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Cell plate formation during cytokinesis entails multiple stages occurring concurrently and requiring orchestrated vesicle delivery, membrane remodelling, and timely deposition of polysaccharides, such as callose. Understanding such a dynamic process requires dissection in time and space; this has been a major hurdle in studying cytokinesis. Using lattice light sheet microscopy (LLSM), we studied cell plate development in four dimensions, through the behavior of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged cytokinesis-specific GTPase RABA2a vesicles. We monitored the entire duration of cell plate development, from its first emergence, with the aid of YFP-RABA2a, in both the presence and absence of cytokinetic callose. By developing a robust cytokinetic vesicle volume analysis pipeline, we identified distinct behavioral patterns, allowing the identification of three easily trackable cell plate developmental phases. Notably, the phase transition between phase I and phase II is striking, indicating a switch from membrane accumulation to the recycling of excess membrane material. We interrogated the role of callose using pharmacological inhibition with LLSM and electron microscopy. Loss of callose inhibited the phase transitions, establishing the critical role and timing of the polysaccharide deposition in cell plate expansion and maturation. This study exemplifies the power of combining LLSM with quantitative analysis to decode and untangle such a complex process.

Abstract Highly functional and robust biobased materials are still in research to produce valuable composites for various applications. The literature shows the gap of new raw biobased materials in market which can functionally tuned and structurally modified for development of 2d/3d architectures. Thus, in the present study, very cheap, easily available agricultural waste, pineapple leaf fiber (PL-raw) was used for the isolation of microcrystalline cellulose (PL-MCC) and further functionalized using upscaled chemical approach to carboxymethyl microcrystalline cellulose (PL-CMMCC). Very advanced techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) served to characterize the raw material, high crystalline PL-MCC, and modified carboxy methyl MCC. FTIR determined presence of different absorbed peak at approximately 1620.2 cm−1, and at 1423.8 cm−1, carboxyl groups were assigned to PL-CMMCC. On the other hand, the XRD findings verified that PL-CMMCC’s crystalline structure has decreased. Analysis by SEM revealed a damaged surface morphology for PL-CMMCC. Following chemical treatments, the EDX analysis revealed that each fiber sample contained a highly pure cellulose elemental composition. Thus, results explain the utilization of agricultural waste, pineapple leaf fiber to high valuable products like highly crystalline PL-MCC, in addition further modification of PL-MCC could leads to formation of highly functional material that could be used for other applications too in future.

Abstract This study presents a novel method for nanocellulose production using [Bmim]Cl as a green solvent, with enhanced hydrolysis efficiency achieved through the addition of a transition metal complex as a catalyst. The redox capability of the transition metal complex to break the glycosidic bonds in cellulose is amplified by the addition of an oxidizing agent. This protocol represents the latest innovation in the field of nanocellulose production, resulting in improved yield and reduced particle size. Nanocellulose (NC) was extracted from date seeds using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl coupled with a transition metal complex comprising copper metal and pyridine as a ligand along with $${\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ H 2 O 2 as an oxidizing agent. Unlike conventional [Bmim]Cl hydrolysis, which typically yields only microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), this approach resulted in a 25% higher yield of NC than that of MCC. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed a substantial reduction in hydrodiameter from 1200 nm for MCC to 128.7 nm for NC, highlighting the remarkable efficiency of this process. Thermal analysis demonstrated the high stability of NC, which showed a $${T}_{onset}$$ T onset of 286 °C and an activation energy ( $${E}_{a}$$ E a ) of 220.41 kJ/mol. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that NC possessed a high degree of crystallinity ( $${C}_{rl}=$$ C rl = 70.28%). Furthermore, NC underwent modification with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to replace free hydroxyl groups (–OH), making it redispersal and suitable for various applications. This modification was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which showed the presence of characteristic functional groups, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which verified the elemental composition. Zeta potential measurements revealed surface charge differences, with MCC at − 27.87 mV, NC at − 27.28 mV, and modified NC at − 44.72 mV, indicating improved colloidal stability after modification. These findings highlight the protocol's effectiveness and its potential impact on the NC production industry, offering improved yields and the production of nanosized fibers using green solvents.

Using proposed system psychologists can use technology to make decisions which can provide ease for both patients and psychologists. Psychologists can check the progress of patients by analysing emotions reports of patient over time. Using historical data and emotion detection technology psychologists can make more accurate decisions. Using proposed system patient and psychologists don’t have to go to anywhere they only need a device and internet. Based on the characteristics of patient emotion psychologist only need report generated by system and prescribe medicine in emergency situation. Proposed system improves consultancy method by using machine learning emotion detection algorithm. Proposed system detects facial emotion of patient by using CNN with HAAR cascade classifier. We use FER 2013 dataset to train our model. We use VGG 19 architecture to train our model for optimization function to enhance the accuracy of model. We use RELU. We use DJANGO framework for integration with frontend. Result of our model on dataset 82.3% after find tuning the accuracy goes to 82.3% to 92%. We use recall and F1 method to check the performance of model. We trained model on the testing dataset which have gray scale images and 48*48pixel images to achieve his performance. To achieve our accuracy goal, we split dataset into trainee validation and testing dataset. We use CNN and achieve 93% accuracy in our system which help patient to get feedback only selected question and psychologist. Patients select psychologist to answer questions of psychologist system stores emotions of patient against every question to generate emotion report. Psychologist can analyze emotion report to provide better prescription to patient.

Abstract The use of natural fibers has seen a significant rise in the composites sector, resulting in the creation of polymer composites with exceptional strength. These environmentally-friendly alternatives offer a compelling substitute for synthetic composites. This study explores the use of date palm waste as reinforcement for the fabrication of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites. A surface modification method was essential for improving the binding interaction between palm fibers and PVC composites. The two-hour benzoyl chloride treatment at 140 °C played a crucial role. The study examined the effects of hydrothermal aging on mechanical properties of composites, using various techniques such as surface morphology analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric Analysis, on composites made of untreated fibers and those treated with benzoyl chloride. Although the treatment of palm fiber-reinforced composites with benzoyl chloride improved their mechanical properties, it is crucial to note that hydrothermal aging reduced their tensile strength by 10%. Despite this, these composites prove to be well-suited for applications requiring moderate strength and stiffness in mild environmental conditions. These composites, while utilizing benzoyl chloride for surface treatment, still represent a more sustainable alternative to traditional synthetic composites by incorporating renewable date palm waste and enhancing mechanical properties, which potentially reduces overall environmental impact.

This research aims to examine the physical, structural and chemical properties of Aster Squamatus (AS) fibres, which are commonly found in Algeria, Brazil, France and the West Indies. In this work, we assess their appropriateness as reinforcing fillers to fabricate components for polymer composites principally designed for lightweight applications. To accomplish this objective, an extraction of fibres from plants modification of AS fibres and characterization of both untreated fibres (UASFs) and alkali-treated AS fibres (TASFs) are conducted. We analysed the crystallinity, chemical composition, thermal characteristics, and mechanical properties of AS fibres as per standard methods. It's clear from chemical treatment that amorphous components were successfully eliminated from the AS fibres, including hemicellulose, lignin, and wax. Consequently, the fibres' thermal, physical, and mechanical characteristics including Young's modulus, tensile strength, crystalline index, and surface roughness were substantially enhanced. It was determined that the fibres possessed a thermal stability of around 250 °C, with the maximal degradation temperature rising from 372.50 to 375.35 °C. The maximum stress rose from 183.24 ± 25.27 to 302.00 ± 24.91 MPa, the Young's modulus increased from 11.08 ± 1.1 to 18.53 ± 1.45 GPa, and the crystallinity index increased from 43% to 45%. Two-parameter Weibull statistics showed a strong link between experimental data and mechanical features of the twenty samples. We concluded from this work that AS plant fibres can serve as a robust reinforcing material in polymer composites for various applications.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is a concern after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) has been recently described as a possible therapy for post-POEM GERD in case series. Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients undergoing POEM who agreed to participate in objective post-procedure GERD evaluation. Patients with objective evidence of GERD and suitable anatomy were offered TIF vs. proton pump inhibitor (PPI) only. Patients who underwent TIF were compared to those on PPI-only therapy after follow-up. Results: Of 21 enrolled POEM patients with objective testing, GERD was found in 11 (52%). Of those eligible for TIF, 4 (40%) opted to pursue TIF and were compared to those on PPI-only therapy (n = 6). Three months post-TIF, 75% of patients had discontinued or significantly decreased PPI. There were no adverse events. GERD health-related quality of life scores were low and comparable between TIF (3.75 ± 6.2) and those who remained on PPI-only therapy (4.1 ± 5). Conclusion: In this pilot, patient-driven prospective study, 75% of patients with post-POEM GERD undergoing TIF had stopped or significantly reduced PPI use. Post-POEM TIF is safe and effective and may be a viable alternative to PPI for POEM-related GERD; however, future studies should include a control arm and post-intervention pH monitoring.

Background: Anthracycline-taxane is the standard chemotherapy strategy for treating high-risk early breast cancer despite the potentially life-threatening adverse events caused by anthracyclines. Commonly, the combination of docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (TC) is considered an alternative option. However, the efficacy of TC compared to anthracycline-taxane chemotherapy is unclear. This study compares disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and cardiotoxicity between adjuvant TC and anthracycline-taxane for stages I–III, HER2-negative breast cancer. Methods: A systematic search on MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL for randomized-controlled trials published until 11 March 2024, yielded 203 studies with 11,803 patients, and seven trials were included. Results: TC results in little to no difference in DFS (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.98–1.20; moderate-certainty of evidence); OS (1.02, 95% CI 0.89–1.16; high-certainty of evidence); and cardiotoxicity (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.16–1.76; high-certainty of evidence), compared to anthracycline-taxane. In the subgroup analysis, patients with ≥4 lymph nodes had improved DFS from anthracycline-taxane over TC. Conclusions: Overall, there was no difference between TC and anthracycline-taxane in DFS, OS and cardiotoxicity. In women with ≥4 nodes, anthracycline-taxane was associated with a substantial reduction in relapse events, compared to TC. Our study supports the current standard of practice, which is to use anthracycline-taxane and TC chemotherapy as a reasonable option in select cases.

The recent emergence of the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with large numbers of mutations has raised concern about a potential new surge in infections. Here we use molecular dynamics to study the biophysics of the interface of the BA1 and BA2 omicron spike protein binding to (i) the ACE2 receptor protein, (ii) antibodies from all known binding regions, and (iii) the furin binding domain. Our simulations suggest that while there is a significant reduction of antibody (Ab) binding strength corresponding to escape, the omicron spikes pay a cost in terms of weaker receptor binding as measured by interfacial hydrogen bonds (H-bond). The furin cleavage domain (FCD) is the same or weaker binding than the delta variant, suggesting lower fusogenicity resulting in less viral load and disease intensity than the delta variant. IMPORTANCE The BA1 and BA2 and closely related BA2.12.2 and BA.5 omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 dominate the current global infection landscape. Given the high number of mutations, particularly those which will lead to antibody escape, it is important to establish accurate methods that can guide developing health policy responses that identify at a fundamental level whether omicron and its variants are more threatening than its predecessors, especially delta. The importance of our work is to demonstrate that simple in silico simulations can predict biochemical binding details of the omicron spike protein that have epidemiological consequences, especially for binding to the cells and for fusing the viral membrane with the cells. In each case, we predicted weaker binding of the omicron spike, which agreed with subsequent experimental results. Future virology experiments will be needed to test these predictions further.

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare, highly contagious and a deadly disease with a variable fatality rate ranging from 30% to 90%. Over the past two decades, Ebola pandemic has severely affected the sub-Sahara region including Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Uganda. The causative agents of the most EVD cases are three distinct species out of six Ebolaviruses namely Zaire Ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV) and Bundibugyo Ebolavirus (BDBV). In recent years, significant strides have been made in therapeutic interventions. Notably, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved two monoclonal antibodies: InmazebTM (REGN-EB3) and Ansuvimab or Ebanga™. Additionally, many small molecules are currently in the developmental stage, promising further progress in medical treatment. Addressing the critical need for preventive measures, this review provides an in-depth analysis of the licensed Ebola vaccines-Ervebo and the combination of Zabdeno (Ad26.ZEBOV) and Mvabea (MVA-BN-Filo) as well as the vaccines which are currently being tested for their efficacy and safety in clinical studies. These vaccines might play an important role in curbing the spread and mitigating the impact of this lethal disease. The current treatment landscape for EVD encompasses both nutritional (supportive) and drug therapies. The review comprehensively details the origin, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of EVD, shedding light on the ongoing efforts to combat this devastating disease. It explores small molecules in various stages of the development, discusses patents filed or granted, and delves into the clinical and supportive therapies that form the cornerstone of EVD management. This review aims to provide the recent developments made in the design and synthesis of small molecules for scientific community to facilitate a deeper understanding of the disease and fostering the development of effective strategies for prevention, treatment, and control of EVD.

This work has developed advanced technical applications in clean production based on a biocomposite high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced cellulosic Yucca treculeana L. fibers (YTFs) from agriculture waste leaves. Once the extraction was complete, the fibers were chemically treated with a low concentration (3% for 4 h) of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) to remove impurities from their surface and increase their adhesion capacity. Furthermore, this work aimed to understand how adding YTFs (10%, 20%, and 30%) influences the dynamic properties of the polymer-based clean production biocomposites. The impact of the additions on the damping behavior in terms of loss modulus (E″), storage modulus (E′), glass transition temperature (Tg), and loss factor (tanδ) of YTFs/HDPE biocomposites was evaluated at a frequency of 1 Hz using the dynamic mechanical analysis. In particular. According to the results, E′ is significantly improved by adding YTFs. Furthermore, to reach a Tg of about 80 °C, YF30/HDPE offers a tanδ of 0.164, an E′ of 2491 MPa, and an E″ of 223 MPa. Scanning electron microscope images reveal a fiber-polymer interface that adheres firmly to the HDPE matrix. This study highlights the promising potential of YF/HDPE biocomposites as sustainable and cost-effective replacements for conventional materials in diverse applications. Indeed, given its load-bearing capacity and recyclability, this type of biocomposites would be a wise choice for manufacturing automotive interior trim, sporting goods, and eco-friendly building materials. Further research and development could optimize the properties of these biocomposites and extend their use to various cleaner production industries.

This paper aims to generate a clear understanding of Pakistan’s important attributes and their direct and indirect influence via perceived destination images on international tourists’ intentions to visit for a holiday. It employed quantitative research methods through the use of a correlation research design. Both direct and indirect effects of destination attributes on visit intentions were examined and a self-administered online survey was distributed across several social media platforms. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that landscape, services, local attitudes toward tourists, safety and risk, sport and special events were found to be statistically significant predictors of such intentions. However, all the destination attributes were found to have an indirect influence on international tourists via the perceived destination image of Pakistan.

This work investigated the effect of hybridization of flax fabric (FF) with carbon/Kevlar fabric (CK) on the flexural, dynamic mechanical analysis and high velocity impact. Hand lay-up technique was used to fabricated different ratio of flax to carbon/Kevlar hybrid composites, which were hot-pressed and then cured. It was revealed that increase in ratio of CK has improved the flexural properties, storage modulus, loss modulus, energy absorption and ballistic limit of the composites. Interestingly, hybrid composite with ratio 25:75(FF:CK) has highest flexural properties, storage modulus and loss modulus among the other composites. The cole-cole plot and damping factor reveals that hybrid composite with ratio 25:75(FF:CK) has the strongest fibre/matrix adhesion. The hybrid composite with ratio 25:75 (FF:CK) displayed the highest Tg. Based on high velocity impact test, it was shown that there is not much different in energy absorption and ballistic of the hybrid composites compared to plain CK composite. FF/CK hybrid composites have the potential to be used in high performance application such as ballistic helmet.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical treatment impact on Washingtonia filifera (WF) fibers using sodium bicarbonate (10% NaHCO3) for varying durations (24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 h) on the physical and mechanical characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA)/WF-biochar/biomass hybrid biocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to examine the temperature effect on the mineralogical composition of treated and raw WF fibers and monitor their thermal behavior. The produced biocomposites' tensile, impact, flexural, and morphological characteristics were evaluated. The results demonstrate that chemical treatments improve matrix-fiber adhesion and remove impurities from the fiber surface. Hybrid biocomposites of PLA biopolymers manufactured from biochar and WF fibers given a sodium bicarbonate treatment for 72 h exhibit improved mechanical properties, such as elasticity modulus and strength under tensile and flexural forces. Consequently, these new hybrid biocomposites can be used in various structural and non-structural products, such as car interiors, new 3D printer filament, biomedical equipment and materials, sports equipment, food packaging.

The rising liability to suffer the environment eco-friendly covers the approach to the improvement of materials with bio-natural wastes. This research experimentally aims to study bamboo/oil palm reinforced bio-epoxy hybrid composite. Bamboo (B) and oil palm (O) reinforced bio-epoxy was fabricated as a control. The fabricated biocomposites were characterised by mechanical properties (tensile tests), physical characterisations (density, water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS)), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and morphological (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). Among the hybrid composites, 5B5O has the highest tensile strength and modulus which is 35.66 MPa and 4.95 GPa, respectively. Based on the findings, the physical properties, WA and TS capacities (WA and TS) of B and 3B7O biocomposites were increased compared with all corresponding biocomposites while the O biocomposite exhibited lower TS and WA values compared to other samples. The hybrid 3B7O biocomposite sample was attributed to a higher void percentage (6.29%) and lower density (1.25 g/cm3) compared to other biocomposites. Generally, the SEM analysis of hybrid biocomposites confirms a valuable interaction between the filler and the matrix as further penetration for the matrix was permitted into the greatly porous structures of natural fibres. Furthermore, the SEM test of the fracture point confirmed the observations from the mechanical properties. The obtained findings confirmed that hybrid fibres improve the properties of the bio-epoxy matrix and can be utilised as sustainable and renewable biocomposites for several applications such as automotive tools, furniture and medical tools.