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Both idealized and stigmatized, fairground entertainments have gone through a rise up period at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. The aim is to consider the fairground entertainments with regards to the many legal and social restrictions placed on theirs makers. These shows deal with social issues and integrate medical and technological progress. Thus, the entresorts, the magnetism sessions, or the stagings of actualities are fully integrated into the spectators daily life, and it demonstrates the mutual influences between fairground performers and the scientists. Then, fairground entertainments are strongly diverses and still an inspiration to many artists, in particularly on the theatre stage.; Tantôt idéalisés, tantôt stigmatisés, les spectacles forains ont traversés une période d’essor au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Il s’agit de contextualiser la création spectaculaire foraine au regard des nombreuses restrictions juridiques et sociales qui incombent les forains eux-mêmes. Ces spectacles abordent des questions sociales et intègrent les progrès médicaux et technologiques dans leurs mises en scène. Par conséquent les entresorts, les séances de magnétisme, ou encore les mises en scène de faits divers s’inscrivent pleinement dans le quotidien des spectateurs, et témoignent des influences mutuelles entre les forains et les scientifiques. La création spectaculaire foraine se révèle variée, et laisse la place à un imaginaire qui perdure dans la création contemporaine, notamment théâtrale.

The environmental neurotoxin β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) may represent a risk for human health in case of chronic exposure or after short-term exposure during embryo development. BMAA accumulates in freshwater and marine organisms consumed by humans. It is produced by marine and freshwater phytoplankton species, but the range of producers remains unknown. Therefore, analysing the phytoplankton composition is not sufficient to inform about the risk of freshwater contamination by BMAA. Filter-feeders mussels have accumulation capacities and therefore appear to be relevant to monitor various pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. We investigated the suitability of the freshwater mussels Dreissena polymorpha and Anodonta anatina for monitoring BMAA in water. Both species were exposed to 1, 10, and 50 μg of dissolved BMAA/L daily for 21 days, followed by 42 days of depuration in clean water. On days 0, 1, 7, 14, and 21 of exposure and 1, 7, 14, 21 and 42 of depuration, whole D. polymorpha and digestive glands of A. anatina were sampled, and the total BMAA concentration was measured. D. polymorpha accumulated BMAA earlier (from day 1 at all concentrations) and at higher tissue concentrations than A. anatina, which accumulated BMAA from day 14 when exposed to 10 μg BMAA/L and from day 7 when exposed to 50 μg BMAA/L. As BMAA accumulation by D. polymorpha was time and concentration-dependent, with a significant elimination during the depuration period, this species may be able to reflect the levels and dynamics of water contamination by dissolved BMAA. The species A. anatina could be used for monitoring water concentrations above 10 μg BMAA/L. D. polymorpha and A. anatina could be used to biomonitor BMAA in fresh water.

Aim: This study explores the affect drug court treatment programs have on the sobriety and employment status of the participants. Background: Drug addiction has been an ongoing issue nationwide, and with addiction comes drug related crimes. Currently the preferred solution to this epidemic is to impose longer and longer lengths of incarceration for every incurred infraction. Methods: A descriptive correlational design will be used for this research study to evaluate the effectiveness of drug court compared to incarceration. The participants will be chosen by a random sampling of 100 residents of the Hampton Roads area of Virginia--50 who have graduated drug court and 50 who were incarcerated for drug-related offenses. Each participant must be a legal resident of Virginia for at least 3 years. The participants will be given a close-ended, 18-question questionnaire, titled “One Year Evaluation Post Drug Court.” The questionnaire will be designed to determine the participants’ life one year after graduating from a drug court program or one year after incarceration for a drug-related offense, possible drug and alcohol relapse, and questions on their demographics. Analysis: An analysis will be conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics. A demographic profile will be constructed of the population’s gender, age, ethnicity, level of education, and marital status. The data will be organized using frequency distribution to compare employment status and sobriety of each group. It will be a ratio measurement, and a dependent t-test will be used to verify the means of each group are statistically different. Expected Findings: It is expected that findings will show participation in drug court reduces the rate of recidivism and increases the rate of sobriety maintenance more than incarceration in drug-addicted individuals. Limitations: This study is limited due to the self-reporting nature of questionnaires and small sample size.