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Marco Dols, Pablo (2024). El transporte público en la provincia de Castelló. Pasado, presente y futuro. Castelló de la Plana: Diputació de Castelló, colección Universitària-Geografia i Història, 544 pp.

In wireless sensor networks it may occur that values cannot be measured directly by sensors or are costly. In those scenarios, the use of soft sensors is a promising solution, particularly when dealing with multimodal sensors that record multimedia information. In this paper we propose an approach in which soft sensors work by fusing the measured ozone level in outdoor air recorded by nearby hard sensors. We used a fusion technique based on the idea of favorite peer selection. The statistical indicators obtained indicate that our approach overcomes the baseline in 100% of cases analyzed in 3 different test scenarios.

In recent years, the problem of rural depopulation has become topical. This has led many towns to its effective disappearance. Among those that still survive, some suffer a progressive reduction of public services and endowments like the bus transport, that plays an important role. This ends up forcing many residents to migrate to more populated areas to have access to basic services. This work aims to document and confirm the gradual disappearance and / or decrease of the bus service in the interior of the province of Castellón and show the existing alternatives to revert or mitigate this exodus from sustainable proposals to ensure a fair quality of life in all territories. For this analysis, a reconstruction of the demographic evolution and the offer of existing bus services in the province has been carried out, from various statistical sources from the National Statistical Institute and the regional council, while the proposals are inspired or supported by the existing bibliography on transportation in rural areas. The results confirm the decrease in the transport service in parallel to the depopulation in many areas, without any of the existing measures having been applied to guarantee its efficiency and sustainability.

Background: Endothelial and microvascular dysfunction are frequently found in the non-culprit territory in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We aimed to determine whether an impaired coronary physiology of the non-culprit territory impacts long-term prognosis. Methods: FISIOIAM was an observational single-center study which included patients with AMI and another coronary artery lesion in a different territory. Intracoronary physiology of the non-culprit artery was analyzed early after primary percutaneous coronary intervention of the culprit artery, using fractional flow reserve (FFR), index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), coronary flow reserve (CFR), endothelium-dependent CFR (eCFR) and macrovascular endothelial function . Patients were followed for a composite outcome of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, and hospitalization due to heart failure or unstable angina. Results: A total of 84 patients (mean age: 62 ± 10 years) were included and functional abnormalities were detected in 93% of them. During follow-up (median of 1422 days; interquartile range, 1287–1634), 13.1% of the patients experienced at least one adverse cardiovascular event. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with a CFR

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: Los pacientes receptores de un trasplante cardiaco necesitan someterse a biopsias endomiocárdicas (BEM) para descartar el rechazo, procedimiento que habitualmente se realiza por acceso venoso yugular o femoral. En los últimos años hemos desarrollado una técnica de biopsia por vía braquial, que hemos implementado como acceso preferente. En este artículo describimos la técnica y la experiencia clínica inicial de 2 centros empleando el acceso braquial. Métodos: Entre 2004 y 2016 desarrollamos e implementamos la técnica de biopsia por vía venosa braquial. Se registraron las principales variables clínicas y del procedimiento de todas las BEM realizadas por vía braquial en ambos centros, y se compararon las características con los procedimientos realizados por vía femoral y yugular. Resultados: Se realizó la BEM por vía braquial en 544 casos, sin complicaciones mayores. El número de procedimientos braquiales por paciente varió entre 1 y 14. En el mismo periodo se realizaron 1.054 BEM femorales y 686 yugulares. La duración total del procedimiento fue similar por los distintos accesos (mediana braquial/femoral/yugular: 28/26/29 min; p = 0,31), con un menor tiempo de escopia por vía yugular (mediana 5/5/3 min, respectivamente; p < 0,001). Los procedimientos realizados por vía braquial se valoraron como menos dolorosos que los realizados por vía yugular o femoral (2/8/9 en la escala de dolor EVA de 1-10, respectivamente; p = 0,001), y fue la vía de elección por parte de los pacientes. Conclusiones: La BEM por vía venosa braquial es una buena alternativa a la punción venosa central y la vía de elección en nuestros centros, con altas factibilidad y seguridad, y mayor comodidad para el paciente.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Recipients of a heart transplant need to receive serial endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) to discard rejection, a procedure that is usually performed through the femoral or jugular vein. Over the last few years, we have developed a technique to perform EMBs using the brachial venous access that we have implemented as the preferential access route. In this article, we describe the technique and the initial clinical experience of 2 different centers. Methods: Between 2004 and 2016, we developed and implemented a brachial venous access technique. We registered the main clinical and procedural variables of all the brachial biopsies performed in both centers and compared them with a retrospective series of femoral and jugular procedures. Results: Brachial EMBs were successfully performed 544 of the time with no major complications. The number of brachial procedures per patient rose from 1 to 14. Over the same period of time 1054 femoral and 686 jugular procedures were performed. The total procedural time was similar with different access routes (mean for brachial/femoral/jugular access: 28/26/29 min., P = .31) while fluoroscopy time was shorter in jugular procedures (mean 5/5/3 min. respectively; P < .001). The brachial procedure was recalled as the least painful procedure of all compared to the jugular or femoral ones (2/8/9 score on a scale from 1 to 10; P = .001) with an overall patient preference towards the brachial access. Conclusions: The venous brachial access route is a good alternative to the central venous one to perform EMBs and is the route of choice in our centers. Also, it has high feasibility and safety and brings additional comfort to patients.

In ground-source heat-pump systems, the heat exchange rate is influenced by various design and operational parameters that condition the thermal performance of the heat pump and the running costs during exploitation. One less-studied area is the relationship between the pumping costs in a given system and the heat exchange rate. This work analyzes the investment and operating costs of representative borehole heat-exchanger configurations with varying circulating flow rate by means of a combination of analytical formulas and case study simulations to allow a precise quantification of the capital and operational costs in typical scenario. As a conclusion, an optimal flow rate minimizing either of both costs can be determined. Furthermore, it is concluded that in terms of operating costs, there is an operational pumping rate above which performance of geothermal systems is energetically strongly penalized.

Resumen: La mortalidad de los niños nacidos con peso menor de 1.500 g o con una edad gestacional menor de 32 semanas (

The mortality of children with a birthweight of less than 1500 g or with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks (

Man and forests are linking through history because these areas have been an important economic resource for rural population. It’s for example the case of Mediterranean environments where men’s influence began more than eight centuries ago, transforming landscapes, land uses and producing new deforested areas. Changes have been more important in last decades when forests have lost their productive function while another functions are arisen, such as environment protection and social function. This change supposes a critical inversion in the historical tendency in relation to use of woodlands.

Vaig conéixer a Vicent quan buscava un director de tesi pels corredors de l’edifici nou del CUC (Col·legi Universitari de Castelló). Coneixia la seua obra, ja nombrosa en temes d’urbanisme i evolució urbana, però no el coneixia personalment. Va obrir-me les portes del seu despatx com feia amb tot el món i vaig descobrir, primer, un director de tesi eficient, motivador i que sempre tenia un consell o una recomanació per trobar solucions a problemes grans o xicotets; posteriorment compartírem una amistat que encara continua i que ens va permetre treballar en perfecta harmonia en projectes d’investigació, publicació de llibres, organització de cursos d’estiu i congressos, preparació d’assignatures de llicenciatura i de grau, conferències, treballs de camp amb alumnat i moltes activitats més, fins i tot viatges de recerca a Mèxic o els Estats Units. Durant els anys d’estreta convivència vaig descobrir un professor amb una vocació sòlida, ferma i contagiosa, amb una passió per l’ensenyament, la recerca i el nostre patrimoni que és la clau per a triomfar en moltes activitats humanes seguint el seu exemple

The manuscript describes a simplified methodology with which to assess the economic level of apparent losses (ELAL) in a water utility. This economic point corresponds to the break-even point for which the marginal benefit of increasing the frequency of the apparent losses’ reduction activities equalizes the marginal cost of their implementation. For this calculation, each apparent loss component, as defined by the International Water Association, has been subdivided into two additional categories. These categories have been established depending on how periodic activities conducted by the water utility to reduce apparent losses—namely water meter replacement and customers’ connection inspections—may affect their magnitude. It has been found that the ELAL is influenced by intervention costs, the degradation rate of the accuracy of water meters and water tariffs. In addition, this work defines a set of performance indicators to benchmark the apparent loss’s performance relative to the minimum achievable and optimum levels of the losses. Finally, two case studies on how the proposed calculation should be applied have been added to the appendices.

Although context could be exploited to improve performance, elasticity and adaptation in most distributed systems that adopt the publish/subscribe (P/S) communication model, only a few researchers have focused on the area of context-aware matching in P/S systems and have explored its implications in domains with highly dynamic context like wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and IoT-enabled applications. Most adopted P/S models are context agnostic or do not differentiate context from the other application data. In this article, we present a novel context-aware P/S model. SilboPS manages context explicitly, focusing on the minimization of network overhead in domains with recurrent context changes related, for example, to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Our approach represents a solution that helps to effciently share and use sensor data coming from ubiquitous WSNs across a plethora of applications intent on using these data to build context awareness. Specifically, we empirically demonstrate that decoupling a subscription from the changing context in which it is produced and leveraging contextual scoping in the filtering process notably reduces (un)subscription cost per node, while improving the global performance/throughput of the network of brokers without altering the cost of SIENA-like topology changes.

For more than a decade, foreign aid-supported water interventions focusing on an increase in household private connections have been implemented in the small urban center of Wukro. However, little has been investigated about the effectiveness of these interventions in achieving equitable and inclusive access to water and sanitation for all, including the most vulnerable. With this purpose, a cross-sectional comparative analysis of service provision between the HIV-infected population (n = 199) and non-infected population (n = 199) was undertaken. Findings suggest significant inequalities regarding the primary water source, monthly expenditure in water, water consumption, and time employed to fetch water, as well as the type of toilet facility, number of users, and the time employed to access it. Results also show a reported feeling of discrimination with regard to service provision within the HIV-positive population. This study provides evidence on local-scale interventions increasing the number of household water connections but overlooking the pursuit of equity and inclusion for the most vulnerable. The study also presents recommendations on how to specifically target the needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS in order to achieve equitable and inclusive access to water and sanitation for all.

Pressurized Water Transport Systems (PWTSs) are responsible for a large percentage of the electricity consumption around the world, and current trends suggest that this proportion will continue to increase in the future. Controlling PWTS is therefore fundamental, including improving efficiency when necessary or compulsory. To achieve this, metrics to objectively assess the efficiency of the different losses and of the whole system are needed. These metrics, based on economic criteria, will be stricter if environmental costs are added to current water and energy costs. To assess different improvement strategies, some relative metrics, applied to both operational and structural losses, are considered. At the end, taking into account their relevance, these metrics are combined in a global energy score (IS), this being the main contribution of this paper. Finally, to focus on the concepts and methodology, a simple case study is presented.

In this paper, an algebraic expression is presented to determine the optimum hydraulic gradient (J0) in a pressurized water system. J0 represents the economic level of friction losses (ELF), which is dependent on the network’s behavior as well as other parameters, including energy and the pipe costs. As these have prices changed over time, so has the value of J0. The network-related parameter was obtained from the total costs function and the sum of the operational and capital expenditures. Because these costs exhibited an opposite trend from J, a minimum total cost exists, specifically, J0. The algebraic expression, which was derived from the mathematical model of the network, was first calculated for the network’s steady state flow and was later generalized for application to a dynamic one. For a network operating in a given context, J0 was fairly stable in terms of dynamic flow variations, providing valuable information. The first piece of information was the ELF itself, which indicated the energy efficiency of the system from the perspective of friction loss. The second indicated which pipes required renewal from a similar perspective. Thirdly, it provided a simple criterion to calculate the diameter of new pipes. Finally, as J0 can be easily updated, when predictions are performed at the network’s designed time fail (e.g., growing urban trends, demand evolution, etc.), decisions can also be updated.

Single-jet meters are one of the most frequently used domestic meters that can be found in water distribution systems. Like any other water meter technology, they have significant metrological limitations that prevent them, even if recently installed, from measuring all water consumption of a domestic customer. After installation, their metrological characteristics evolve depending on the particular design of the meters and their actual working conditions in the field. This work presents a comprehensive set of tests to determine the initial and after installation weighted error of two types of domestic single-jet water meters. Three non-linear degradation models have been derived from the tests results. These models consider age, totalised volume, or both parameters simultaneously as drivers of the weighted error. The results show that even though the construction of the two examined meters is similar, they have been working under comparable operational conditions and measuring water of the same quality, there is a significant difference in the performance between both types. This result highlights the need to conduct individual analyses for each meter type and the impossibility of generalizing conclusions on how the weighted error could evolve over time.

Transient ST-segment elevation occurring in the context of percutaneous cardiac interventions has not been fully characterized. We present a case of an inferior ST-segment elevation associated with angina and hypotension following percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Coronary angiography during ST elevation found no abnormalities and no myocardial necrosis was documented. Thus, as the Inoue balloon had been reinflated and overinflated, we suggest that mechanical myocardial compression might be responsible for the transmural transient ischemia observed in some cardiac percutaneous procedures involving balloons or closure devices. Resumo: Elevaçãotransitória do segmento ST ocorrem no contexto de intervençõespercutâneas cardíacas nãofoi completamente caracterizado. Apresentamosum caso de umaelevação inferior do segmento ST associadacom angina e hipotensãoapós plastia mitral percutânea. A coronariografia durante a elevação do ST nãoencontrou anormalidades e sem necrose miocárdica foi documentada. Assim, quando o balão de Inouetinha sido reinflated e inflacionado, sugerimos que a compressãomecânica do miocárdio pode ser responsável pela isquemia transiente transmural observada emalgunsprocedimentospercutâneos cardíacas envolvendobalõesou dispositivos de fecho. Keywords: Complications, Angina, Rheumatic disease, Hypotension, Palavras-chave: Complicações, Angina, Doença reumática, Hipotensão

In this paper, we report an algorithm that is designed to leverage the cloud as infrastructure to support Internet of Things (IoT) by elastically scaling in/out so that IoT-based service users never stop receiving sensors’ data. This algorithm is able to provide an uninterrupted service to end users even during the scaling operation since its internal state repartitioning is transparent for publishers or subscribers; its scaling operation is time-bounded and depends only on the dimension of the state partitions to be transmitted to the different nodes. We describe its implementation in E-SilboPS, an elastic content-based publish/subscribe (CBPS) system specifically designed to support context-aware sensing and communication in IoT-based services. E-SilboPS is a key internal asset of the FIWARE IoT services enablement platform, which offers an architecture of components specifically designed to capture data from, or act upon, IoT devices as easily as reading/changing the value of attributes linked to context entities. In addition, we discuss the quantitative measurements used to evaluate the scale-out process, as well as the results of this evaluation. This new feature rounds out the context-aware content-based features of E-SilboPS by providing, for example, the necessary middleware for constructing dashboards and monitoring panels that are capable of dynamically changing queries and continuously handling data in IoT-based services.

La trashumancia ha sido durante muchos siglos una actividad económica estratégica y que ha generado un inmenso patrimonio cultural, tanto material como inmaterial. Uno de los elementos constructivos inherente a las migraciones de ganado, especialmente en ámbito mediterráneo, son los muros que acotan los caminos, es decir, los azagadores o cañadas. Esas paredes, que constituyen por sí mismas un valioso elemento arquitectónico, todavía nos deparan algunas sorpresas, como los bufadors, una especie de ventanas diseñadas para dejar pasar el viento y garantizar la durabilidad de los muros de piedra en seco.

Durant els últims vint anys ha cobrat actualitat i interès l’arquitectura de pedra seca, una tipologia d’arquitectura popular i rural que té les arrels en el món mediterrani, encara que la tècnica s’ha utilitzat de forma ancestral en la pràctica totalitat del planeta (Noruega, Islàndia, Irlanda, Escòcia, Nepal, Perú i un llarg etcètera de països i territoris).

The Mediterranean mountain, domineering in wide zones ofthe Iberian Peninsula, faces from the 70s of the XXth century a serious problem for the lack of integral management and for the loss of an economic function. After centuries of intense exploitation, at present only the wood(residual utilization) and the cork, as well as some emergent products (mushrooms and truffles) support the profitability of the forests, situation that complicates the future of the forest spaces, which are clearly majority in the rural area.

Aquest article analitza els problemes actuals del denominat patrimoni illetrat, és a dir, eixa part del patrimoni rural que ha estat generada pels habitants locals, gràcies a la saviesa dels quals disposem avui d’una sèrie de construccions –i altres elements com la toponímia, el folklore…– que tenen un indubtable valor com testimoniatge de les maneres de vida en la muntanya mediterrània. Les amenaces a la perdurabilitat d’aquests elements són evidents en el segle XXI, encara que és major la potencialitat d’aquest patrimoni per a impulsar el desenvolupament endogen d’aquestes comarques que han estat maltractades en les últimes sis dècades pel despoblament

El medi rural espanyol en general i les zones de muntanya en particular estan experimentant des de les últimes cinc dècades uns canvis sense precedents que han provocat innumerables interrogants sobre el seu futur. La crisi demogràfica ha estat inexorablement unida a l’absència d’alternatives econòmiques per a substituir amb encert a les activitats relacionades amb el sector primar