amanda Elineau, Jean-Claude Crebassa, and Gabriel Gorsky

Subjects
microplastics, Mediterranean sea, plastic debris, neustonic plankton, spatio-temporal distribution, Ligurian sea
Abstract

Marine debris has been defined as any manufactured or processed solid waste material that enters the marine environment from any source. While plastics constitute a lower percentage of discarded waste, they are the most important part of marine litter, comprising sometimes up to 100 % for floating items. Plastics have been considered an environmental and pollution threat to the marine environment whose importance will increase through the 21st century. In Mediterranean Sea more than 70 % of plastic litters comes from land-based source. Once in the marine environment debris may remain for many years. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most affected by floating plastic debris however scientific investigation on the impact of microplastics isrecent and results beginning to emerge. Here we report a study on the abundance, size and spatio-temporal distribution of microplastic and zooplakton carried out in summer 2013 in the Ligurian Sea. Surface floating microplastics abundance and area per square kilometer were calculated and compared to the size distribution and mean spatial trends of the neustonic plankton.

Published
2014
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6. Plastic fragments on the surface of Mediterranean waters

Author

Maria Luiza Pedrotti, Stéphane Bruzaud, Bruno Dumontet, Amanda Elineau, Stéphanie Petit, Yves Grohens, Pierre Voisin, Jean-Claude Crebassa, and Gabriel Gorsky

Subjects
zooplankton, Mediterranean Sea, microplastics particles, Ligurian Sea
Abstract

Marine litter in the Mediterrranean and Black Seas

Published
2014
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