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Cluster-based protocols are best for applications that require reliability and a continuous functioning environment with a sustainable lifetime of WSN. The dynamic nature of the sensor node makes energy conservation a challenging issue. Sensor node scheduled based on sensing error for energy conservation compromise the accuracy of prediction. The high data accuracy achieved using a single duty cycle controller at each node with compromised throughput and increased routing overhead. Duty Cycle Controller managing a more number of control messages at the network level leads to control packet interference with data packet transmission, increasing packet drop and minimizing throughput. Also, the single-duty cycle controller at the network level leads to increased control overhead. The proposed multilevel cluster-based approach focuses on the appropriate cluster design, selection of cluster head, and sensor nodes scheduling based on sensing error. The proposed method applies a multi-duty cycle controller at each cluster level, and control messages handled are related to nodes in a cluster. Thus has less interference and packet drop leading to maximum throughput than existing methods. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method with sensor nodes scheduled at individual cluster levels using a multi-duty cycle controller exhibited improved network lifetime, throughput, and reduced energy consumption compared with the state-of-the-art techniques.

Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN) is a distributed network of Cognitive Radio (CR) enabled wireless sensor nodes where there is no guarantee of the availability of vacant channels for data transfer. In CRSN nodes spend energy in radio spectrum sensing to sense the availability of vacant channels and hence energy preservation becomes a major concern. In this proposed work, a novel algorithm—energy preservation and network critics based channel scheduling (EPNCS) algorithm in CRSNs is designed which regulates the slot time for sensor nodes. Depending on environmental data traffic, the sleep time of sensor nodes is varied which reduces power consumption. Scalable dynamic slots are computed for each sensor node based on the average buffer occupancy which leads to optimal channel utilization. Simulation results show that EPNCS improves the network lifetime and throughput of CRSN significantly in comparison with existing protocols.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have experienced enormous growth, both in terms of the technology used and their practical applications. In order to understand the features of WSNs that make the solution suitable for a specific purpose, one needs to be aware of the theoretical concepts behind and technological aspects of WSNs. In this paper, the significance of WSNs is illustrated, with a particular emphasis placed on their demands and on understanding researchrelated problems. A review of the literature available is presented as well. Detailed discussions concerning sensor node architecture, different types of sensors used and their relevance for various types of WSNs is presented, highlighting the need to achieve application-specific requirements without degrading service quality. Multipath and cluster-based routing protocols are compared in order to analyze QoS requirements they are capable of satisfying, and their suitability for different application areas is reviewed. This survey highlights the performance of different routing protocols, therefore providing guidelines enabling each of the routing techniques to be used, in an efficient manner, with factors such as specific network structure, protocol operation and routing path construction taken into consideration in order to achieve better performance.

In the direction of keeping up longer life time of network, there is a limitation on the life-span of Wireless Sensor Network. In numerous applications, data to be sensed should be transmitted commencing from sources towards a sink in a timely way. The low effectiveness of data transmission is capable of routing with low quality of service and needed to guarantee network transmission. The proposed scheme Fuzzy Based Multi-level Multi-constraint Multi-path Reliable Routing contains the energy, delay and transmission reliability. Clustering is utilized for efficient aggregation of residual energy. Super Cluster Head (SCH) selection algorithm among the CHs based fuzzy concept is proposed. The parameters are Attempt Rate (AR), Residual Energy of Sensor Nodes, and distance to the base station) (Dist). Further cost function (CF) for the average residual energy and average end-to-end (ENE) delay, average transmission reliability (AR) for multipath routing network is proposed. The sensed data from SCH to a sink by assures minimum end-to-end delay and maximum transmission reliability and maximum residual energy with assuring reliable routing. Also it is utilized an optimization technique to adjust the parameters used in fuzzy clustering levels to optimize the performance. The work also includes performance comparisons with some selected algorithms. The results of a simulation are shown in NS2 tool and reflect that proposed work performs better than other existing protocols considering different metric used for comparing delay, throughput, PDR, Packet Drop and control overhead.

Achieving the best quality as per user requirement is one of the important challenges in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) containing numerous sensor nodes with limited battery power. The time-critical applications in WSN demand energy-efficient and reliable transmission of data with limited resource availability. To resolve these issues, our proposed optimal cluster head selection method choose node as CH subjected to minimal end-to-end delay and congestion index. The nodes with maximum remaining energy, not being subjected to delay and heavy traffic have been selected as a cluster head (CH) for the next round. The Inter-cluster routing path constructed based on energy, delay, and congestion index cost function to achieve aggregated bandwidth through the establishment of multipath. MQoScMR supports adaptive CH and path selection, tuning QoS parameter according to application requirement. The technique proposed outperforms when compared with the existing protocol in terms of minimized energy consumption, delay, packet drop ratio, and high throughput.

Cloud security is the primary need for the vital Information Technology industry. It adopts dynamic qualities and enhances various heterogeneous resources for its applications. Cloud environment enables virtual technologies using virtual machine placement method. Therefore any virtual machines can move between any physical devices for achieving cost optimization and network traffic minimization sake. Multi-tenancy means the use of multiple systems applications or data from various organizations residing on a single physical device. Here a single instance of the application software running on the service providers’ platform can be accessed by multiple clients simultaneously. Multi-tenancy concept refers to both public as well as private cloud model which relates to all the three layers in cloud computing system. Adaptive particle swarm optimization is proposed in this paper which also addresses the multi-tenancy process which enables high resource utilization service under cloud storage network.

This paper presents a fuzzy logic-based, service differentiated, QoS aware routing protocol (FMSR) offering multipath routing for WSNs, with the purpose of providing a service differentiated path meant for communication between nodes, based on actual requirements. The proposed protocol initially forms a cluster by fuzzy c-means. Next, the building of a routing follows, so as to establish multiple paths between nodes through the modified QoS k-nearest neighborhood, based on different QoS constraints and on optimum shortest paths. If one node in the path fails due to lack of residual energy, bandwidth, packet loss, delay, an alternate path leading through another neighborhood node is selected for communication. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, packet drop ratio and throughput compared to other existing routing protocols.

Spectrum awareness with energy preservation is a primary requirement in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks as the sensor nodes are energy constrained and operate in physically unattended areas. Cluster based routing coupled with channel allocation achieves energy efficient path selection as a countermeasure to conserve energy. The proposed protocol in this work implements reliable routing with cluster based channel allocation which contributes in enhancement of network performance. Shortest path is computed for source to destination using Dijkstra’s algorithm and simulation results show that proposed protocol achieves higher packet delivery with minimum delay, optimizing energy consumption than the existing approach.

Wild enhancement of remote network means to provide the steady constant affiliation through acquire to assorted advance as well as to have relationship through the finest organization which give the superlative quality of service (QoS). Vertical handover come keen on portrait when consumer move in dissimilar organization. Plotting canny vertical handover thought is a mainly vital test pro heterogeneous wireless network (HWNs). In this manuscript, we plan a QoS upgraded idyllic vertical handoff (O-VHO) choice computation pro HWNs. The planned calculation comprise of two stages. In primary stage, accumulate all essential credit to recognize the require for handoff plus afterward start it. We consider the numerous credit for progress the consumer quality dimensions, pro instance, statistics broadcast, handoff immobility, received signal strength (RSS),consumer portability, power exploitation, network cost, consumer inclination, as well as QoS dimensions (handoff deferral, throughput, plus parcel misfortune proportion). At to tip we plan multi-useful Intuitionist feathery TOPSIS (MIF-TOPSIS) base dynamic computation to figure the consumer accurate organization region. At last, the planned O-VHO computation apply to assorted HWNs, pro instance, WLANs, MANETs plus VANETs. The recreation outcome shows the planned O-VHO choice computations perform influential than existing VHO calculation as far as QoS dimensions.

The recent applications of WSN have started integrating Cognitive Radio (CR) technology to make sure unlicensed users in the communication also gain access over the vacant spectrum portions. This sensor network designed embedding CR technology is termed as Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSN) which overcomes the limitations of conventional WSNs by providing dynamic access mechanisms to accomplish efficient spectrum utilization. Since the CRSN is resource constrained, spectrum access mechanisms should incorporate overhead minimizing mechanisms. Clustering method has been explored in recent works of CRSN to enhance the network performance and minimize the transmission overhead. Since clustering allows communication in a more restricted manner, network resources such as node energy, link bandwidth can be utilized efficiently. Data transmission rate can be further enhanced as lesser number of nodes involve in communication. In this paper recent clustering protocols in CRSN are discussed briefly and the comparative performance analysis of some of these protocols is made. The experimental results are derived by simulation and the results are plotted for performance parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), packets dropped, packet delay, average energy consumption and throughput. The paper concludes by highlighting the performance variations of the benchmark protocols taken under consideration.

Energy productivity as well as energy adjusting will remain as a critical exploration issue according to the steering convention planning pro with self-sorted out wireless sensor network (WSNs). Numerous writings will utilize the alliance estimate to accomplish energy productivity as well as energy adjusting; in any case, it usually may be energy opening shut to cluster heads (CHs) as an outcome of substantial weight of sending. As the bunching issue in loss WSNs is end up being a NP-tricky issue, numerous metaheuristic computation are used to take care of the issue. In this manuscript, an exceptional alliance method call Energy center Searching using Particle Swarm Optimization (EC-PSO) is introduce to reside away as of these energy opening as well as hunt energy places pro CHs choice. During the main instance frame, the CHs be chosen utilize mathematical method. After the energy of organization is heterogeneous, EC-PSO is acknowledged pro bunch. Energy focus be looked through utilize an enhanced PSO computation in addition to hub near energy community be chosen as CHs. Moreover, a safety module is additionally use to forestall low energy hub as of being the forwarder as well as a portable information authority is acquainted through accumulate the information. The assorted reenactments are led to signify and introduce EC-PSO beat than some comparative mechanism concerning network lifetime enhancement as well as energy usage

The virtual human is the basis of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). The eye-tracking system is becoming increasingly popular in this modern technology era. This work concentrates on the threshold of eye tracking practicality. The eye movement interface uses HCI research mechanism for better achievement and communication system.

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is an efficient defense method against cyber-attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). A Novel paradigm of the Machine Learning technique called the Radial Bias technique has emerged recently for the improved detection rate and reduced false positives of intrusion over existing decision tree techniques. Malicious activities used in this work are Sleep Deprivation and Sinkhole attacks. Radial Basis Function (RBF) classifiers can detect novel attack types. The Radial Bias Function is used for timely and accurate detection of malicious activities. In this work, the performance of the Proposed Intrusion Detection System has been recorded in terms of an empirical result. The proposed RBF system's empirical results are more accurate than decision tree techniques.

According to the Indian Constitution, Women also have the right to live independent, glorious lives like men. Currently, Women all over the world are deciding their precious and self-place. On the other hand, safety for Women has become a huge problem. Women are beginning to feel insecure due to the incidents happening with them like crimes, molestations, kidnapping etc. Thus, to avoid this kind of harassments, Women need to be taught self-defense; defending against criminals to protect one-self. “Women self-defense system” is the solution for girls security to fight against crimes like molestation, rape, kidnapping, eve teasing etc. The defense devices are to be proposed in large scale productions so that no women should consider powerless while facing such crime issues. This project primarily focuses on women safety system by including sensors. The paper “WOMEN SELF DEFENSE DEVICE” (WSDD) aims at providing security by embedding touch sensor and pulse sensors in an Arduino based module. Location can be tracked with the help of longitude and latitude. Through GSM and GPS, further messages are sent to the registered contact such as Police stations, family or friends. Non-lethal shocks are provided for defending against attacker for time being.

Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) are resource-constrained networks that require dynamic mechanisms for data transfer. The dynamic nature of CRSN demands dynamic time slots be allocated for node communication. The Licensed users predominantly occupy the spectrum which makes unlicensed users be deprived of accessing the channel. Allocating underutilized portions of the spectrum to unlicensed users must be dynamic. In this work, Dynamic Slots Computation (DSC) based on delay and traffic parameters is implemented for dynamic spectrum allocation for unlicensed users in CRSN. Based on network parameters, a legitimate channel, possessing good quality is selected. Simulation results show that DSC algorithm significantly improves the energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, and throughput of CRSN in comparison with other existing CRSN protocols.

Wireless Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN) is a collection of Cognitive Radio (CR) enabled wireless sensor nodes capable of self adapting to surrounding environment. CRSN contains wide variety of users transferring useful and unwanted data. When deployed in delay sensitive applications like surveillance applications, multimedia applications, and military applications the data delivery is expected to be more secure and time efficient. Malicious attacks with their unauthorized activities can downgrade the network performance due to several reasons. In this work Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) based Spectrum Aware Cryptography (SAC) is implemented for security in CRSN. SAC algorithm performs encryption using small keys to minimize packet delay and energy consumption optimizing Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. Simulation results reveal that ECDSA based SAC algorithm significantly minimizes the packet delay and energy consumption of CRSN in comparison with other existing CRSN protocols.

Cloud computing environment is a network centered computing technique delivered to the users as a service. It mainly involves computing over the network where the program file or any application, run upon server in various locations at the identical time. Cloud computing accommodates huge data storage and computing capabilities to its users. The cloud storage service is considered to be the best quality cloud maintenance service. Cryptography is known as the skill of securing the confidential information from third party hackers. Both the parties over the insecure network can transfer files with each other by the ways of cryptographic techniques of the sensitive data files for maintaining the security and also privacy. The secrecy and concealment of data are considered an important issue of concern in cloud field.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a network that plays an important role in the field of research, an emerging technology. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) explains WSN as “a network that consists of the large number of sensors called wireless sensors deployed ingeographical area and the environment”. A System that consists of actuators and sensors is referred as a sensor network including some of the computing elements. WSN contains the sensors nodes, which senses the physical quantities of the surroundings. Wireless sensor network became most famous in recent years for both military and civil jobs. One of the most challenging task for WSN is security which is unprotected in an open environment. Cryptographic technique is not much better that is to protect sensor network from outside attacks.

Education field is facing new numerous challenges to cope with the dynamic demands of the industry. In this direction teaching and learning process framework has undergone rigorous rethink. The development of a new way of learning strategy called outcome based education (OBE) is the rapid transformation made in the modern field today. The need for reformation was identified and the opportunities are highly stretched with huge expectations. The paper discusses the reasons and results for transformations of outcome based education and describe the process of using blooms taxonomy as a tool for educator in assessing and enhancing the one’s ability to learn with respect to the set learning objectives.

Rapid growth of mobile telephony and the introduction of mobile-enabled information services to provide ways to improve information dissemination to the knowledge-intensive agriculture sector and also help to overcome information asymmetry existing among the group of farmers. The agriculture role in the society and economy of various countries is above the per capita income. The enormous amount of population survives on their little source of farming for their living and the state of being comfortable. All the farmers overlook unusual challenges frequently because of the absence of approach to knowledge about prices and trades.

Data de-duplication is a significant source of security technique in the cloud environment. It accomplishes identical reproductions of the redundant records to save cloud storage. The de-duplication has been used to preserve bandwidth and confidentiality of the user. As de-duplication has many advantages, safety and protection of data is the primary concern as the data of the clients are susceptible to various types of attacks.

Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) is a branch of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) where cognitive intelligence is used in order to utilize the underutilized spectrum. Imbibing cognitive intelligence in WSNs can overcome various drawbacks faced by traditional WSNs as cognitive technology has an ability to adapt to surrounding environment, thereby effectively utilizing the electromagnetic spectrum. In order to have an effective communication between nodes of CRSN, an energy-efficient and adaptive medium access control (MAC) layer protocol is necessary. In this work, a novel clustering algorithm called interference-aware cluster formation in CRSNs (IACFC) is proposed. This mechanism selects vacant channels for data transmission based on optimal number of clusters formed. We identify the vacant channels based on channel availability and channel overlapping probability. Binomial distribution is used to allocate the idle channels to cognitive users. Simulation results show that IACFC has a better performance in comparison with existing clustering algorithms in CRSNs.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that can communicate without a central controller or fixed infrastructure. Due to node mobility, designing a routing protocol to provide an efficient and suitable method to route the data with less energy consumption, packet drop and to prolong the network lifetime has become a challenging issue in MANETs. In MANETs, reducing energy consumption and packet loss involves congestion control and load balancing techniques. Thus, this paper introduces an efficient routing technique called the multipath load balancing technique for congestion control (MLBCC) in MANETs to efficiently balance the load among multiple paths by reducing the congestion. MLBCC introduces a congestion control mechanism and a load balancing mechanism during the data transmission process. The congestion control mechanism detects the congestion by using an arrival rate and an outgoing rate at a particular time interval T. The load balancing mechanism selects a gateway node by using the link cost and the path cost to efficiently distribute the load by selecting the most desirable paths. For an efficient flow of distribution, a node availability degree standard deviation parameter is introduced. Simulation results of MLBCC show the performance improvements in terms of the control overhead, packet delivery ratio, average delay and packet drop ratio in comparison with Fibonacci sequence multipath load balancing, stable backbone-based multipath routing protocol and ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing. In addition, the results show that MLBCC efficiently balances the load of the nodes in the network.

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), high node mobility leads to frequent link breaks and creates complexities in route discovery, this effect on the quality of service (QoS) and degrades the systems performance. So, providing a high quality communication using stable links among mobile nodes is a challenging issue in MANETs. Existing stability based routing algorithms initiate estimation of route stability metrics during the routing process, results in increased delay and overhead. In order to overcome these issues, in this paper, we construct a stable backbone-based multipath routing protocol (SBMRP). Initially, the nodes with high residual bandwidth, residual power, link quality and low mobility are designated as candidate nodes. Then multiple paths are established between source and destination through these candidate nodes, thus forming a routing backbone. If any candidate node in the path tend to fail due to lack of bandwidth, energy or link quality, alternate path through other candidate node is established before path breaks. Proposed routing scheme has been compared with other three existing protocols: AODV, AOMDV and RSQR. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms of packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, delay and packet drop ratio.