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Background: Diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi among goat in field is still challenging due to scarce information on clinical manifestation and non availability of rapid reliable diagnostics. Molecular test such as PCR employed to diagnose the T. evansi with accuracy in both blood and tissues. Limited reports are available from different parts of the country on natural infection of T. evansi in goat. Mainly subclinical form of disease occurred in goats owing to low level of parasitaemia of T. evansi. Methods: A Jamunapari goat aged 1.5 years and weighing -25 kg was suffering from circling movement, pale conjunctiva and anorexia and was found positive for T. evansi by buffy coat examination and polymerase chain reaction. Diminazene aceturate was given intramuscularly as 7% water solution at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg b.wt. After 3 days, blood smear and buffy coat were negative for T. evansi and no band was found after running the product on 1.7% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Result: The present study reveals first time report on caprine trypanosomosis from central India by conventional and PCR technique and placed on record. Hence, the goat should also be taken into consideration for control of trypanosomosis as goats are an important source of infection to other animals due to their reservoir nature for T. evansi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bovine babesiosis caused by an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoon responsible for the most prevalent and costly tick borne diseases (TBD’s) of cattle throughout the globe. Cerebral babesiosis of bovine is fatal and mainly caused by Babesia bovis. To the knowledge of author, there is no confirm molecular report of Babeisa bigemina caused cerebral babesiosis in cattle. Therefore, authors want to report Babesia bigemina caused cerebral babesiosis on record. Methods: In the year 2015, a Holstein-Friesian cow aged 3 years and weighing approximately 300 kg, was attended at Jabalpur, (M.P.) with the clinical signs of high rise in temperature (104F), recumbency, severe dysponea, peculiar sound during open mouth breathing, pale color of eye conjunctiva and mucous membrane of vagina, convulsions, sever anaemia, paddling of legs at frequent interval. After preparation of peripheral thin blood smear from animal at the site of collection and fixation with methanol, blood sample brought to Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H, Jabalpur and stained by standard protocol for Giemsa staining. Genomic DNA was isolated from the collected blood sample using QIAamp® DNA blood mini kit following the manufacturer’s recommendations and PCR was performed. Conclusion: The thin blood smear examination revealed the presence of Babesia parasite. The species of Babesia was confirmed by molecular amplification of genomic DNA as B. bigemina. This might be the first confirmed report of cerebral babesiosis caused by B. bigemina from Central India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes in animals are a common and one of the major problems in India causing recurring economic losses to livestock production system. In order to record the prevalence of GI nematodes in goats of Indore district, 376 goat faecal samples were randomly collected from Indore district. The collected samples were examined by floatation and sedimentation techniques and positive samples for strongyle worms were processed for copro-culture examination. The microscopic examination revealed 58.77% prevalence of GI nematodes in goats of Indore district. Season-wise, highest prevalence was noted in monsoon (77.71%) followed by winter (42.60%) and summer (36.58%) seasons. Age-wise, higher prevalence was observed in young ones (59.65%) than adults (49.00%). Sex-wise, higher prevalence was observed in females (63.59%) than males (52.94%). Coproculture examination of pooled faecal samples of goats of Indore district revealed larvae of Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum spp. and Strongyloides papillosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate the comparative efficacy of closantel and Azadirachta indica seed powder against strongyle infection in goats. Infected goats having >500 eggs per gram of faeces were included in the present study and divided into three groups (A, B, and C) of six goats each. Group A animals were treated with closantel @ 10 mg/kg b.wt., Group-B with neem seed powder @ 4 g/kg b.wt, Group C with neem seed powder @ 8 g/kg b.wt. Number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) were recorded on day 0 (before treatment), 7, 14, 21 and 28 day (post treatment). On the basis of EPG values, it was observed that closantel had more efficacy than neem seed powder as percent reduction in EPG was higher in closantel treated goats (91.12%) as compared to neem seed powder @ 8 g/kg body weight treated goats (62.49%). The efficacy of neem seed powder @ 4 g/kg b.wt was 38.09%. Thus, it was concluded that higher dose of neem seed powder has effective against strongyle infection in goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccidiosis is commonly observed in kids shortly after weaning because of the stress due to sudden separation from their dam. The objective of the study was to assess the comparative efficacy of amprolium, toltrazuril and neem leaf powder against caprine coccidiosis. In the present study, based on oocyst per gram (OPG) values, it was found that toltrazuril is more efficacious than amprolium as reduction in OPG was higher in toltrazuril treated kids (97.81%) when compared with amprolium treated kids (95.83%). The efficacy of neem leaf powder was recorded as 57.62%. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) gain in body weight was recorded in toltrazuril and amprolium treated kids whereas non-significant changes were observed in neem leaves treated kids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to note the incidence of oesophagostomosis in goats of Malwa region, 200 goats slaughtered at Cantonment Board slaughter house, Mhow were screened for pimply gut condition in the gastrointestinal tract of infected goats. The incidence of gastrointestinal lesions by Oesophagustomum spp. was found to be 65% (130/200) based on observations of gross lesions of infected intestine and ceaca. Mixed infection by internal parasites was identified on the basis of morphology of parasitic eggs using routine methods of faecal examination. The mixed parasitic infection was recorded as 29.5% (59/200). Out of 200 faecal samples, 11 (5.5%) samples were found negative for any parasitic infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood samples were collected to diagnose the surra disease from 92 buffaloes showing clinical symptoms from January 2015 to December 2015 and prevalence was 22.83 per cent (21). In high frequency group (>60 per cent), the clinical signs reduced milk yield (100.00 per cent), anorexia (95.24 per cent), anaemia (90.48 per cent), excitement (85.71 per cent), respiratory distress (71.43 per cent) and fever (61.90 per cent) were recorded. Clinical signs like exophthalmia (52.38 per cent), edema of dependent parts (52.38 per cent), emaciation (42.86 per cent), and salivation (33.33 per cent) had moderate frequency (30-60 per cent) whereas clinical signs including nasal discharge (23.81 per cent), circling (19.05 per cent), depression (14.29 per cent), corneal opacity (14.29 per cent), head pressing (9.52 per cent) and lacrimation (4.76 per cent) had low frequency of occurrence (<30 per cent). Therefore if buffalo is showing combination of above mentioned clinical symptoms, then he or she should be suspected for trypanosomosis and after examination of blood smear, immediate treatment should be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of ixodid ticks in cattle population of Indore, Madhya Pradesh. Every month, ticks were collected from 9511 cattle belonging to randomly selected 5 villages of each tehsil, viz. Indore, Mhow, Depalpur, Sanwer and Hatod. The current study revealed an overall tick prevalence of 58.87% with significantly high prevalence of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (42.89%) than Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (11.82%) and mixed infestation (4.16%). Season-wise, significantly high prevalence was recorded in monsoon (71.08%) than summer (62.28%) and winter (52.12%). Amongst the various age groups, significantly high tick infestation was encountered in 1-3 year-old (78.63%) than >3 year-old (56.79%) and <1 year-old cattle (52.92%). Sex-wise, significantly high tick infestation was documented in males (66.01%) than their female (58.06%) counterparts. Tehsil-wise, significantly high prevalence was evident in Mhow tehsil (69.12%) as compared to Indore (61.40%), Depalpur (57.27%), Sanwer (55.28%) and Hatod (50.14%) tehsils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the occurrence of Ehrlichia infection in a langur from Nagpur District of Maharashtra State in India. The clinical and radiological examination of a severely injured and aneamic langur from Nagpur that was presented for treatment at Nagpur Veterinary College Hospital revealed fracture in a forelimb which was removed surgically. The presence of disease had also been affirmed in humans and nonhumans primates from other parts of the world.

The present communication reports on the kinetics of immunoglobulin isotype response in Fasciola gigantica infected bovine calves. Fifteen Holstein-Friesian cross-bred male calves were assigned to 3 groups (Gr) of 5 calves each and infected with 4-month (Gr-A) and 16-month-old (Gr-B) F. gigantica metacercariae (n=400), respectively, while Gr-C calves served as uninfected control. Infection was terminated by treating the animals with triclabendazole on 28 weeks post-infection (WPI). Sera were collected on 0, 4, 10 and 14 days post-infection (DPI) and subsequently at weekly interval up to 32 WPI. The immunoglobulin isotype response was analyzed by ELISA, using anion exchange purified antigen fraction. An IgG response against F. gigantica infection was evoked by 3 and 2 WPI in animals of Gr-A and Gr-B, respectively with peak antibody response at 13 WPI. Elicitation of an early IgG1 response by 10 and 14 DPI but a delayed IgG2 response at 6 and 4 WPI, in animals of Gr-A and Gr-B, respectively was recorded. An early IgM response was evoked by 10 and 14 DPI and the level peaked at 13 and 12 WPI, with no detectable level at 21 and 15 WPI in animals of Gr-A and Gr-B, respectively. IgA response was elicited at 4 WPI in both the groups and showed the highest titre at 25 and 27 WPI in animals of Gr-A and Gr-B, respectively. Present study indicated an early and predominant response of IgG1, with concurrent expression of delayed and weak IgG2 in calves experimentally infected with F. gigantica.

Metacercarial antigen of Fasciola gigantica was evaluated for early immunodiagnosis of experimental bovine fasciolosis using ELISA and Western blot. In ELISA, the experimental F. gigantica infection was detected as early as 2 weeks post-infection (WPI). The gradual increasing trend of antibody level was observed from 2 to 7 WPI, followed by a plateau, which was maintained up to 14 WPI. In Western blot, sera from experimentally infected calves recognized one distinct polypeptide of 21 kDa in fractionated metacercarial antigen as early as 10th day post infection. From 2 WPI, more polypeptide bands were reacting. Recognition of these protein bands persisted till the end of the experiment (14 WPI). Cattle sera collected from the field showed 34.5% seroprevalence of fasciolosis by ELISA using MAg. Comparative immunoblot studies of metacercarial antigen with anti-Gigantocotyle explanatum and anti-Paramphistomum epiclitum sera revealed that 21 and 25 kDa polypeptides of metacercarial antigen did not cross-react with any of these sera and appear to be unique to F. gigantica and having the desirable qualities of early and specific immunodiagnosis.

Cathepsin L cysteine proteinase from Fasciola gigantica was evaluated for its potential in the early prepatent detection of this helminth infection in bovine calves. Five cross-bred bovine calves were experimentally infected with 400 metacercariae/calf and evaluated for anti-cathepsin L antibody response. F. gigantica infection in these calves could be detected 4 weeks post-infection using an ELISA, dipstick ELISA and Western blotting with 100% sensitivity. The antigen was also used to detect F. gigantica field infection in cattle, by screening 256 sera of these animals by an ELISA, which demonstrated an overall infection rate of 26.95%. Preliminary studies showed that F. gigantica cathepsin L cysteine proteinase does not cross-react with Paramphistomum epiclitum, Gigantocotyle explanatum and hydatid cyst antigens. However, extensive studies on the cross-reactivity of this antigen with related helminth parasites of cattle and buffaloes are required, before this antigen can be considered suitable for immuno-diagnosis of fasciolosis in these ruminants.