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The aim of this study was to better understand the role of hostile attribution bias (HAB) in the relationship between cluster B personality traits and reactive aggression. Sixty-three French-speaking adults were asked to complete online questionnaires assessing their personality traits, hostile attribution bias, and aggressive behaviors. While brain activity was recorded, they were asked to read scenarios involving daily life interactions and to imagine why the characters (whose intentions were ambiguous) behaved in a provocative manner toward them. Following each scenario, we analyzed the N400 component of the event-related brain potential associated with the presentation of unexpected hostile or nonhostile intentions after each scenario. Results showed a stronger N400 amplitude during the presentation of unexpected nonhostile intentions (hostile expectancy violations) in the centro-parietal regions. There was no mediating effect of hostile or nonhostile expectancy violation in the relationship between cluster B personality characteristics and reactive aggression. Further studies are needed to better understand the psychological processes underlying aggressive behaviors in cluster B personality disorders.

L’échelle d’impact des problèmes actuels de comportement (IMPAC) est un outil visant à mesurer l’impact des comportements problématiques chez les personnes ayant subi une lésion cérébrale acquise. Cette mesure évalue l’impact des comportements sur la personne cérébrolésée et son entourage selon cinq dimensions : les relations significatives, l’intégrité psychologique, l’accès aux services, l’intégrité physique et les interventions dispensées. Mis au point par des intervenants spécialisés en trouble du comportement chez la clientèle cérébrolésée, cet outil a fait l’objet d’une série de trois études de validation de contenu. Celles-ci ont été menées auprès d’experts et de professionnels du réseau de la réadaptation en déficience physique. Les résultats ont démontré que l’échelle IMPAC possède une validité de contenu satisfaisante, c’est-à-dire que les dimensions ciblées et les niveaux d’impact décrits pour chacune d’elles reposent sur des critères clairement définis et reconnus comme tels par les experts. L’échelle IMPAC constitue donc un instrument potentiellement utile pour les cliniciens qui souhaitent évaluer de manière objective l’impact des comportements problématiques d’un usager, et ainsi contribuer à guider les interventions prioritaires et à éclairer les décisions d’orientation vers des ressources d’hébergement ou des services spécialisés., The IMPAC Scale (Impact des problèmes actuels de comportement) is an instrument designed to evaluate the impact of challenging behaviour in people with acquired brain injury. This scale measures the impact of such behaviour on the brain-injured person and their social network based on five areas: significant relationships, psychological integrity, access to services, physical integrity and received interventions. The instrument was initially developed by specialized practitioners working with brain-injured persons exhibiting severe challenging behaviour. A series of three validation studies were conducted in which experts and practitioners in fields such as acquired brain injury rehabilitation were consulted. The results showed that the IMPAC Scale has satisfactory content validity — i.e. targeted impact areas and described impact levels are based on clearly defined criteria recognized as such by experts and practitioners. Therefore, the IMPAC Scale can be a useful tool for clinicians who need to objectively assess the impact of a user’s challenging behaviour, which can help prioritize interventions and recommend appropriate residential facilities or specialized services.

International audience; Objective: This multilanguage study used simple speech recording and high-end pattern analysis to provide sensitive and reliable noninvasive biomarkers of prodromal versus manifest α-synucleinopathy in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and early-stage Parkinson disease (PD).Methods: We performed a multicenter study across the Czech, English, German, French, and Italian languages at 7 centers in Europe and North America. A total of 448 participants (337 males), including 150 with iRBD (mean duration of iRBD across language groups 0.5-3.4 years), 149 with PD (mean duration of disease across language groups 1.7-2.5 years), and 149 healthy controls were recorded; 350 of the participants completed the 12-month follow-up. We developed a fully automated acoustic quantitative assessment approach for the 7 distinctive patterns of hypokinetic dysarthria.Results: No differences in language that impacted clinical parkinsonian phenotypes were found. Compared with the controls, we found significant abnormalities of an overall acoustic speech severity measure via composite dysarthria index for both iRBD (p = 0.002) and PD (p < 0.001). However, only PD (p < 0.001) was perceptually distinct in a blinded subjective analysis. We found significant group differences between PD and controls for monopitch (p < 0.001), prolonged pauses (p < 0.001), and imprecise consonants (p = 0.03); only monopitch was able to differentiate iRBD patients from controls (p = 0.004). At the 12-month follow-up, a slight progression of overall acoustic speech impairment was noted for the iRBD (p = 0.04) and PD (p = 0.03) groups.Interpretation: Automated speech analysis might provide a useful additional biomarker of parkinsonism for the assessment of disease progression and therapeutic interventions. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:62-75.

Concerns about road safety are at the forefront of discussions given the recent legalization of cannabis in many areas. Some studies have demonstrated that the frequency of cannabis use is a significant predictor of risky driving among young drivers. However, it is difficult to isolate the specific contribution of substance use from the influence of certain individual personality traits such impulsivity. Indeed, impulsivity traits (i.e., positive urgency, negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking) are also correlated with risky driving. The present study examined the effect of the frequency of cannabis use on risky driving while taking into account the effect of five impulsivity traits. A community sample of 209 young drivers (aged 17–25 years) completed self-report questionnaires about their road behaviors, their cannabis use, and their impulsivity traits. The results showed that the frequency of cannabis use was significantly associated with risky driving beyond the five impulsivity traits measured. Positive urgency was the only impulsivity trait that remained significantly associated with risky driving once all covariates were entered into the model. Moreover, the frequency of cannabis use acted as a mediator in the relationship between sensation seeking and risky driving.

HIV-1 remains a major public health issue worldwide in spite of efficacious antiviral therapies, but with no cure or preventive vaccine. The latter has been very challenging, as virus infection is associated with numerous escape mechanisms from host specific immunity and the correlates of protection remain incompletely understood. We have developed an innovative vaccine strategy, inspired by the efficacy of live-attenuated virus, but with the safety of a DNA vaccine, to confer both cellular and humoral responses. The CAL-SHIV-IN− lentiDNA vaccine comprises the backbone of the pathogenic SHIVKU2 genome, able to mimic the early phase of viral infection, but with a deleted integrase gene to ensure safety precluding integration within the host genome. This vaccine prototype, constitutively expressing viral antigen under the CAEV LTR promoter, elicited a variety of vaccine-specific, persistent CD4 and CD8 T cells against SIV-Gag and Nef up to 80 weeks post-immunization in cynomolgus macaques. Furthermore, these specific responses led to antiviral control of the pathogenic SIVmac251. To further improve the efficacy of this vaccine, we incorporated the IL-7 or IL-15 genes into the CAL-SHIV-IN− plasmid DNA in efforts to increase the pool of vaccine-specific memory T cells. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity of the two co-injected lentiDNA vaccines CAL-SHIV-IN− IRES IL-7 and CAL-SHIV-IN− IRES IL-15 in BALB/cJ mice and rhesus macaques and compared the immune responses with those generated by the parental vaccine CAL-SHIV-IN−. This co-immunization elicited potent vaccine-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells both in mice and rhesus macaques. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies were detected up to 40 weeks post-immunization in both plasma and mucosal compartments of rhesus macaques and were enhanced by the cytokines.

A research protocol was developed to test a theoretical model regarding impulsivity in borderline personality (BP) disorder. It was hypothesized that the impact of identity disturbance of individuals with BP features on their response-inhibition functions could be explained by the disposition of their self-concept to increase the intensity of negative emotions. Participants with different levels of BP features were assigned to a self-description condition (N=29) that had the potential to manipulate the identity coherence, or a control condition (N=27) prior to a response inhibition task with high and low arousal emotional stimuli. We also explored the relationship between participants' self-description and their performance on the inhibition task. The results showed a significant interaction between condition, level of BP features, valence, and stimulus intensity on commission errors. Post-hoc analysis did not reveal significant differences. In addition, a moderate correlation was found between a lesser differentiated description of the self and a higher mean of errors of commission. This preliminary study highlights the relevance of studying the relationship between the self-concept and inhibition regarding borderline impulsivity. The findings should be replicated with a larger sample and with individuals who meet the diagnostic criteria.

Introduction: Splitting, as a defense mechanism in Kernberg’s theory, plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of polarized and oscillating representations of self/other characteristics of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although the notion of splitting can be considered from a structural and a functional point of view, almost all empirical studies to date have focused on the former elements to the detriment of related cognitive processes. Methods: To further investigate the cognitive processes related to splitting, 60 participants were administered the Splitting Index and indexes of resistance to proactive interference (PI) using the interpersonal recent negative task with words that reflect negative or positive interactions compared to neutral words. Results: The use of splitting was uniquely and significantly predicted by a higher capacity to resist PI and a lower capacity to consistently maintain this resistance when presented with negative words, above and beyond BPD traits, primitive defenses, and the presentation of neutral words. Results showed no evidence of a relationship between splitting and resistance to PI with positive words. Conclusion: Results appear compatible with Kernberg’s conceptualization of splitting as an active defense process that relates to an unstable capacity to inhibit negative representations of the object from entering working memory.

Given the limited number of middlemen in short food supply chains, producers marketing through such channels must carry out various tasks associated with production, processing (if applicable) and marketing. Since productivity increases with specialization, it is presumably difficult for such producers to achieve high levels of labor productivity in each of the tasks they perform (in terms of organizing the work and controlling for costs). This study reports on the results of a detailed analysis of the apparent labor productivity in each activity segment (production, processing and distribution) on farms in Quebec (Canada) that market through short food supply chains. We adapted the concept of a complex activity system and the Work Assessment method to reflect the context in Quebec and the unique features of integrated farming models based on direct marketing. In total, we analyzed work organization on 32 Quebec farms to determine how added value and work hours are allocated among different activity segments. Our analysis of apparent labor productivity highlights the heterogeneity of farms involved in direct marketing as every farm studied had a unique profile. In addition, work patterns reflected the background, choices and skillsets of farmers and different combinations of production factors were utilized. Overall, labor productivity was lower in production-related tasks, although this was often offset by higher productivity levels in other activity segments. Our results indicate that greater productivity in the areas of processing or distribution allows farms in short food supply chains to be financially sustainable. The findings of our study also confirm that farmers involved in direct marketing work hard to sustain their activity systems, even though net earnings are often low when compared to the amount of effort involved. However, farmers are partially compensated in other ways, such as through client appreciation and work enjoyment.

We investigated the influences of hostile and non-hostile schemas activations in non-aggressive individuals on their intent attribution processes in various social contexts. 38 non-aggressive participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, one primed with negative words, to be conditioned as temporarily hostile (TH), and the other with positive words, be conditioned as temporarily non-hostile (TNH). They were asked to read social scenarios composed of positive or negative behaviors of others whose intentions are ambiguous followed by a disambiguation of others' real intentions (hostile vs non-hostile) behind their behaviors. Neural activity related to spontaneous intent attribution processes was measured using electroencephalography (EEG). The results showed that when non-hostile intentions were revealed following ambiguous-negative behaviors of others, the N400 effect was observed only in the TH group. Similarly, when hostile intentions were revealed following ambiguous-positive behaviors of others, the N400 effect was observed only in the TNH group. In other words, non-aggressive individuals were led to attribute either hostile or non-hostile intentions to the same ambiguous behaviors of others depending on which concepts or thoughts (hostile vs non hostile) were activated and accessible in memory by priming at the time of social interactions.

International audience; Sheep primary epithelial cells are short-lived in cell culture systems. For long-term in vitro studies, primary cells need to be immortalized. This study aims to establish and characterize T immortalized sheep embryo kidney cells (TISEKC). In this study, we used fetal lamb kidneys to derive primary cultures of epithelial cells. We subsequently immortalized these cells using the large T SV40 antigen to generate crude TISEKC and isolate TISEKC clones. Among numerous clones of immortalized cells, the selected TISEKC-5 maintained active division and cell growth over 20 passages but lacked expression of the oncogenic large T SV40 antigen. Morphologically, TISEKC-5 maintained their epithelial aspect similar to the parental primary epithelial cells. However, their growth properties showed quite different patterns. Crude TISEKC, as well as the clones of TISEKC proliferated highly in culture compared to the parental primary cells. In the early passages, immortalized cells showed heterogeneous polyploidy but in the late passages the karyotype of immortalized cells became progressively stable, identical to that of the primary cells, because the TISEKC-5 cell line has lost the large SV40 T antigen expression, this cell line is a valuable tool for veterinary sciences and biotechnological productions.

Patients with isolated rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) are commonly regarded as being in the early stages of a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving alpha-synuclein pathology, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy. Abnormal alpha-synuclein deposition occurs early in the neurodegenerative process across the central and peripheral nervous systems and might precede the appearance of motor symptoms and cognitive decline by several decades. These findings provide the rationale to develop reliable biomarkers that can better predict conversion to clinically manifest alpha-synucleinopathies. In addition, biomarkers of disease progression will be essential to monitor treatment response once disease-modifying therapies become available, and biomarkers of disease subtype will be essential to enable prediction of which subtype of alpha-synucleinopathy patients with isolated RBD might develop.

Problem: The current allocation of occupational therapy services in CLSCs makes it difficult for occupational therapists to intervene according to their primary expertise in occupational empowerment. To claim this situation, professionals are called upon to act as agents of change and ideally resort to an argumentative process. Objective: To apply an argumentative process to a problematic occupational situation in occupational therapy, that is to claim an allocation of occupational therapy services in CLSCs based on occupation qualification. Method: The argument process is based on the “Convictions-Réel-Actions-Fondements (CRAF)” argument framework requiring a search for arguments from a critical review of the literature. Results: The studies reviewed put forward arguments based on the values ​​and theoretical foundations of the profession. The arguments based on convincing results come from studies with a high level of scientific evidence. They show that interventions based on occupation empowerment have repercussions on participation and functioning in occupations, physical and mental well-being and health, the perception of personal efficiency, life satisfaction, social interactions, learning knowledge and life expectancy. Discussion: Empowing occupations in a prevention and health promotion approach is effective and cost-effective for a broader clientele than that currently served. Occupational therapists, eager to be agents of change in their environment, could replicate the argumentation process to apply it to a problematic clinical situation., Problématique: L’attribution actuelle des services en ergothérapie en CLSC permet difficilement aux ergothérapeutes d’intervenir selon leur expertise première d’habilitation aux occupations. Pour revendiquer cette situation, les professionnels sont appelés à agir comme agent de changement et idéalement avoir recours à un procédé argumentaire. Objectif: Appliquer un procédé argumentaire à une situation professionnelle problématique en ergothérapie, soit revendiquer une attribution des services en ergothérapie en CLSC basée sur l’habilitation aux occupations. Méthode: Le procédé argumentaire est basé sur le cadre argumentaire Convictions-Réel-Actions-Fondements (CRAF) nécessitant une recherche d’arguments provenant d’une recension critique des écrits. Résultats: Les études recensées font valoir des arguments basés sur les valeurs et les fondements théoriques de la profession. Les arguments issus des résultats probants proviennent d’études dont le niveau d’évidence scientifique est élevé. Ils montrent que des interventions basées sur l’habilitation aux occupations ont des retombées sur la participation et le fonctionnement dans les occupations, le bien-être et la santé physique et mentale, la perception d’efficacité personnelle, la satisfaction de vie, les interactions sociales, l’apprentissage de connaissances et l’espérance de vie. Discussion: L’habilitation aux occupations dans une approche de prévention et de promotion de la santé est efficace et rentable, et ce, pour une clientèle plus vaste que celle actuellement desservie. Les ergothérapeutes, désireux d’être agent de changement dans leur milieu, pourraient reproduire le procédé argumentaire pour l’appliquer à une situation clinique problématique.

Recent research on boreal birds has focused on understanding effects of human activity on populations and their habitats. As bird populations continue to decline, research is often intended to inform conservation and management policies and practices. Research produced under the typical "loading dock" model by Western-trained researchers often fails to achieve desired conservation outcomes. There is growing global consensus that science is most actionable when produced in collaboration between scientists, potential end-users of the science, and communities implicated in or affected by the research and its outcomes. A fully collaborative research process, which we call "coproduced research," involves partners in the design, execution, and communication of research. To coproduce research, it is first important to understand the sociocultural context of a research project. For boreal bird conservation in Canada, this context includes complex linkages between Indigenous communities, governments, and rights-holders, multiple levels of government, nonprofit organizations, companies, and industry consortiums, civic communities, and others. We explain this context, and give particular attention to best practices for coproduction of research between non-Indigenous researchers and Indigenous partners. We also introduce a self-assessment tool for researchers to gauge the strength of their relationships with potential partners. We highlight the challenges of doing coproduced research, including cross-cultural communication and lengthy timelines to build relationships. We propose a guide for coproduced research in four stages: (1) identify potential partners; (2) build relationships; (3) identify mechanisms to inform policy and management; and (4) execute research and communications plans. We illustrate the stages with examples of "bright spots" to demonstrate successful coproduction partnerships. Although we focus on research to improve knowledge for boreal bird conservation and management, many of the lessons we share for adopting a coproduced research model would apply to terrestrial or marine wildlife, or any natural resource.

Summary Introduction The use of sexual coercion by university students is a prevalent and serious phenomenon. Studies have indicated that insecure attachment (i.e., attachment anxiety and avoidance) is related to sexual coercion perpetration, but the mechanisms explaining this association remain misunderstood. Negative urgency, which refers to the tendency to react impulsively when experiencing intense negative emotions, may be one of these mechanisms. Objective The objective of the present study is to determine the role played by negative urgency in the relationship between attachment insecurity and past use of sexual coercion. Method Ninety-seven male university students completed online questionnaires measuring attachment style, negative urgency and past use of sexual coercion. Results Mediation analyses revealed that attachment anxiety – but not attachment avoidance – predicted past use of sexual coercion via negative urgency. Ultimately, this study suggests that the propensity to act impulsively under the effect of negative emotions reported by anxiously attached men may constitute a risk factor for sexual coercion perpetration. Discussion This study identifies negative urgency and anxious attachment as promising intervention targets to prevent the perpetration of sexual coercion and highlights the importance of verifying the causal role of these factors with longitudinal studies.

Resume Introduction L’utilisation de coercition sexuelle chez les etudiants universitaires est un phenomene prevalent et serieux. Les etudes anterieures indiquent que l’attachement insecurisant (c’est-a-dire, l’anxiete face a l’abandon et l’evitement de l’intimite) est un facteur predicteur de l’utilisation de la coercition sexuelle, mais les mecanismes expliquant cette relation demeurent mal compris. Il est propose que l’urgence negative, c’est-a-dire la tendance a reagir de maniere impulsive face aux emotions negatives intenses, soit l’un de ces mecanismes. Objectif L’objectif de la presente etude est de determiner le role joue par l’urgence negative dans la relation entre l’attachement insecurisant et l’utilisation de coercition sexuelle. Methodes Quatre-vingt-dix-sept hommes etudiant a l’universite ont complete des questionnaires en ligne mesurant le style d’attachement, l’urgence negative et l’utilisation de la coercition sexuelle dans le passe. Resultats Des analyses de mediation ont revele que l’anxiete face a l’abandon, et non l’evitement de l’intimite, predisait l’utilisation de la coercition sexuelle via l’urgence negative. Autrement dit, cette etude suggere que la propension a agir de maniere impulsive sous l’effet d’emotions negatives rapportee par les hommes presentant de l’anxiete face a l’abandon contribue a les rendre plus susceptibles d’utiliser la coercition sexuelle. Discussion Cette etudie identifie l’urgence negative et l’anxiete face a l’abandon comme des pistes d’intervention prometteuses pour prevenir la commission de coercition sexuelle et souligne l’importance de verifier le role causal de ces facteurs au moyen d’etudes longitudinales.

Impulsivity is a common and debilitating sequela following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and should be assessed during the rehabilitation process. It is now accepted that impulsivity is a multidimensional construct and such a distinction may help in understanding the mechanisms underlying impulsivity and facilitate assessment. The goal of this study is to examine the link between impulsive behaviors and their underlying mechanisms in a TBI sample. Twenty-five TBI patients and twenty-four matched controls were administered performance tasks measuring prepotent response inhibition, resistance to proactive interference, and decision-making. Group comparisons show weaker performance on measures of inhibition and decision-making by the TBI participants. Finally, performance on the Modified Six Elements Task was associated with impulsive behaviors in everyday life as observed by treating clinicians. This study sheds light on the associations between executive functions and impulsivity in an acute rehabilitation setting.

Self-reported impulsivity has been found to predict the perpetration of sexual coercion in both sexual offenders and male college students. Impulsivity can be conceptualized as a generalized lack of self-control (i.e., general perspective) or as a multifaceted construct that can vary from one context to the other (i.e., domain-specific perspective). Delay discounting, the tendency to prefer sooner smaller rewards over larger delayed rewards, is a measure of impulsive decision making. Recent sexual adaptations of delay discounting tasks can be used to test domain-specific assumptions. The present study used the UPPS-P impulsivity questionnaire, a standard money discounting task, and a sexual discounting task to predict past use of sexual coercion in a sample of 98 male college students. Results indicated that higher negative urgency scores, less impulsive money discounting, and more impulsive sexual discounting all predicted sexual coercion. Consistent with previous studies, sexuality was discounted more steeply than money by both perpetrators and non-perpetrators of sexual coercion, but this difference was twice as large in perpetrators compared to non-perpetrators. Our study identified three different predictors of sexual coercion in male college students: a broad tendency to act rashly under negative emotions, a specific difficulty to postpone sexual gratification, and a pattern of optimal non-sexual decision making. Results highlight the importance of using multiple measures, including sexuality-specific measures, to get a clear portrait of the links between impulsivity and sexual coercion.

Abstract. Negative urgency defined as the tendency to act rashly when faced with intense negative emotions and hostile attribution bias (HAB) which refers to the tendency to interpret the intention of others as hostile when social context cues are ambiguous are two key psychological factors underlying reactive aggression. However, the specific associations between these factors in relation to reactive aggression have not been tested yet with competing models. The objective of the study was to test three putative models: (1) negative urgency moderates the association between HAB and reactive aggression; (2) HAB mediates the link between negative urgency and reactive aggression; (3) negative urgency mediates the relation between HAB and reactive aggression. One-hundred seventy-six participants were given self-report questionnaires to assess impulsivity, reactive aggression, as well as vignettes featuring a social situation measuring HAB in response to an ambiguous social provocation. The results showed that negative urgency constitutes a significant mediator in the association between HAB and reactive aggression. These results provide valuable insight into the cognitive processes underlying reactive aggression and may hold implications for diagnosis and intervention on aggressive behaviors.

This study tested the hypotheses that borderline personality (BP) features are characterized by a negativity bias and instability in spontaneous and deliberate evaluations of others. Undergraduate women (N = 204) watched two movie clips depicting either positive or negative conjugal interactions. Spontaneous and deliberate evaluations of the male character were assessed after each clip with an Evaluative Priming Task and a self-report measure, respectively. Participants with high BP features showed unstable spontaneous evaluations. Results revealed a non-significant trend toward more negative spontaneous evaluations after the negative clip and less positive and more negative deliberate evaluations after watching the positive clip first relative to participants with low BP features. These results provide preliminary evidence that impression formation in borderline personality may be characterized by negative and unstable evaluations that are shaped at least in part at earlier processing stages.

Risky and excessive behaviors, such as aggressive and compulsive behaviors, are frequently described in patients with brain damage and have dramatic psychosocial consequences. Although there is strong evidence that impulsivity constitutes a key factor at play in these behaviors, the literature about impulsivity in neuropsychology is to date scarce. In addition, examining and understanding these problematic behaviors requires the assumption that impulsivity is a multidimensional construct. Consequently, this article aims at shedding light on frequent risky and excessive behaviors in patients with brain damage by focusing on a unified, comprehensive, and well-validated model, namely, the UPPS model of impulsivity. This model considers impulsivity as a multidimensional construct that includes four facets: urgency, (lack of) premeditation, (lack of) perseverance, and sensation seeking. Furthermore, we discuss the psychological mechanisms underlying the dimensions of impulsivity, as well as the laboratory tasks designed to assess each mechanism and their neural bases. We then present a scale specifically designed to assess these four dimensions of impulsivity in patients with brain damage and examine the data regarding this multidimensional approach to impulsivity in neuropsychology. This review supports the need to adopt a multifactorial and integrative approach toward impulsive behaviors, and the model presented provides a valuable rationale to disentangle the nature of brain systems and mechanisms underlying impulsive behaviors in patients with brain damage. It may also foster further relevant research in the field of impulsivity and improve assessment and rehabilitation of impulsive behaviors in clinical settings.

It has been pointed out that the definition of BPD impulsivity would be improved by incorporating neurobehavioral models in order to bridge the research and the DSM behavioral criterion. Moeller et al. [1] have proposed three neuropsychological diagnostic criterions related to impulsivity in psychiatric disorders: (1) rapid, unplanned reactions to stimuli before complete processing of information; (2) lack of regard for long-term consequences and; (3) decreased sensitivity to negative consequences of behavior. The goal of this paper was to review the neuropsychological literature of BPD impulsivity in line with these neuropsychological diagnostic criterions to verify if the evidence from neuropsychological data and measurements is sufficiently strong to be integrated into the DSM definition of BPD impulsivity. Results of the review highlight some evidence regarding neuropsychological deficits in BPD patients that may be underlying their impulsive self-damaging behaviors. However, at least five methodological challenges are pointed out and need to be addressed before these deficits can be successfully integrated into a definition of BPD impulsivity. Some solutions are proposed to face the main challenges in studying impulsivity in BPD.

Background Hostility and aggression have been found to be highly prevalent among depressed patients and are associated with higher comorbidity and illness severity levels. Although negative interpretation biases are a fundamental element of cognitive models of depression, few studies have examined the specific biases in information processing, mainly the hostile attribution bias, found in hostile individuals who present depressive symptoms. Method Using pre-collected data from a sample of 72 (male=41,6%, female=58,3%) undergraduate and community-based hostile (n = 26) and non-hostile (n = 46) adult participants, the authors aimed to examine the association between depression and the hostile attribution bias by determining whether depression level scores were uniquely related to electrophysiological measures of the hostile attribution bias. Results The hostile group showed higher measured levels of depression and reactive aggression compared to the non-hostile group. Also, depression scores were significant predictors of the N400 effect in the non-hostile task condition, while reactive aggression was not, whereas in the hostile condition, the overall model was significant, with depression and reactive aggression levels both showing strong trends towards significance. Limitations A small sample size limited the scope of our conclusions. Also, sample selection prevented us from examining specific group differences regarding the hostile attribution bias in depressed and non-depressed groups. Conclusion Clinical and research implications include the necessity to apply cognitive restructuring techniques to counter biased interpretation processes in settings where depression and aggression intersect, and the need to consider alternatives to self-evaluative methodologies.

Impulsivity is an important clinical and diagnostic feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Even though it has been reported that BPD individuals’ inhibition performance is significantly reduced in the context of negative emotion or stress, this literature shows mixed results, raising questions about the possible role played by other factors. Winter (2016) proposed that negative emotion stimuli can be more disruptive for BPD individuals’ attention control performance because they induce higher distractibility self-referential processes. This article aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the effect of stress and negative emotions on three main inhibition processes—prepotent response inhibition, resistance to distractor interference, and resistance to proactive interference—in BPD and to verify the putative modulating role of self-referential stimuli and processes on these inhibition processes. All English and French experimental studies published until August 2018 were searched in PsychINFO and PubMED databases. The following keywords were used: “borderline* AND inhibit* OR interference* OR forget* OR task* AND emotion* OR stress* OR affect*„. A total of 1215 articles were included in the study. After full text revision, twenty-six papers were selected for review. The results of this review indicate that when stimuli or procedures involve self-reference stimuli or processes, BPD individuals’ performance seems to be more disrupted in all three inhibition processes. A model based on Winter’s and Kernberg’s models is proposed with the aim of integrating the self-concept with inhibition processes in BPD.

Response inhibition is defined as one’s ability to voluntarily override an automatic or already initiated action when that action is inappropriate. Although a core mechanism of self-control, its association with sexual coercion perpetration and the impact of erotic cues on its exertion remain unknown. According to a domain-specific perspective on impulsivity, response inhibition performances should be disproportionately hindered by sexual cues in sexual coercion perpetrators. In total, 94 male college students completed a stop-signal task that included neutral, emotional, and erotic distracters. Results showed that men who reported past use of sexual coercion obtained overall poorer stop-signal task (SST) performances. Highly arousing sexual stimuli equally hindered the performances of perpetrators and non-perpetrators, whereas moderately arousing sexual and nonsexual positive stimuli did not significantly affect performances. Results do not support a domain-specific perspective on the link between response inhibition and sexual coercion, but rather suggest generally poorer inhibitory control among sexual coercion perpetrators.