Search

This is an accepted manuscript of a book chapter published by Bloomsbury in A Cultural History of Sport: Volume 6: A Cultural History of Sport in the Modern Age on 28/01/2021. The published version can be accessed here: https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/a-cultural-history-of-sport-9781350024106/ The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.

Boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae is destroying cultivated and native boxwood worldwide, with profound negative economic impacts on the horticulture industry. First documented in the United States in 2011, the disease has now occurred in 30 states. Previous research showed that global C. pseudonaviculata populations prior to 2014 had a clonal structure, and only the MAT1-2 idiomorph was observed. In this study, we examined C. pseudonaviculata genetic diversity and population structure in the United States after 2014, following the expansion of the disease across the country over the past 5 years. Two hundred eighteen isolates from 21 states were genotyped by sequencing 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and by MAT1 idiomorph typing. All isolates presented C. pseudonaviculata-specific alleles, indicating that C. henricotiae is still absent in the U.S. states sampled. The presence of only the MAT1-2 idiomorph and gametic linkage disequilibrium suggests the prevalence of asexual reproduction. The contemporary C. pseudonaviculata population is characterized by a clonal structure and composed of 13 multilocus genotypes (SSR-MLGs) unevenly distributed across the United States. These SSR-MLGs grouped into two clonal lineages (CLs). The predominant lineage CL2 (93% of isolates) is the primary contributor to U.S. disease expansion. The contemporary U.S. C. pseudonaviculata population is not geographically subdivided and not genetically differentiated from the U.S. population prior to 2014, but is significantly differentiated from the main European population, which is largely composed of CL1. Our findings provide insights into the boxwood blight epidemic that are critical for disease management and breeding of resistant boxwood cultivars.

The eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus, vectors the causal agent, Rose rosette virus (RRV), that results in rose rosette disease. Parts of the southeastern United States have remained free of the disease, except for infected plant material introductions that were eradicated. A survey of sampling points through Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi (n = 204) revealed the southeastern border of RRV. The presence of RRV in symptomatic plant tissue samples (n = 39) was confirmed by TaqMan-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Samples were also collected at every plot for detection of eriophyid mites, specifically for P. fructiphilus. Three different species of eriophyid mites were found to be generally distributed throughout Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. Most of these sites (n = 60) contained P. fructiphilus, found further south than previously thought, but in low populations (P. fructiphilus or the presence of RRV. The reason for the absence of RRV and low populations of P. fructiphilus in this southeast region of the United States are unclear.

The FA banned women’s football from the grounds of Association-affiliated clubs in 1921, on the grounds that the organisation perceived that football was ‘unsuitable’ for women and too much...

It is important that nurses fully engage with the development and use of evidence-based practice so they can influence policy and improve patient care. There are significant challenges in developing nursing research and evidence-based practice in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Therefore, the UAE Nursing and Midwifery Council formed a Scientific Research Subcommittee to lead the development of nursing research. Following a literature review to assess the status of nursing research in the UAE, the Subcommittee initiated a study to clarify UAE nurses’ perceptions of barriers to implementing research. The results were expected to enable comparisons with other countries and establish a baseline on which to build and prioritize initiatives to address identified barriers. A cross-sectional design with convenience sampling was used to survey 606 nurses from across the UAE. The survey included the BARRIERS questionnaire and was administered online and in paper-based formats. The top three nurse-perceived barriers that affected nurses’ use of research in the UAE (in descending order) were as follows: lack of authority to change patient care procedures, insufficient time to read research, and insufficient time on the job to implement new ideas. The highest ranked barriers to nurses conducting research in the UAE were lack of time and competing demands for time. The findings of this survey and a published literature review informed development of a strategy to address identified barriers to nurses in the UAE using and conducting research. This multifaceted strategy includes initiatives to reform policy and practice at local and national levels.

This special edition of Sport in History is an output from the largest academic conference dedicated to the international history of women’s football held so far, at the National Football Museum on...

This article centres on a reunion held at the National Football Museum in 2018 of women football players active before 1993, particularly the England team for the unofficial Women's World Cup in 19...

Boxwood blight caused by

Background Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare but known adverse event associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in adults. No studies to date have looked at the risk of this association in children. We systematically reviewed the evidence for a potential association between TMP-SMX and DILI in the pediatric population. Methods PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus and Web of Science was searched using a combination of terms to identify reports of TMP-SMX exposure, liver injury and pediatrics (≤18 years old). We included any studies with hepatic adverse events occurring after exposure to TMP-SMX. Bibliographies were reviewed for additional relevant references. The Narajno scale was used to assess causality in case studies. Results A total of 22 studies were identified: 3 randomized trials, 1 prospective observational study, 8 retrospective observational studies and 10 case reports. Among the randomized trials and prospective studies, only mild, transient hepatic function abnormalities were reported. Retrospective observational studies reported 1 fatal DILI and statistically significant increased odds of DILI with TMP-SMX use compared with nonuse. Among the 10 case reports, severe liver outcomes and mild hepatic function abnormalities were both reported. Naranjo scores suggested reported hepatic adverse events were probably because of exposure in 5, possible in 4, and doubtful in 1 case report. Conclusions Evidence regarding DILI associated with TMP-SMX exposure in pediatrics is limited. Observational population studies show mild hepatic abnormalities. Case reports suggest more severe manifestations of DILI. Additional studies may reveal the association between TMP-SMX and DILI in pediatrics.

Background: Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is a rare, congenital, glycolytic enzyme defect that leads to chronic hemolytic anemia. Despite existing supportive therapies, many patients (pts) experience significant complications, including iron overload (FeO). FeO in PK deficiency is clinically underappreciated and may cause long-term organ damage and impact growth in children and adults. Objective: To describe characteristics and disease burden of pts with PK deficiency and a history of FeO by age group (pediatric cohort, Methods: The Peak Registry is an ongoing, global retrospective and prospective observational study of adult and pediatric pts diagnosed with PK deficiency. For this analysis, pts were considered to have a history of FeO if they had ever received 1) chelation therapy; or 2) phlebotomy for removal of iron; or within 3 months of enrollment had 3) ferritin >1000 ng/mL; or 4) liver MRI >3 mg Fe/g dry weight; or 5) FerriScan® >3 mg Fe/g dry weight; or 6) cardiac T2* MRI ≤20 ms. Data on demographics, medical history, treatment, clinical assessment, and laboratory testing collected at study enrollment were summarized descriptively among pts with a history of FeO. Results: As of the 24Mar2020 data cut, 57/140 (40.7%) enrolled pts had a history of FeO (adult cohort N=28; pediatric cohort N=29); data from these 57 pts were used for this analysis. Average age at enrollment for adult and pediatric cohorts was 37.3 yrs (standard deviation [SD]: 14.80) and 7.7 yrs (SD: 4.64), respectively. PKLR genotype information was available for 21 adult and 15 pediatric pts; among the 21 adults, 13 (61.9%) had two missense mutations (M/M), 7 (33.3%) had one missense/one non-missense mutation (M/NM), and 1 (4.8%) had two non-missense mutations (NM/NM); among the 15 pediatric pts, 3 (20%) had M/M, 7 (46.7%) had M/NM, and 5 (33.3%) had NM/NM (Table). Among pts with known transfusion status, 6/56 FeO pts (10.7%) had never received a transfusion, with all other pts having received ≥1 prior transfusion (ever-transfused). Median hemoglobin (Hb) level at the time of enrollment was 8.6 g/dL (range: 6.7-12.5) in ever-transfused adults and 10.9 g/dL (9.3-11.3) in never-transfused adults. In pediatric pts (all ever-transfused), median Hb at enrollment was 8.3 g/dL (6.8-10.8). Most ever-transfused pts had received chelation therapy (18/20 [90.0%] adults, 28/29 [96.6%] pediatrics). Of the 6 pts who had never been transfused, 3 (50.0%) had received chelation therapy. Transfusion details for the 12 months prior to enrollment were available for 23 adults, of whom 5 (21.7%) had been regularly transfused (≥6 transfusions) and 18 (78.2%) had not been regularly transfused (0-5 transfusions); in the pediatric cohort (n=24), 8 (33.3%) pts had been regularly transfused and 16 (66.7%) had not. In the prior 12 months, regularly transfused adult and pediatric pts each received an average of about 10 transfusions whereas non-regularly transfused adult and pediatric pts received about 1 transfusion (Table). Additionally, 24/28 (85.7%) adult and 15/29 (51.7%) pediatric pts with FeO had a splenectomy, with median age at splenectomy of 6.5 yrs (range: 1-23 yrs) for the adult cohort and 6.0 yrs (4-12 yrs) for the pediatric cohort. Chelation therapy had been utilized by 20/23 (87.0%) splenectomized adults and 2/4 (50.0%) non-splenectomized adults, while 15/15 (100.0%) splenectomized pediatric pts and 13/14 (92.9%) non-splenectomized pediatric pts had received chelation therapy. Conclusion: These data indicate that FeO is a common complication affecting around 40% of PK deficient pts in this cohort, regardless of age, genotype, transfusion status, or severity. While a large proportion of these pts with PK deficiency and FeO have a high transfusion burden and/or have been splenectomized, FeO still occurs in both adult and pediatric pts without splenectomies, in pts who are not regularly transfused, and even in those who have never been transfused. This analysis supports the need for an initial evaluation and regular monitoring of FeO in all pts with PK deficiency, independent of transfusion status, splenectomy history, or genotype, starting early in life and continuing throughout adulthood. The longitudinal (up to 9 yrs) design of the Peak Registry will allow for continued monitoring and follow-up of FeO and related long-term complications in pts with PK deficiency. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Bianchi: Agios pharmaceutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Grace: Novartis: Research Funding; Principia: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Dova: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Agios: Research Funding. Glader: Agios: Consultancy. Glenthøj: Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Agios: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; bluebird bio: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alexion: Research Funding. Kuo: Bluebird Bio: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Alexion: Consultancy, Honoraria; Agios: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Bioverativ: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Apellis: Consultancy. Lander: Agios: Other: PK Deficiency Patient Advocacy Advisory Council - patient representative. Layton: Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Agios Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Cerus: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Viprakasit: Agios: Consultancy, Research Funding; Vifor Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Protagonist Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ionis Pharmaceuticals,: Consultancy, Research Funding; La Jolla Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding. Williams: Agios: Current Employment, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company. Yan: Agios: Consultancy. McGee: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Van Beers: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; RR Mechatronics: Research Funding.

Extension and research professionals in the southeastern United States formed the Southern Nursery Integrated Pest Management working group (SNIPM) to foster collaboration and leverage resources, thereby enhancing extension programming, increasing opportunity, and expanding the delivery of specialized expertise to nursery crop growers across a region. Building a productive and lasting working group requires attracting a group of research and extension faculty with complementary expertise, listening to stakeholders, and translating stakeholder needs into grant priorities to help solve problems, all hallmarks of effective teamwork principles. SNIPM has now grown to include 10 U.S. states and 11 institutions and has been awarded seven grants totaling $190,994 since 2009. A striking benefit of working group membership was observed over time: synergy. Greater awareness of individual expertise among SNIPM members, each of whom were focused on different aspects of the nursery production system stimulated multistate extension publications, electronic books (eBooks), mobile device applications (apps), popular press articles, and spin-off research projects when separate foci were combined and directed toward complex challenges. Deliverables achieved from this faculty collaboration include nine peer-reviewed publications, four manuals and books and 23 book chapters, and a combined total of 11 abstracts, conference proceedings and extension publications. To date, the return on investment for SNIPM is one deliverable produced to every $2265.89 in grant funding. SNIPM has also been honored with multiple American Society for Horticultural Science publication awards as well as the Southern Region Integrated Pest Management Center Bright Idea Award for the quality and originality of their project outputs. Continuing to work together toward common goals that bridge technology and serve the nursery industry while supporting each individual member’s program will be crucial to the long-term success of this working group.

Needle blight disease, caused by Passalora sequoiae, results in a progressive loss of leaf tissue on Leyland cypress (×Cupressocyparis leylandii) within container and field tree nurseries, in the landscape and on Christmas tree farms. Fungicide schedules have been developed in response to seasonal symptom progression and conidia dispersion without clarification of the influence of weather conditions on disease. Conidia count data of P. sequoiae were collected approximately weekly from June to December in 2001 in Watkinsville, GA, and in 2002 in Dearing, GA. Peak conidia numbers were trapped in September and October. Daily weather data summaries were obtained from a weather station at each location. Deterministic models were developed individually for summer (1 June to 30 September) and fall (1 October to 21 December) seasons. A three-day moving average (MA) of average daily temperature (avgT) had a positive quadratic relationship with conidia counts in the summer season. A 10-day MA of avgT, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and total solar radiation (SolR) had a positive quadratic, a negative linear and positive linear relationship, respectively, with conidia counts in the fall season. The models show that the seasonal shift to cooler fall temperatures, along with lower VPD and SolR, favour production and dispersal of P. sequoiae conidia.