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Apelin is an adipose tissue-derived hormone with many physiological functions, including the regulation of female reproduction. It acts through an orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ/APLNR. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of apelin and its receptor APJ in the ovarian follicles and corpus luteum (CL) and the role of apelin on steroidogenesis and cell survival. Ovarian follicles were classified into four groups based on size and estradiol (E

The study was attempted to describe the normal electrocardiographic pattern in cross-bred (Local × Jamunapari) goats under intensive feeding system. The amplitudes and duration of various waveforms of ECG for leads II was estimated. Heart rate varied from 84±6.35 to 97±12.60 beats min -1 with mean of 89±4.18 beats min -1 during the experiment. R-R interval in goats reared under intensive feeding system ranged from 0.68±0.105 sec to 0.74±0.106 sec with mean of 0.72±0.03 sec. The overall P, and T amplitudes (millivolts) were 0.08±0.01 and 0.28±0.053, respectively. The duration of PQ segment under intensive feeding system varied from 0.10±0.01 to 0.12±0.02 sec. The average Q-T interval and S-T interval was 0.30±0.009 sec and 0.20±0.006 sec, indicating the time for which the ventricle remained depolarized. The values obtained during ECG when compared and correlated, indicates that the time duration for ventricular depolarization was increased while RR interval shortened and heart rate was reduced indicating lowering of stress in goats reared under intensive feeding system. So, in conclusion, the study has indicated basic ECG values and could serve as information for comparison of physiological and health status of goats kept under intensive feeding system.

A comparative study on antioxidative effects of vitamin E, amla-electrolyte (Electrolyte mix of Emblica officinalis) and mint (Mentha longifolia) supplementation in broilers was conducted during the summer months of May-July with temperature-humidity index ranging from 73 to 80. Day old broiler chicks (n=75) were randomly divided into five groups. Control group was given basal diet and treatment groups were supplemented with either Vitamin E (200mg/kg feed), dried mint leaves (10g/kg and 30g/kg feed) or amla-electrolyte mix (1g/kg feed) from day 1 to seven weeks of age. Control group at 3rd and 5th week showed high concentration of lipid peroxidation and low activity of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes, heart, liver and brain cortex. Antioxidants supplemented groups showed significantly reduced level of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes both at 3rd and 5th week and in tissues. The GSH, catalase, SOD and glutathione reductase activities were elevated in erythrocytes whereas GSH and SOD activities were depressed in treated birds. It can be concluded from the results that oxidative stress in broilers during summer could be ameliorated using herbal antioxidants.

Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies were conducted during experimental pain induction in goats to find the association between routine managemental stress and EEG patterns. Duplicate EEG records from 4 adult (age 8 - 12 months, 10 ± 2 kg body mass) female goats (crossbred Jamunapari and local), using bipolar scalp electrodes were obtained. Pain was induced in a conscious and locally anaesthetised state using a rubber tourniquet applied at the base of the tail and fastened. Xylocaine 2% was used as an injection in the epidural space to achieve local anaesthesia. EEG recordings were taken at 0, 2 and 5 min. after pain application and at the same time intervals after removal of the tourniquet. The EEG frequencies upon pain induction in conscious and epidural anaesthetized states recorded were 38.50 ± 1.96, 33.88 ± 1.42, 31.25 ± 1.39 and 41.88 ± 0.91, 35.63 ± 0.94, 31.50 ± 0.82 Hz at 0, 2 and 5 min of application of pain stimulus, respectively. The frequencies ranged from 26 to 46 Hz in conscious and 27 to 45 Hz in epidural anaesthetized states, whereas amplitudes were higher after 2 min of pain application in both states. With tourniquet removal, the frequency increased significantly (P, Provedena su elektroencefalografska (EEG) istraživanja kod pokusno izazvane boli u koza sa svrhom da se ustanovi utjecaj stresa uzrokovanoga proizvodnim procesom na elektroencefalogram. Analizirani su rezultati nakon dvokratnoga postupka EEG-a primjenom bipolarnih elektroda na kožu lubanje u četiri odrasle koze (križane Jamunapari i lokalne) u dobi od 8 do 12 mjeseci, tjelesne mase 10 ± 2 kg. Bol je bila izazvana čvrstim stezanjem gumenoga poveza na bazi repa u koza bez anestezije i u koza s epiduralnom anestezijom. Za regionalnu je anesteziju bio upotrijebljen 2 %-tni ksilokain ubrizgan u epiduralni prostor. EEG je bila provedena 0., 2. i 5. minute nakon izazivanja boli te 0., 2. i 5. minute po prestanku bolnoga podražaja. Frekvencija EEG nakon bolnog podražaja u koza bez anestezije iznosila je 38,50 ± 1,96 Hz 0. minute, 33,88 ± 1,42 Hz 2. minute i 31,25 ± 1,39 Hz 5. minute, a u koza s lokalnom anestezijom 41,88 ± 0,91 Hz, 35,63 ± 0,94 Hz i 31,50 ± 0,82 Hz. Frekvencije su se kretale od 26 do 46 Hz u koza bez anestezije, a 27 do 45 Hz u koza s primijenjenom epiduralnom anestezijom, dok su amplitude bile veće nakon 2 minute bolnog podražaja u obje skupine. Frekvencije su se značajno povećale (P

The effects of Propofol-induced electroencephalographic, electrocardiographic and spirometric changes were studied at a lower dose rate (0.4 mg/kg body mass, intravenously) and at higher dose rate (0.5 mg/kg body mass, intravenously) in four apparently healthy goats 10 to 14 months old, weighing 9 to 12 kg. Electroencephalographic results showed that anesthesia was induced with a change of distorted β wave patterns to α waves within one minute. The α wave patterns continued for 5 to 6 minutes at the lower dose (0.4 mg/kg body mass) while they persisted for 12 to 13 minutes at the higher dose (0.5 mg/kg body mass). At the lower dose, recovery was predictable after 5 minutes on reversal of the EEG pattern from α to β waves, whereas at the higher dose α wave patterns continued for 15 minutes. The occurrence of the righting reflfl ex was noticed after the disappearance of α waves. The heart rate increased with both the dose rates within the fifi rst 5 minutes and decreased after 10 and 15 minutes of induction. Inverted T waves were found in two goats at the lower dose while at the higher dose it was found to be inverted in three of the four goats. One of the goats inducted with the higher dose showed tachycardia, with ectopic beats from the 5th to 7th minute post induction. On average, apnea was noticed for the fifi rst 30 seconds at the lower dose and for 42 seconds at the higher dose. One of the animals receiving the higher dose showed apnea for 314 seconds. This goat was given artififi cial respiration after 106 seconds and then again after 296 seconds to resuscitate it. The animal showed severe respiratory distress with abdominal respiration during the fifi rst few seconds. The tidal volume did not return to normal until 15 minutes after induction. This indicates that Propofol has a respiratory depressant activity in goats and positive pressure ventilation must be provided. It does not induce analgesia and should be accompanied by analgesics ., Istraživane su elektroencefalografske, elektrokardiografske i spirometrijske promjene uzrokovane propofolom u četiri zdrave koze u dobi od 10 do 14 mjeseci, mase od 9 do 12 kg. Propofol im je bio primijenjen intravenski u malim (0,4 mg/kg tjelesne mase) i većim (0,5 mg/kg tjelesne mase) dozama. Rezultati elektroencefalografi je pokazali su da se pri izazvanoj anesteziji obrazac β vala promijenio u α valove u tijeku jedne minute. Obrasci α vala nastavili su se tijekom 5 do 6 minuta kod primjene male doze (0,4 mg/kg tjelesne mase) dok su kod primjene veće doze (0,5 mg/kg tjelesne mase) trajali 12 do 13 minuta. Kod primjene manje doze oporavak se mogao očekivati nakon pet minuta s povratkom EEG obrasca s α na β val, dok je kod većih doza α val trajao do 15 minuta. Pojava refleksa dizanja bila je zapažena nakon nestanka α valova. Učestalost srčanih otkucaja povećala se kod primjene obiju doza tijekom prvih pet minuta, a smanjila se nakon 10 i 15 minuta. Negativan T val bio je ustanovljen u dvije koze kod primjene manje doze, dok je kod primjene veće doze on bio ustanovljen u tri koze. Jedna koza koja je dobila veću dozu pokazivala je tahikardiju s ektopičnim otkucajima od pete do sedme minute nakon indukcije. Apneja se prosječno javljala tijekom prvih 30 sekundi kod primjene manje doze, a tijekom 42 sekunde kod primjene veće doze. U jedne koze apneja je pri primjeni veće doze bila zabilježena tijekom 314 sekundi. Toj je kozi za buđenje dano umjetno disanje nakon 106 sekundi te ponovljeno nakon 296 sekundi. Životinje su pokazivale težak dišni poremećaj s trbušnim disanjem u tijeku prvih nekoliko sekundi. Vrijednosti su se vratile na normalu nakon 15 minuta. Rezultati pokazuju da propofol smanjuje dišnu aktivnost u koza te je nužno primijeniti ventilaciju s pozitivnim tlakom. On ne dovodi do gubitka osjeta boli te treba primijeniti analgetike.