Search

The high-transition temperatures of cuprate and pnictide superconductors hinder explanation in light of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) models of superconductivity. One major reason for this hindrance can be resolved via another distribution of electrons. We have found an anyonic distribution when a site created by deleting a hole is occupied by an electron. The resonance between superconducting electrons under the conventional BCS scheme and independent charge density waves (CDWs) may drive high-transition-temperature superconductors (HTSCs).

We investigate the origin of the band gap in the spin ice material Dy2Ti2O7. The band gap is caused by Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS)-type electron-electron interactions that are transformed from electron-ion interactions. Additionally, the residual finite entropy at absolute zero temperature results from band gap effects rather than the nature of the Pauling-type spin ice.

The pinning of the charge-density-wave (CDW) is known to hinder superconductivity, which can essentially be resolved by Josephson tunneling between the nearest vortices in which pinned CDWs are confined within a quantum well. Sliding CDWs with superconducting Josephson tunneling, or Frohlich CDW superconductivity, can only take place if the mean distance between the vortices is less than one wavelength of the CDW. The observed charge of 2e of the carriers can be satisfied only by the integration of the charge density in the CDW. The pinning energy of the CDW corresponds to a pseudo-gap in high-temperature superconductivity.

We explain the lambda (λ) transition in the heat capacity in terms of spin freezing on the basis of finite-sized block spin concepts. Thus, the spin-glass phase or the antiferromagnetic/paramagnetic phase near the Neel temperature may be considered as a short-range ordering of the block spins comprised of many random spins with respective majority spin directions. Using the Curie law for the block spins, we obtain the λ-type heat capacity in the lower and the higher temperature approximations of the Brillouin function. The theoretical heat capacity gives a good fit to the experimental data.

We apply a photon correlation theory to ferroelectrics where we consider a photon field from its constituent electrons and ions. We calculate the spontaneous polarization Ps which originate...

Considering a photon field from its constituent electrons and ions, a photon correlation theory for ferroelectrics and antiferromagnetism is proposed. We calculate the spontaneous polarization which originates from a certain alignments of photon field in correlation with the specific phonon mode. Using the microscopic Hamiltonian we obtain the ferroelectric transition temperature, Tc and the antiferromagnetic transition temperature, TN in multiferroic materials. Tc and TN are given by same formula except different wavevector dependence originated from geometric difference between ferroelectrics and antiferromagnetism in multiferroics. The correlation between magnetic field and electric field on ferroelectrics and antiferromagnetism is considered to obtain the spontaneous polarization in good correspondence with experimental data.

We investigate the relationship between superconductivity and spin glasses, which were observed to be coexistent in heavy fermion superconductors (HFSs). We begin by explaining the phase of spin glass using concepts of finite-sized block spin. We then introduce the phase of superconductivity in HFSs as collective Cooper pairing, that is, the pairing of block spins with net spin = 1/2, each of which is comprised of a large number of random spins that together produce a majority spin direction. The superconducting Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS)-type phonon-mediated electron-electron interaction is substituted for the BCS-type electron-electron interaction mediated by phonon-enhanced spin flips previously suggested by us. An effective charge of any value stemming from an electron attached to the flux of an electric field can be referred to as a composite charge. The distinguished difference between ours and the original BCS model is the following: (i) another BCS-type interaction, (ii) bare electrons that are substituted for block spins with net spin = 1/2 and net charge = e in the presence of electric fields, and (iii) Fermi-Dirac distributions that are replaced by a new distribution called as Brillouin distribution.

We herein propose an alternative phenomenology to explain the phase of proton glass by reference to finite block spin theory in magnetism, in which the phase may be considered as being a short-range ferroelectric ordering of block pseudo-spins comprised of random pseudo-spins that have a majority of individual pseudo-spins in a given sense. By making use of the Curie law of block pseudo-spins, we obtained the dielectric susceptibility for the lower and higher temperature approximations of the Brillouin function . The experimental results for the susceptibility in hydrogen-bonded mixed crystals of ferroelectric RbH 2 P(As)O 4 and antiferroelectric NH 4 H 2 P(As)O 4 were thus fitted fairly well at low temperatures in the proton glass phase whereas some deviation from our formulation was seen at high temperatures in the paraelectric phase.

In the presence of electric and gauge fields, it is possible to have effective charges, where an electron attached to an electric field flux can be termed a composite charge. Using the similar configuration of hydrogen, we calculate quantized energy eigenvalues for lattice ions, where the effective charge of an electron can assume a value of 0e or −2e and may be regarded as a photon composite; furthermore, polaritons from these composites can be quantized. We also compare our energy levels with experimental data obtained from inelastic neutron scatterings, in which the data above ∼ 3 meV ( = 24.1966 cm−1) may be attributed to phonon modes in ferroelectric Rochelle salt.

We investigate the relationship between topological Mott insulators and spin glasses. By first explaining the phase of spin glass on the basis of finite sized block spin concepts, we then introduce the three-dimensional insulating phase of a topological insulator with a finite bulk bandgap as the pairing of block spins comprised of many random spins with respective majority spin directions. However, the two-dimensional edge state of the topological insulator may be thought of as the pairing of triplet spins with a zero bandgap. Topological insulators can be transformed into ordinary insulators below a certain temperature. Electric field-induced transitions between normal and topological insulators are possible as explained by means of composite charges.

Composite charges applied to plasma striations were investigated through this paper. Bullets in plasma jets stemming from effective electrons made up of a moving target electron with screening electrons and ions around it were assessed using an atom-like structure induced by an external electric or magnetic field. To maintain a zero total charge, screening electrons and ions were assumed to be spherically and symmetrically distributed around a target moving electron -e, and the surrounding -e or +e was equivalent to the composition of an electric field vortex and an electron. Electrons moving around a spherical orbit were found to have positive charges under a strong electric field but negative charges under a weak field, mainly because the cross-sectional area of the flux was very small. In plasma jets, striations are a phenomenon that may occur when charges gather in the presence of an electric or gauge field. A plasma striation can occur if the effective charge exceeds a critical value determined by setting the derivative of the effective charge to zero, but only if the electric field lines passing through the striation are connected.

In this work we investigate magnetic effects in terms of the translational and rotational invariances of magnetisation. Whilst Landau-type diamagnetism originates from translational invariance, a new diamagnetism could result from rotational invariance. Translational invariance results in only conventional Landau-type diamagnetism, whereas rotational invariance can induce a paramagnetic susceptibility for localised electrons and also a new kind of diamagnetism that is specific to conducting electrons. In solids, the moving electron shows a paramagnetic susceptibility but the surrounding screening of electrons may produce a new diamagnetic response by Lenz's law, resulting in a total susceptibility that tends to zero. For electricity, similar behaviours are obtained. We also derive the DC-type negative electric susceptibility via two methods in analogy with Landau diamagnetism.

Kwangwoon University of Department of Chemistry, Seoul, Korea(Received October 8, 2014 ; revised October 22, 2014 ; accepted October 23, 2014)Abstract In this study, we propose the application of doping process technology for atmospheric pressure plasma.The plasma treatment means the wafer is warmed via resistance heating from current paths. These pathsare induced by the surface charge density in the presence of illuminating Argon atmospheric plasmas. Fur-thermore, it is investigated on the high-concentration doping to a selective partial region in P type solarcell wafer. It is identified that diffusion of impurities is related to the wafer temperature. For the fixed plasmatreatment time, plasma currents were set with 40, 70, 120 mA. For the processing time, IR(Infra-Red) imagesare analyzed via a camera dependent on the temperature of the P type wafer. Phosphorus concentrationsare also analyzed through SIMS profiles from doped wafer. According to the analysis for doping process,as applied plasma currents increase, so the doping depth becomes deeper. As the junction depth is deeper,so the surface resistance is to be lowered. In addition, the surface charge density has a tendency inverselyproportional to the initial phosphorus concentration. Overall, when the plasma current increases, then it becomeshigher temperatures in wafer. It is shown that the diffusion of the impurity is critically dependent on thetemperature of wafers.

A new catalytic method has been developed for the synthesis of aza/thia-Michael addition reactions of amines/thiols, which provide higher product yields. This catalyst is a combination of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with triethylammonium hydrogen phosphate (TEAP) ionic liquid (IL), commonly referred to as bucky gel. In order to gain insight into the interactions involved between IL and MWCNT, we utilised Raman spectroscopy for our analysis. The interactions between MWCNT with TEAP were clearly evidenced by the increasing intensity ratios and spectral shift in the wavelength for the Raman D and G bands of MWCNT. The morphological studies of the resulting composite materials of TEAP and MWCNT (bucky gel) were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The key advantage of using bucky gel as a catalyst is that higher product yield is obtained in reduced reaction time for Michael reactions.

We investigate the phonon-enhanced spin flipping of f-electrons via s–f exchange interactions, as previously discussed by ourselves [Phys. Rev. B 61, 4289]. The electron–electron interaction U sf is an order of magnitude stronger than that of Kondo-type bare spin-flipping. Using the similar configuration of Hydrogen, we calculate the quantized energy eigenvalues of this spin fluctuation. We also compare our energy levels with experimental data obtained from inelastic neutron scatterings in which the data below 40 meV may be attributed to phonon modes.

The influence of gas flow on the plasma generation in the atmospheric plasma jet is described with the theory of hydrodynamics. The plasma discharge is affected by the gas-flow streams with Reynolds number (Re) as well as the gas pressure with Bernoulli`s theorem according to the gas flow rate inserted into the glass tube. The length of plasma column is varied with the flow types such as the laminar flow of Re4,000 as it has been known in a general fluid experiments. In the laminar flow, the plasma column length is increased as the increase of flow rate. Since the pressure in the glass tube becomes low as the increase of flow velocity by the Bernoulli`s theorem, the breakdown voltage of plasma discharge is reduced by the Paschen`s law. Therefore, the plasma length is increased as the increasing flow rate with the fixed operation voltage. In the transition of laminar and turbulent flows, the plasma length is decreased. When the flow becomes turbulent as the flow rate is increasing, the plasma length becomes short and the discharge is shut down ultimately. In the discharge of laminar flow, the diameter of plasma beam exposed on the substrate surface is kept less than the glass diameter, since the gas flow is kept to the distinct distance from the nozzle of glass tube.

We investigate the relation between ferromagnetism and spin glasses which have been observed in manganese oxides. We want to explain the spin-glass phase on the basis of finite-sized block spin concepts. Then the phase of colossal ferromagnetism in manganites may be considered as the ferromagnetic ordering between block spins comprised of many random spins with respective majority spin directions. Using the Curie law for block spins, the magnetization and susceptibility are obtained in the lower-temperature and higher-temperature approximations of Brillouin function. The resistivity is also obtained from the electric susceptibility.

관경이 수 ㎜인 세관 램프 내부에서 플라즈마의 확산을 조사하기 위하여 이극성(ambipolar) 확산방정식을 해하였다. 반경 방향의 확산에 의한 유리관 벽에서의 플라즈마 소멸 특성시간은 Tr =(r?/2.4)²/Da로 주어진다. 반경 r?∼1 ㎜이고 이극성 확산계수 Da∼0.01 ㎡/s 이면, Tr ∼17 ㎲이다. 이는 램프의 교류전원 구동에서 플라즈마를 유지하기 위한 구동 최소 주파수 ∼30 ㎑에 해당한다. 고전압이 인가되는 전극부에 발생한 고밀도의 플라즈마가 양광주로 확산되는 특성시간은 Tz ∼0.1 s이다. 고밀도 플라즈마 경계에서의 시간에 대한 확산속도는 t ∼10 -6 s일 때 u D ∼10² ㎧이고, t ∼10 -3 s이면 그 속도는 u D ∼1 ㎧로 느려진다. 따라서 램프 길이 ∼1 m에 대하여 전극부에서 생성된 고밀도 플라즈마가 양광주 전체로 확산되는 시간은 수 초가 걸린다.

We investigated pseudo-Josephson current effects in magnetite. Compared with the original Josephson junctions applied to superconductors, we obtained theoretical results that correlate well with experimental current data. Even though we applied a pseudo-Josephson junction to the current along the axis of energy (i.e. the momentum space), the theoretical form of DC-type currents was proportional to a tan function for the time parameter or a tanh function for the temperature parameter, which agrees with the experimental data. These pseudo-Josephson junctions occur in momentum space rather than in real space. The currents in magnetite are not primarily due to the electron–phonon interactions that induce a gap opening in band structures. We hypothesize that the Verwey Transition (VT) mechanism is pseudo-Josephson in nature.

Spin density waves (SDWs) may be thought of as comprising charge density waves (CDWs) in pairs, with one CDW composed of up-spin electrons and the other composed of down-spin electrons. The superconductivity in cuprates may then be said to be caused by the BCS-type pairing of these SDWs. This is no longer a simple Cooper pairing of singlet electrons but one that involves a collection of Cooper pairs. Transport in normal metallic states is then governed by CDW pinning, as in a quantum well that is characterized by linear temperature dependence. The pseudo-gap may be understood as originating from this BCS-type gap with SDW, where the parameters used are from those of the original BCS scheme except that the electron–electron interaction is multiplied by N CDW , which is the number of electrons that have the same spin direction belonging to one CDW branch of the pair that comprises the SDW.

The propagation velocity of light emission is observed to be up ~0.92 times10+5 m/s along a tube of an inner diameter ro ~1.5 times10-3 m with an external electrode fluorescent lamp filled with 97% Ne and 3% Ar at a total pressure of 30 torr, a mercury-free lamp without phosphor coating the inside glass wall. The origin of this propagation is shown to be ambipolar diffusion with a plasma diffusion speed of up ~ (4.8/ro)Da for diffusion coefficient Da along the positive column. When a high voltage magnitude is applied at the external electrode, a high-density plasma is generated inside the hollow electrode, and the plasma diffuses along the positive column toward the ground electrode.

We investigated the transport of pinned charge density waves (CDWs) that is observed in low dimensional materials. We treated pinned CDWs as moving CDWs that were confined within a typical quantum well amongst the many different types where pinning occurs at the barrier. We calculated the current flowing out of the quantum well by confined CDWs. The calculated conductivity is in good correspondence with experimental data in TTF–TCNQ, where the measured Frohlich–Peierls temperature is 60 K much higher than the theoretical value of 20 K. The voltage dependence of the conductivity was calculated, where this is easily transformed into the dependence of electric field. The magnetic susceptibility was also calculated with a similar trend of experimental data. The susceptibility is a diamagnetic contribution by CDWs in addition to the constant background Pauli paramagnetic part.

The different degrees of blackening were observed at the inner surface of borosilicate, soda-lime, and aluminosilicate glass tubes having different sodium (Na) contents. The sodium contents () within the borosilicate, soda-lime, and aluminosilicate glass tubes were found to be 4%, 14%, and 0.06%, respectively. The degree of blackening was shown to increase as the sodium content within the glass of the fluorescent lamp containing Ne+Ar+Hg gas mixture. Higher degree of blackening was observed from the inner surface of the glass tube coated with . The blackening was found to be originated from the amalgam of generated by the chemical reaction between the mercury ions within the discharge gas and sodium within the glass tube during operation.

The amount of vapor mercury for the generation of glow discharge plasma has been calculated in a fine tube fluorescent lamp having a mixed gas of Ne+Ar including a mercury. When the ionization of atom is considered by the collision between neutral atoms (Ne, Ar, Hg) and electrons of energy , the density of vapor mercury atom has been obtained as for the plasma density . In the fluorescent lamps of out diameter 4 mm used for -inch LCD-TVs having a mixture gas of Ne(95%)+Ar(5%) with the pressure of 50 Torr, the quantity of vapor mercury for the glow discharge has been caculated as .

유리관의 관경이 4 ㎜인 형광램프에서 종단방전과 횡단방전의 방전 특성, 발광 특성, 그리고 분광 특성을 상호 비교 분석하였다. 제작된 형광램프의 주입 기체는 3 종류이며, 수은 혼합 기체인 Ne(95%)+Ar(5%)+Hg(2 ㎎), 무수은의 순수 Xe 100% 및 Ne(96%)+Xe(4%)의 혼합 기체이다. 각 형광램프 샘플들의 기체 압력은 8 종으로 압력 범위는 5~300 Torr이다. 상기 램프의 특성을 조사하기 위하여 제작된 샘플 램프의 전체 수는 주입 기체 3 가지와 각 압력 8 가지로서 총 24 개이다. 수은 형광램프는 양광주 발광을 특징으로 하는 종단방전에서 발광 휘도 및 효율이 매우 높고, 횡단방전에서는 거의 발광하지 않는다. 무수은 제논 형광램프는 횡단방전에서 비교적 높은 휘도 특성을 보이며, 종단 방전에서는 방전 전압이 높고 발광 효율도 매우 낮다. 제논 형광램프의 횡단방전은 Ne+Xe(4%)인 혼합 가스보다 압력(~수 100 Torr)이 높은 순수 제논 가스의 발광 효율이 더 높다. 본 실험을 통하여 수은 램프와 무수은 제논 램프의 방전 방식의 차이를 확인하였다. 수은 형광램프는 양광주를 활용하는 종단방전의 형태로서 종래의 튜브형이 바람직하다. 무수은의 제논 형광램프는 높은 압력(~수 100 Torr)의 순수 제논 기체에 대하여 방전 경로가 짧은 횡단방전을 특징으로 하는 평판형이 바람직하다.

We investigate the magnetoresistance in double-perovskite Sr 2 FeMoO 6. In Fe -planes, ferromagnetic phases are obtained via a Kondo lattice model different from conventional ones. In Fe -planes, ferromagnetic states arise by electron–electron interactions mediated by phonon-enhanced spin flips different from bare Kondo spin flips. The appreciable magnetoresistance is mainly contributed by electrons in Fe -planes. The ferrimagnetism observed in the material Sr 2 FeMoO 6 is explained through the antiparallel alignment between the ferromagnetic spin alignments in Fe -planes and those in Mo -planes which are also driven by our theory, and the difference in magnitude of spin in Mo -planes and Fe -planes.

Influence of glass dielectric property (dielectric constant K, dielectric loss) on the external electrode fluorescent lamps of the dielectric barrier discharge has been investigated with 4-different glasses. Conventional borosilicate glass tubes with $K

A new non-invasive method for the determination of electron drift velocity has been investigated by measuring the light propagation signals in external electrode fluorescent lamps with two usual operation methods. At the luminance of 12 000 cd m−2 with an operation frequency of 65 kHz, the electron drift velocity in accordance with the propagation speed of light emission is measured to be 2.72 × 105 m s−1. From the electron drift velocity, the electron temperature and the plasma density in the positive column are estimated to be kTe ~ 1.6 eV and ne ~ 4.3 × 1016 m−3, respectively, which agree well with data in the glow discharge plasma of typical fluorescent lamps.

From the light propagation observed along the tube of CCFLs and EEFLs, the electron temperature and the plasma density are estimated as kTe∼2 eV and ne∼1016 m−3. This might be a new diagnostic technology to measure the plasma parameters in the fine tube of gas discharge.

The commercialized EEFL-BLUs of 32″, 37″, and 42″ LCD-TVs are reported with respect to the basic characteristics of luminance and efficiency. The capacitive and resistive reactance is also presented to design the inverter for lamps and BLUs.

We investigate the metallic ferromagnetism for materials with incomplete 3d-orbitals. The ferromagnetism occurs in electrons of s-orbitals by phonon-enhanced spin flippings of d-electrons via s-d exchange interactions, which was discussed by us [Phys. Rev. B61, 4289 (2000)]. We know the electron-electron interaction, U sd , mediated by phonon-enhanced spin flippings is repulsive for metallic ferromagnetic materials but attractive for high transition temperature superconductors (HTSC). The electron-electron interaction, U sd , is an order of magnitude stronger than that by Kondo-type bare spin-flippings. We elucidate non-occurrence of ferromagnetism in Pd even though it has very strong exchange interactions. We also show that the charge sum rule is recovered in the case of inclusion of U sd . We calculate the resistivity in normal states.

We investigate the integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE) and the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). We derive the quantized Hall resistance of IQHE in the presence of the high magnetic field using the scheme of standing waves by de Broglie matter wave of electron gas confined within a two-dimensional square-type quantum well. Without any modification of electrons and holes, it is shown that FQHE is only a decoupling mode of the Hall resistance by two-band-type of electrons and holes, which are governed by IQHE respectively.

We investigate theoretically manganese oxides where the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is observed. We also investigate the similarity between CMR and CeCoIn 5 superconductor. We obtain the Curie temperature Tc using a Kondo lattice model for paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition. We calculate the isotope exponent of O ion such as α O for Tc. We investigate the magnetic field dependence on superconducting transition temperature, T sc , in CeCoIn 5. It is shown that phonon-enhanced spin fluctuations drive this superconductivity once more suggested by us [Phys. Rev. B61, 4289 (2000)]. It is elucidated that the Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) superconducting states are closely related to the local internal field in order to influence spin fluctuations.

We propose a photon correlation theory for ferroelectrics especially focused on KDP-type where we consider a photon field from its constituent electrons and ions. We derive a Curie–Weiss type dielectric susceptibility from the microscopic Hamiltonian and we obtain the ferroelectric transition temperature, Tc. We calculate the free energy by applying the bosonic operator formalism to the Hamiltonian. A linear temperature-dependent specific heat Cv conforming with experimental data for some ferroelectric materials is obtained. We calculate the isotope exponent, α, on Tc. We also derive phonon dispersion relations in the presence of electron-phonon interactions to show soft modes at Tc.

We investigate theoretically manganese oxides where the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is observed. It is found that CMR is dominated by the internal local field, Hi. In ferromagnetic states, field-induced superconductivity is possible in the case of large magnetic field to reduce Hi near zero.

We have investigated a different manganese oxide material in which the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is observed. As many recent evidences suggest that a superexchange interaction is dominated in the pyrochlore Tl 2 Mn 2 O 7, it is found that the superexchange interaction is a chief mechanism driving the ferromagnetism. We specially formulate the superexchange interaction to calculate the resistivity in analogy with the t-scattering matrix of the Kondo formalism. We compare our calculation for resistivity with results of experiments and obtain the Curie temperature, Tc.

We investigate the resistivity in high transition temperature superconductors. It was shown that phonon-enhanced spin fluctuations drive this superconductivity once more, as was suggested by us [Phys. Rev. B61, 4289]. The resistivity in the presence of phonon-enhanced spin-flippings, different from pure Kondo ones, was calculated. We compared the resistivity from pure Kondo spins and that from phonon-enhanced spins, which are in good fit with the experimental data of Y-Ba-Cu-O . Using a basic method, different from conventional ones, we also calculated resistivities in other non-superconducting materials.

We investigated very short coherence lengths, ξCu in the high transition temperature superconductors. It is shown that phonon-enhanced spin fluctuations drive this superconductivity once more, as was as suggested by us [Phys. Rev. B61, 4289]. The short coherence length, ξCu in cuprate superconductors results from the giant superconducting gap. The superconducting gap, Δ happens at the top of the valence band where the Fermi level is located nearly upon the top of the valence band because of the low occupation of the conduction band. It is shown the effective superconducting gap is nearly the band gap, Eg where Cooper-type superconducting condensations are available with energy width, Eg+Δ≃Eg.

We investigate the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) functional to infinite orders. The GL functional can be substituted for a renormalized infinite series method (RISM). The Curie–Weiss law happens only if the GL functioal has a divergence using an adjustable infinite series. It is shown that the superconducting gap is not contributed by phase fluctuations in cuprate superconductors using the RISM. The results by the RISM applied to ferroelectric materials are similar to those by the GL theory. For ferromagnetic materials, the RISM is equivalent to the GL theory, and is applied to functionals to show a Curie–Weiss type susceptibility, χ.

We investigated theoretically ferromagnetic semiconductors. We obtained the Curie temperature Tc for carriers of the one-band and two-band types using a modified Kondo lattice model for paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition. We also acquired the electrical resistivity and optical conductivity from the basic principles. We calculated the magnetic field dependence of the resistivity in the presence of the external magnetic field, H. A relatively lower value of Tc in the case of ferromagnetic semiconductors in comparison with CMR manganites is elucidated.

We investigate theoretically manganese oxides where the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is observed. Recent studies show that, if there are both an electron and a hole in the eg-band of Mn , the Jahn–Teller distortions split the band into a conduction band [Formula: see text] and a localized band [Formula: see text]. We find a Kondo lattice model with hole conduction in manganese oxides when the electron in the localized eg-band [Formula: see text] plays the role of the Kondo impurity. The Curie temperature (Tc) and the resistivity are calculated. We also calculate the antiferromagnetic temperature by a spin-Peierls transition.

We investigate the Kondo resistivity using the perturbation methods. We calculate the resistivity above the Kondo temperature using an adjustable infinite series or series from log-function for uncrossed Kondo diagrams. We obtain the energy eigenvalue above the spin glass temperature using this RISM.

We investigate the superconducting transition temperature, Tc in the presence of the magnetic field, H in CeCoIn 5. It is shown that phonon-enhanced spin fluctuations drive this superconductivity once more as suggested by us (Phys. Rev.B61, 4289). We know the magnetic dependence of our transition temperature is in good correspondence with experimental data. It is elucidated that the Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) superconducting states are closely related to the temperature gradient contributed by the external magnetic field.

From the characteristics of current and voltage, the capacitive coupled external electrode fluorescent lamps are found to be similar to cold cathode fluorescent lamps having the ballast capacitors at both ends of the lamps. From the current-voltage characteristic for two types of lamps, the discharge mechanism is similar with respect to discharge process: initially a dark current, Townsend discharge with a firing voltage, followed by a normal glow. The slope and magnitude of the dark current have the same values since the gas species in the lamps are identical. At the Townsend discharge, the lamp current increases abruptly with a firing voltage of about 1 kV. In the normal glow region, the cathode fall voltage is sustained at about 600 V in the cold cathode discharge tube after Townsend breakdown at about 1 kV, while the voltage increases linearly as the current increases without negative resistance in both the external electrode lamp and the cold cathode lamp including the ballast capacitors.

We investigate paramagnetism in metallic Pd. In order to explain experimental results on the magnetic field dependence of temperature-dependent susceptibility, we derive an extended version of the Pauli susceptibility, which includes the original Pauli susceptibility together with correction terms of both linear and cubic temperature-dependence. Our theory is in good qualitative agreement with experimental data of Pd, but starts to deviate from it above 800 K, though this could be addressed through the inclusion of the higher order terms of the perturbation. For Zr, the observed susceptibility is analyzed as three regions, i.e., linear-temperature dependent, linear and cubic-temperature dependent, and spin-glass-like.

Application of power higher than the optimum operation value to an external electrode fluorescent lamp (EEFL) leads to the formation of pinholes, which subsequently leads to lamp failure. Small holes, called pinholes, are formed through the external electrode and the glass tube when a high voltage with a high power is applied. The phenomenon of pinhole formation has been investigated, including the conditions under which they occur and the characteristics such as size and location on the electrode. Pinhole formation has been analysed and shown to be the insulation layer breakdown of glass in the dielectric barrier discharge of capacitively coupled EEFLs.