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Body donation trends in Korea have changed significantly over the last 3 decades. Establishing a body donation system will promote donations to universities for academic purposes. Yonsei University College of Medicine started its own body donation system in 1992, including documenting donors' records. However, there has been no reported attempt to analyze the trend of these records, which could provide noteworthy information that can be interpreted for medical advances. This study performed a statistical analysis of the donors' records between 1992 and 2019 to analyze the sociological and anthropological changes. Donor personal information such as sex, age, religion, and place and cause of death were extracted from the Yonsei University College of Medicine database. Our statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between donors' records and the changes in the number of geriatric hospitals, religious beliefs, number of donations, and donor age.

Purpose We compared the protective effect of additional tunica vaginalis flap coverage combined with a dartos flap against urethrocutaneous fistulas in tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty in a randomized controlled trial. Materials and methods This prospective, randomized controlled trial in a single tertiary center enrolled 50 patients in whom it was feasible to perform single TIP urethroplasty between 2016 and 2017. Consecutive children were randomly allocated to study group A (additional tunica vaginalis flap coverage, n=25) or control group B (dartos-only coverage, n=25). All patients were examined in the outpatient clinic at 1, 3, 12, and 24 months. Postoperative cosmetic outcomes were evaluated by surgeons and parents using the Pediatric Penile Perception Scale questionnaire. Results In group B, 1 of 25 patients (4.0%) developed an urethrocutaneous fistula within 12 months. An additional two cases of fistula were found in all proximal-type hypospadias patients at 24 months in the same group without statistical significance (p=0.07). The penile cosmetic satisfaction rate was not significantly different between the groups according to scores on the Pediatric Penile Perception Scale. Conclusions Our randomized controlled trial did not show a significant decrease in the incidence of or a significant slowing of the progression of postoperative fistulas after TIP urethroplasty by the use of additional tunica vaginalis coverage. A tunica vaginalis flap is not routinely recommended but could have a selective role in proximal-type TIP urethroplasty with deficient dartos and subcutaneous tissue to cover the neourethra.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of preoperative ultrasound parameters for post-pyeloplasty outcomes in pediatric patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Methods The medical records of 187 pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent pyeloplasty as a result of ureteropelvic junction obstruction between 2010 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The severity of hydronephrosis was measured by the Society for Fetal Urology grade, anteroposterior pelvic diameter, urinary tract dilation, hydronephrosis index, and the hydronephrosis area to renal parenchyma ratio at 3, 6 and 12 months. Adverse renal function outcome was defined as ≥10% decrease in postoperative differential renal function compared with preoperative values. Results Of the 187 patients, preoperative hydronephrosis was categorized as Society for Fetal Urology grade 3 in 26 patients (13.9%) and grade 4 in 161 patients (86.1%). No surgical failures, defined as requirement of repeat surgery or deterioration of hydronephrosis grade, were noted. The mean changes in Society for Fetal Urology grade, anteroposterior pelvic diameter, urinary tract dilation and hydronephrosis area to renal parenchyma ratio showed similar trends of recovery during the follow-up period. In total, 19 patients (10.2%) showed >10% decrease in differential renal function during follow up (mean 42 months). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the hydronephrosis area-to-renal parenchyma ratio was the only significant prognostic factor for adverse renal function outcome (hazard ratio 1.806, 95% confidence interval 1.210-2.859, P = 0.005). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the hydronephrosis area-to-renal parenchyma ratio was the most significant predictive value (area under the curve 0.711, 95% confidence interval 0.618-0.804, P = 0.006). Conclusions Pediatric patients with high hydronephrosis area-to-renal parenchyma ratio values before surgery are more likely to show renal function decline after pyeloplasty.

Summary Introduction Penile length is an important indicator of male sexual development. Scarce data were reported on penile length measurements in children comparing changes between prepuberty and puberty for the small penile issue with long-term follow-up. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of catch-up growth of the penile length of boys with a small penis in the long-term follow-up. Study design From April 2001 to December 2016, 27 boys who visited the outpatient clinic owing to a small penis, without any chromosomal anomalies and other genital disorder, were investigated retrospectively. Micropenis is defined as 2.5 standard deviations less than the mean stretched penile length (SPL) of age. Periodic penile length, testicular volume, hormonal levels (serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)), and bone age were measured. Pubertal development was recorded by using the Tanner scale. The effect of hormonal therapy and the factors attributable to the increment of the penile length were evaluated. Results The mean age at the first visit was 9.8 years (5–12 years) and that at puberty was 12.6 years (10–16 years). The length of the penis at the initial visit was 4.0 ± 0.8 cm (2.5–6.0) and at puberty, 7.3 ± 1.8 cm (4.0–12.0). Nine patients diagnosed with micropenis no longer had a micropenis in puberty. The less the age-matched SPL, the more the increment of SPL that was observed (rho = - 0.548, P = 0.003). The mean increment of SPL in the hormonal therapy group (11 boys) and the non-hormonal therapy group (16 boys) was not statistically different (43.5 ± 22. 9% vs 41.5 ± 21.6%, respectively, P = 0.497). Discussion This study explains how much the growth of a small penis catches up in puberty. From the point of view of the increment of SPL, the increment was higher in boys who belonged to the smaller penis group. Hormonal therapy does not attribute to an increase in the length after long-term follow-up. Limitations of this study were its retrospective origin with a small number of patients in a single center. Conclusion Catch-up growth of the small penis at puberty was accomplished in most children with a small penis before puberty. Hormonal treatment was not significantly correlated with the penile length increment in the long-term follow-up.

The sandwich-type polyoxometalate Na8Li12 [Ni2(P2W15O56)2] ·74H2O (I) is obtained by slow evaporation of a solution containing NiCl2 and Na3PO4 in 4 M LiCl at pH 8 to which Na12[α-P2W15O56] is added (60 °C, 1 h, 40% yield).

The syntheses, structural characterization, and catalytic properties of two different nickel-containing polyoxometalates (POMs) are presented. The dinickel-containing sandwich-type POM [Ni2(P2W15O56)2](20-) (Ni2) exhibits an unusual αααα geometry. The trinickel-containing Wells-Dawson POM [Ni3(OH)3(H2O)3P2W16O59](9-) (Ni3) shows a unique structure where the [α-P2W15O56](12-) ligand is capped by a triangular Ni3O13 unit and a WO6 octahedron. Ni3 shows a high catalytic activity for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution, while the activity for Ni2 is minimal. An analysis of the structures of multinickel-containing POMs and their hydrogen evolution activity is given.